服務(wù)貿(mào)易外文翻譯

1、關(guān)于杭州中心地區(qū)服務(wù)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力及其發(fā)展 戰(zhàn)略的評(píng)價(jià)（節(jié)選） 鄭建壯，中國(guó)浙江省浙江大學(xué)城市學(xué)院 江海霞，中國(guó)浙江省浙江工業(yè)大學(xué) 摘要：服務(wù)行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力是直接反映在區(qū)服務(wù)業(yè)的發(fā)展水平和潛在能力之中 的。本文研究了杭州服務(wù)行業(yè)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀， 從中心區(qū)的角度構(gòu)建了一個(gè)服務(wù)行業(yè) 的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系，并分析了杭州每個(gè)中心城區(qū)服務(wù)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展的優(yōu)勢(shì)和劣 勢(shì)。最后，文章給杭州的服務(wù)行業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的提高提出了戰(zhàn)略建議。 關(guān)鍵詞：中心地區(qū)，服務(wù)業(yè)，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力1. 引言 20世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái)，全球經(jīng)濟(jì)已呈現(xiàn)從“工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)”轉(zhuǎn)向于“服務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)” 的變化趨勢(shì)。服務(wù)業(yè)已成為全球經(jīng)濟(jì)好轉(zhuǎn)的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的引擎（ 2005 年李和王）， 它在改善

2、國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)、 增加就業(yè)率、 調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和提高生活水平等方面的重要作 用是顯而易見(jiàn)的。 一般來(lái)說(shuō)一個(gè)地區(qū)的服務(wù)行業(yè)發(fā)展主要集中于中部地區(qū)， 而不 是郊區(qū)，因?yàn)橹行膮^(qū)一般被視為一個(gè)城市經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的“心臟” ，它在地理位置、 交通和文化等方面都占有有利因素， 不僅可增強(qiáng)生產(chǎn)要素、 人口和產(chǎn)業(yè)聚集的力 量，也有利于市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展。因此，中部地區(qū)正在成為服務(wù)行業(yè)的主要區(qū)域（李 2007 ）。本文在分析杭州中心城區(qū)的服務(wù)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的基礎(chǔ)上， 進(jìn)行了相關(guān)的評(píng)價(jià)， 旨在尋找到一種有效的策略以提高城市的服務(wù)行業(yè)發(fā)展。2. 服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的文獻(xiàn)研究 大部分關(guān)于服務(wù)行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的學(xué)術(shù)研究都是基于它們的地區(qū)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力之 上的。

3、因此， 服務(wù)業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力可以簡(jiǎn)單地定義為 “服務(wù)行業(yè)在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中獲取和利用 資源的能力”。國(guó)外的研究學(xué)者更傾向于特定的服務(wù)行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力分析與研究， 如商業(yè)服務(wù)行業(yè)（2001年Rubalcaba和加戈）、保險(xiǎn)業(yè)（哈德威克和竇1998 ）、 知識(shí)密集服務(wù)（1999年Win drum和湯姆林森）。然而，在中國(guó)，學(xué)者們的研究重 點(diǎn)則集中于一個(gè)特定的區(qū)域，而不是一個(gè)特定的行業(yè)，如中國(guó)的 31 個(gè)主要省份（吳2003），中國(guó)六大發(fā)展先進(jìn)的省份（2004年刁、莊），中國(guó)16個(gè)主要省份（2005年蘇、張）。由于很多的因素都可以影響服務(wù)業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和復(fù)雜性，大多數(shù)中國(guó) 學(xué)者認(rèn)為，我們應(yīng)該建立一個(gè)多層次的綜合評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系

4、， 如“總目標(biāo)指導(dǎo)指數(shù)” 。他們參考了區(qū)域競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力評(píng)價(jià)體系的結(jié)構(gòu)，使用量化參數(shù)作為區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的能 力、服務(wù)行業(yè)的規(guī)模、擴(kuò)張速度、生產(chǎn)效率以及科學(xué)和技術(shù)能力等的指標(biāo)。他們 還采用諸如主成分分析、 因素分析和數(shù)據(jù)包分析 （ DEA ）評(píng)價(jià)的分析方法來(lái)對(duì)幾 個(gè)省份的服務(wù)行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力進(jìn)行測(cè)量。就整體而言，關(guān)于中國(guó)的服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的研究主要是針對(duì)省市的，而其一 般使用省份和城市規(guī)模意義上的綜合數(shù)據(jù)。 因此，相關(guān)的郊區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)， 特別關(guān)于農(nóng) 村地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)的數(shù)據(jù)是無(wú)法得到的。 事實(shí)上，服務(wù)行業(yè)現(xiàn)在主要集中在中心城區(qū)發(fā) 展。在這些領(lǐng)域的數(shù)據(jù)， 可以有效地反映一個(gè)城市的核心區(qū)域的服務(wù)行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng) 情況。另一方面， 隨著

5、現(xiàn)代社會(huì)密集型發(fā)展趨勢(shì)不斷擴(kuò)大， 即使在同一個(gè)城市的因此，只有通過(guò)分析影響每個(gè)中 并分別進(jìn)行研究， 才能有效地提幾個(gè)中心城區(qū)都會(huì)服務(wù)業(yè)的發(fā)展有不同的側(cè)重。 心區(qū)服務(wù)行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的有利條件和不利因素， 高全市服務(wù)業(yè)的發(fā)展。3. 杭州服務(wù)行業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀杭州在長(zhǎng)江三角洲發(fā)揮著中心城市的作用，是三個(gè)最大的綜合交通運(yùn)輸鏈之近年來(lái)，杭州目標(biāo)是成為“一個(gè)長(zhǎng)江三角洲的中心的現(xiàn)代服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)，構(gòu)建現(xiàn) 代產(chǎn)業(yè)體系” 杭州全球金融危機(jī)中利用反相傳輸，加快產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級(jí)，提高服 務(wù)行業(yè)的質(zhì)量，并鼓勵(lì)服務(wù)企業(yè)發(fā)展壯大起來(lái)，從而在服務(wù)行業(yè)取得重大發(fā)展。在2009年，杭州的服務(wù)行業(yè)獲得了約 13.9的增長(zhǎng)速度，約值 247.352

6、億元，占 國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值為 48.51 。顯然，服務(wù)業(yè)在杭州的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展已成為一個(gè)主要的發(fā) 動(dòng)機(jī)。在服務(wù)業(yè)的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)中，杭州制定了 10 個(gè)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略方向，包括文 化創(chuàng)新、旅游、信息服務(wù)、 金融服務(wù)、商業(yè)服務(wù)、現(xiàn)代物流、 中介服務(wù)、房地產(chǎn)、 社會(huì)服務(wù)和技術(shù)分工服務(wù)。 其中，文化創(chuàng)新、 商業(yè)服務(wù)和金融服務(wù)行業(yè)的金額占 整體服務(wù)業(yè)的 15 以上，而房地產(chǎn)、信息服務(wù)、旅游和現(xiàn)代物流占近 10。從 上述數(shù)據(jù)可以看出， 杭州的服務(wù)行業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)優(yōu)化到一定程度， 有一些優(yōu) 勢(shì)產(chǎn)業(yè)具備比較高的的增加值。然而，杭州在服務(wù)行業(yè)的發(fā)展中也面臨著許多的問(wèn)題。 例如，服務(wù)行業(yè)的總 量和結(jié)構(gòu)的現(xiàn)代化程度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后如北

7、京、上海、廣州和深圳等城市。此外，在長(zhǎng) 江三角洲的范圍內(nèi)，杭州的服務(wù)行業(yè)的總數(shù)落后于蘇州城市，而在GDP 中所占的比例則落后于南京。 對(duì)杭州來(lái)說(shuō)， 特別是在中部地區(qū)， 它仍有許多方面需要改善以維持服務(wù)行業(yè)的快速發(fā)展， 每一個(gè)中心區(qū)都應(yīng)被視為發(fā)展的基本單元。 因此， 針對(duì)每個(gè)區(qū)域的服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展的優(yōu)勢(shì)和劣勢(shì)，杭州可以采用不同的可行策略。4. 各個(gè)中心區(qū)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力評(píng)價(jià)A. 指標(biāo)體系區(qū)域服務(wù)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力是一個(gè)涉及幾個(gè)影響因素的功能性指標(biāo)。 在前人研究的基 礎(chǔ)上，本文綜合考慮了全面性、 科學(xué)性和可得性方面的因素， 從而對(duì)服務(wù)業(yè)的競(jìng) 爭(zhēng)力建立了評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系， 包括經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)、 發(fā)展水平、 成長(zhǎng)能力和技術(shù)能力 這

8、4個(gè)指標(biāo)，以及二階的 12 個(gè)指標(biāo)。B.評(píng)估過(guò)程和結(jié)果分析關(guān)于消除指標(biāo)之間可能具有的相關(guān)性， 本文采用因子分析方法來(lái)衡量服務(wù)業(yè) 的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。在 2009 年每個(gè)中心區(qū)的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上，文章選取了浙江省 7個(gè)中 心城區(qū)和 9個(gè)其他省份的中心地區(qū)，它們都有迅速而又發(fā)達(dá)的服務(wù)業(yè)。以這些地 區(qū)為樣本做橫向比較， 文章找出了服務(wù)業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力情況以及每個(gè)杭州中心區(qū)的優(yōu) 勢(shì)和劣勢(shì)。Appraisal to the Competitiveness of Service Industry in CentralDistricts of Hangzhou and Its Improvement Strategy*Ji

9、anzhuang Zheng 1 and Haixia Jiang 21 Zhejiang University City College Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China2 Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College,Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, ChinaAbstract. The Competitiveness of the service industry directly reflects the develo

10、pment level and potential ability of service industry in district. This paper studies the current development of the service industry in Hangzhou, constructs an appraisal index system of the service industry in the central district perspective, analyses the advantages and disadvantages in the sustai

11、nable development of service industry in each central districts of Hangzhou, and finally, gives suggestions in the strategy to enhance the competitiveness of service industry of Hangzhou.Keywords: central district, service industry, competitiveness.1 IntroductionSince the 1980s, the global economics

12、 has showed an overall trend changes from industry economic ' to service economic '. The service industry is becoming a pivotal engine in the worldwide economic improvement (Li and Wang 2005). Its crucial role in the aspects of improving country economics, increasing employment rate, adjusti

13、ng industry structure and upgrading level of living standard is apparent. In the internal view of a district, the development of service industry mainly occurs in the central districts instead of suburbs, due to the fact that central districts, regarded as the in economic development of a city, have

14、 favorable factors in geographic position, transportation and culture, which not only bring magneticpower' towards aggregation of productive factor, population and industry, but also benefit to the market development. Therefore, the central districts are becoming the major zones of service indus

15、try (Li 2007). This paper conducts an apprasial based on analysis of the service industry competitiveness in some central districts of Hangzhou, in order to search for an effective strategy to improve the service industry development in cities.2 The Literature of the Competitiveness of Service Indus

16、tryMost academic researches towards the service industry competitiveness are based on their competitive ability in regions. Thereby, the service industry competitiveness can be simply defined as theability and capability of service industry to obtain and utilize resources in the competition'. Re

17、searchers in the worldare more concentrate on the competitive analysis of a particular service industry, e.g. the commercial service industry (Rubalcaba and Gago 2001), the insurance industry (Hardwick and Dou 1998), and knowledge-intensive service (Windrum and Tomlinson 1999). However in China, emp

18、hasis is put on a particular region rather than a particular industry, e.g. 31 main provinces in China (Wu 2003), 6 high-developed provinces in China (Diao and Zhuang 2004), 16 major provinces in China (Su and Zhang 2005). Due to the big amount of factors influencing serviceindustry competitiveness

19、and their complexities, most Chinese scholars hold the proposition to establish a multi-layer integrated appraisal index system such as GeneraOl bjective-Guideline-Sub guideline-Index 'T. hey make reference to the structure of regional competitiveness appraisal system, use quantities parametersa

20、s capability of regional economic development, scale of service industry, expanding speed, productive efficiency, science and technology capability and so on, use analytical methods like main element analysis, factor analysis and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) appraisal, conduct measurementto the c

21、ompetitiveness of service industry in several provinces.On the whole, studies on the service industry competitiveness in China mainly target to provinces and cities, while using the integrated data in the scale of provinces and cities. Thus, relevant data about economic in suburbs, especially in rur

22、al areas, can not be derived. In fact, the service industry nowadays mainly develops in central districts. Data in these areas can effectively reflect the competition circumstances of service industry in the core region of a city. On the other hand, along with the trend of aggregation development in

23、 modern society, even those several central districts in the same city will have different emphasizes on the service industry development. Therefore, only by analyzing favorable and unfavorable factors affected the competitiveness of service industry in each central district and conducting research

24、separately, can the development of the whole city 'sservice industry be improved effectively.3 The Current Situation of Service Industry in HangzhouHangzhou plays the role of central city in the Yangtze River delta and one of the three biggest integrated transportation hinges. Inrecent years, ai

25、ming to bea modernservice industry centre in Yangtze River delta 'and to construct a modern industry system, Hangzhou made use of the ReverseTdransmission in'the global financial crisis, speededthe upgrading of industry structure, improved the quality of service industry and encouraged servi

26、ceenterprises to grow up. Significant development in the service industry is obtained. In 2009, the service industry in Hangzhou gained value about 247.352 billion Yuan with the increasing rate about 13.9%, accounted for 48.51% in GDP. Apparently, the service industry has become a major engine in th

27、e economic development of Hangzhou. From the internal structure of the service industry, Hangzhou makes division of ten fields in the development strategy direction, including culture & innovation, tourism, information service, financial service, commercial service, modern logistic, agency servi

28、ce, real estate, community service and technological service. Among them, the amount of culture & innovation, commercial service and financial service industry occupies more than 15% in the overall service industry, while real estate,information service, tourism and modern logistic accounting fo

29、r nearly 10%. It can be seen from the data above that the industry structure of service industry in Hangzhou is already optimized to some extent, while some superior industries have relatively high adding-value.However, many problems are confronted by Hangzhou in the service industry development. Fo

30、r instance, the total amount of service industries and the structure modernization degree are far more behind of cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen. What' smore, in the scale of Yangtze River delta, Hangzhou falls behind cities of Suzhou in the total amounts of service industr

31、ies and Nanjing in the proportion occupied in GDP. To Hangzhou, there are still many aspectsneeded to improve in order to sustain the rapid development of service industry, especially in the central districts. Every central district should be regarded as a basic development unit. Thus, different feasible strategies can be adopted aiming to the advantages and disadvantages of service industry development in each district.4 Competitiveness Appraisal in Each Central DistrictA. The Index SystemThe competitiveness of regional service industry