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1、 試論會(huì)計(jì)人員素質(zhì)與職業(yè)道德內(nèi)容摘要摘要:目前,我國會(huì)計(jì)人員的素質(zhì)、職業(yè)道德與他們?cè)诮?jīng)濟(jì)中所處的重要地位極不相適應(yīng)。因此,重視我國會(huì)計(jì)人員素質(zhì)的現(xiàn)狀,提高會(huì)計(jì)人員的素質(zhì),使之不斷適應(yīng)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。本文首先分析了會(huì)計(jì)人員素質(zhì)的現(xiàn)狀,接著提出了對(duì)策;第三部分分析了會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的作用和基本特征,探討了會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德建設(shè)的基本途徑,第四部分分析了會(huì)計(jì)人員職業(yè)道德滑坡的原因,進(jìn)而分析了應(yīng)對(duì)措施。最后通過提高會(huì)計(jì)人員職業(yè)道德素質(zhì)應(yīng)采取的措施,重塑會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德。關(guān)鍵字:會(huì)計(jì)人員素質(zhì) 職業(yè)道德 職業(yè)道德評(píng)價(jià)體系 職業(yè)道德建設(shè)的基本途徑 目 錄試論會(huì)計(jì)人員素質(zhì)與職業(yè)道德- 4 -一、會(huì)計(jì)人員素質(zhì)現(xiàn)狀- 4

2、 -(一)文化程度不高- 4 -(二)業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì)不高- 4 -(三)道德素質(zhì)不高- 4 -二、提高會(huì)計(jì)人員素質(zhì)的措施- 5 -(一)加強(qiáng)培訓(xùn)提高會(huì)計(jì)人員的業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì)- 5 -(二)完善相應(yīng)的會(huì)計(jì)法規(guī)- 6 -(三)加強(qiáng)職業(yè)道德教育,培養(yǎng)會(huì)計(jì)人員的敬業(yè)精神- 7 -三、會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的作用、基本特征、建設(shè)的基本途徑- 8 -(一)會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的含義- 8 -(二) 會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的基本特征- 8 -(三) 會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的作用- 9 -(四) 會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德建設(shè)的基本途徑- 10 -四、提高會(huì)計(jì)人員職業(yè)道德素質(zhì)應(yīng)采取的措施- 12 -(一)重塑會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德- 12 -(二)健全監(jiān)督機(jī)制,建立職業(yè)道德評(píng)價(jià)體系

3、- 13 -(三)加強(qiáng)財(cái)政部門對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的監(jiān)督檢查- 14 -(四)培育良好的會(huì)計(jì)誠信環(huán)境- 14 -參考文獻(xiàn):- 15-試論會(huì)計(jì)人員素質(zhì)與職業(yè)道德我國經(jīng)濟(jì)體制由計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)向市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的轉(zhuǎn)變實(shí)質(zhì)上是一場(chǎng)全面的、深刻的社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型,社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型既為社會(huì)的發(fā)展提供了契機(jī),又為社會(huì)道德失范的產(chǎn)生提供了養(yǎng)分。 當(dāng)代資產(chǎn)階級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)主要流派,胡代光、厲以寧,商務(wù)印書館在會(huì)計(jì)領(lǐng)域也同樣遇到了經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與道德進(jìn)步“二律悖反”的困惑。會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的失范是指會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)規(guī)范的缺乏或者喪失。改革開放以來,伴隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的不斷深入,會(huì)計(jì)改革充滿了生機(jī)和活力,取得了前所未有的豐碩成果。也不乏涌現(xiàn)出一批先進(jìn)會(huì)計(jì)集體和先進(jìn)會(huì)計(jì)人員。

4、但令人遺憾的是,由于種種原因,舊的會(huì)計(jì)行為規(guī)范模式在一定程序上被否定或遇到嚴(yán)重破壞,逐漸失去對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)人員的約束力,形成會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德規(guī)范權(quán)威失落。近年來,會(huì)計(jì)界議論較多的會(huì)計(jì)信息失真問題,會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德失范是最重要原因之一。 一、 會(huì)計(jì)人員素質(zhì)現(xiàn)狀(一)文化程度不高我國會(huì)計(jì)人員整體素質(zhì)并不高,其中受過大中專以上教育的不到10%,70%的會(huì)計(jì)人員沒有受過專門的會(huì)計(jì)教育。雖然他們?cè)诙嗄甑膶?shí)踐工作中積累了一定的專業(yè)知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn),但總的來說,大多數(shù)會(huì)計(jì)人員的專業(yè)水平不高,文化水平低。此外,還存在知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)老化陳舊的現(xiàn)象,特別是隨著新的會(huì)計(jì)制度和具體會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則逐步出臺(tái),更注重會(huì)計(jì)人員的職業(yè)判斷能力,目前會(huì)計(jì)人員的知

5、識(shí)層次結(jié)構(gòu)不能滿足實(shí)際工作的需要。(二)業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì)不高會(huì)計(jì)在整個(gè)企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)過程有著反映和控制的功能,是整個(gè)過程中的核心任務(wù)。會(huì)計(jì)人員業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì)不高是會(huì)計(jì)信息失真的主要原因。會(huì)計(jì)人員知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)老化、更新較慢、職業(yè)判斷能力不強(qiáng),導(dǎo)致業(yè)務(wù)處理的估計(jì)、判斷偏差較大,會(huì)計(jì)信息“水分”較重。 就業(yè)利息與貨幣通論,凱恩斯 , 商務(wù)印書館一些會(huì)計(jì)人員缺乏對(duì)本職工作的熱情,缺乏敬業(yè)精神和認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)的科學(xué)態(tài)度,使得企業(yè)實(shí)有財(cái)產(chǎn)物資、債權(quán)債務(wù)等與賬面數(shù)字相差較大。有的不認(rèn)真鉆研業(yè)務(wù)知識(shí),職業(yè)技能低下,且對(duì)參加繼續(xù)教育不夠積極,主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)修的意識(shí)十分淡薄。(三)道德素質(zhì)不高會(huì)計(jì)人員的職業(yè)道德水平直接影響到當(dāng)前我國會(huì)計(jì)工作

6、質(zhì)量的好壞。由于目前我國會(huì)計(jì)專業(yè)教育對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)道德教育重視不夠,導(dǎo)致許多會(huì)計(jì)人員在營私舞弊,甚至參與到偽造賬表、弄虛作假、通同作弊之中。 就業(yè)利息與貨幣通論,凱恩斯 , 商務(wù)印書館有些注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師缺乏應(yīng)有的誠信水平,違背職業(yè)道德。主要表現(xiàn)為:一是不遵守獨(dú)立審計(jì)準(zhǔn)則,在實(shí)施審計(jì)程序時(shí)存在重大過失;二是沒有保持應(yīng)有的職業(yè)謹(jǐn)慎,對(duì)客戶出現(xiàn)的舞弊跡象沒有高度重視;三是缺乏獨(dú)立性,擔(dān)任客戶的常年財(cái)務(wù)顧問又同時(shí)提供審計(jì)服務(wù);四是不具備專業(yè)勝任能力,缺乏審計(jì)客戶的知識(shí);五是明知客戶做假,而故意出具虛假業(yè)務(wù)報(bào)告。這些違反職業(yè)道德所造成的危害相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重,對(duì)社會(huì)而言,虛假信息得不到揭露,將對(duì)社會(huì)公眾利益造成損害;對(duì)行業(yè)而

7、言,敗壞行業(yè)形象,使行業(yè)公信力降低。總之,我國目前會(huì)計(jì)人員的綜合素質(zhì)還不高。筆者認(rèn)為造成會(huì)計(jì)人員素質(zhì)不高的原因是多方面的,但其主要根源是:第一,法制觀念淡薄,思想教育工作未跟上,各種不健康的思想乘虛而入,侵害腐蝕會(huì)計(jì)人員;第二,思想觀念模糊,一些會(huì)計(jì)人員以為搞市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì),就是“追求自身利益的最大化”,一切向“錢”看;第四,法制不健全。二、 提高會(huì)計(jì)人員素質(zhì)的措施(一)加強(qiáng)培訓(xùn)提高會(huì)計(jì)人員的業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì)1加強(qiáng)會(huì)計(jì)人員的繼續(xù)教育工作各部門要加大宣傳力度,提高對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)人員自身素質(zhì)的認(rèn)識(shí)。財(cái)政部門及企業(yè)主管部門必須采取扎實(shí)有效的措施,廣泛宣傳會(huì)計(jì)人員繼續(xù)教育的必要性、緊迫性和重要性。使廣大會(huì)計(jì)人員和其他有關(guān)人

8、員都積極支持、關(guān)心、投入會(huì)計(jì)繼續(xù)教育的活動(dòng)中,形成良好的社會(huì)輿論環(huán)境。繼續(xù)教育應(yīng)當(dāng)適應(yīng)需求,形式多樣。一是授課方式應(yīng)該靈活多樣,如課程教學(xué)、案例教學(xué)、實(shí)例演示、問題教學(xué)等;二是培訓(xùn)方式應(yīng)多式多樣,如研討會(huì)、座談會(huì)、交流會(huì)、專題講座以及遠(yuǎn)程教學(xué),或?qū)嵙?xí)等形式也可以嘗試。繼續(xù)教育要講求實(shí)效做好完善監(jiān)督工作,保證質(zhì)量。 入關(guān)-給中國帶來什么,藍(lán)野 ,重慶大學(xué)出版社一是健全繼續(xù)教育考試制度,增強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)自覺性;二是注冊(cè)年檢,即參加會(huì)計(jì)人員繼續(xù)教育培訓(xùn)且通過考試才能通過本年度的會(huì)計(jì)從業(yè)資格證書年檢;三是強(qiáng)化繼續(xù)教育的檢查與考核制度的落實(shí)。 科學(xué)的青春,(蘇)阿尼金著,黑龍江出版社以充分保證按質(zhì)按量完成會(huì)計(jì)繼

9、續(xù)教育任務(wù)。2完善會(huì)計(jì)人員職稱和任職資格考試制度嚴(yán)格把好監(jiān)考、閱卷這一關(guān),進(jìn)一步完善我國的會(huì)計(jì)專業(yè)技術(shù)資格考試制度。要將考試與考核相結(jié)合,會(huì)計(jì)人員在通過某種級(jí)別的資格考試后,還要對(duì)實(shí)際工作水平和有關(guān)業(yè)績進(jìn)行考核,兩者均合格才能授予相應(yīng)的技術(shù)職稱。如果考試合格,而考核不合格的,必須參加一定期限的崗前培訓(xùn)或見習(xí),待合格后才能授予相應(yīng)的職稱;考評(píng)中對(duì)不能切實(shí)履行會(huì)計(jì)法職責(zé)的會(huì)計(jì)人員,應(yīng)取消其專業(yè)技術(shù)資格;要實(shí)行每隔35年進(jìn)行相同等級(jí)的專業(yè)測(cè)試的辦法,督促那些已經(jīng)獲得一定會(huì)計(jì)專業(yè)技術(shù)資格的會(huì)計(jì)人員克服終身受益思想,不斷進(jìn)取,更新知識(shí)?,F(xiàn)在的會(huì)計(jì)人員任職資格考試制度源于傳統(tǒng)教育,沒有考核到會(huì)計(jì)人員的基本

10、素質(zhì)。首先,應(yīng)提高對(duì)參加會(huì)計(jì)資格考試的條件限制。 企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)藝術(shù),王寅清 , 北京經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院出版社目前,我國的注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師考試,不論什么專業(yè)和學(xué)歷及現(xiàn)任職業(yè),都可以報(bào)名參加考試,導(dǎo)致一些沒有受過系統(tǒng)會(huì)計(jì)專業(yè)教育卻全科通過的人員無法勝任實(shí)際業(yè)務(wù)。筆者認(rèn)為應(yīng)該限定為受過會(huì)計(jì)高等教育??埔陨喜拍軋?bào)考。其次,增加和調(diào)整考試的科目。我國的注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師考試只有會(huì)計(jì)、審計(jì)、財(cái)務(wù)管理、經(jīng)濟(jì)法、稅法五門考試,其科目與業(yè)務(wù)范圍不一致,考試范圍單一,不能全面考核會(huì)計(jì)人員的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)。所以應(yīng)該根據(jù)實(shí)務(wù)的變化增加和調(diào)整科目設(shè)置,如人力資源管理、內(nèi)部控制、管理信息系統(tǒng)等。第三,應(yīng)該借鑒國外的注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師考試制度。使凡是通過注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師

11、考試的人員確實(shí)具有一定的理論深度和實(shí)務(wù)操作的能力。3實(shí)施崗位輪換制度會(huì)計(jì)人員較長時(shí)間內(nèi)從事某一具體的記賬、算賬業(yè)務(wù),有其連續(xù)性和熟練性等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但這樣做不利于會(huì)計(jì)人員全面熟悉和掌握各種崗位的會(huì)計(jì)業(yè)務(wù)。應(yīng)定期對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)內(nèi)部崗位分工進(jìn)行輪換,使會(huì)計(jì)人員在各個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)處理環(huán)節(jié)上都得到實(shí)踐的機(jī)會(huì),促進(jìn)相互交流,提高會(huì)計(jì)人員的業(yè)務(wù)水平。(二)完善相應(yīng)的會(huì)計(jì)法規(guī)首先必須完善會(huì)計(jì)法規(guī)。我國的會(huì)計(jì)法規(guī)包括會(huì)計(jì)法、企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則、企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)制度、事業(yè)單位會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則、事業(yè)單位會(huì)計(jì)制度等,這些法規(guī)頒布實(shí)施表明我國的會(huì)計(jì)法律制度正在逐步走向規(guī)范化和法制化。但在某些方面還有待進(jìn)一步改善,如新的會(huì)計(jì)法有關(guān)法律責(zé)任中規(guī)定了對(duì)各種違法行為構(gòu)

12、成犯罪的要追究刑事責(zé)任,但是各種違法行為達(dá)到何種程度才構(gòu)成犯罪?應(yīng)依據(jù)那些條款給予何種處理?這些問題均無具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此,作為立法部門和一些主管部門,必須在現(xiàn)有的基礎(chǔ)上制定出相應(yīng)的實(shí)施細(xì)則和具體執(zhí)行辦法等配套法規(guī),以增強(qiáng)其可操作性。同時(shí),必須加強(qiáng)會(huì)計(jì)人員的法制教育。 企業(yè)必須面對(duì)未來,(美)阿爾溫·托夫勒 , 海天出版社主管部門、各單位必須采取強(qiáng)有力的措施組織會(huì)計(jì)人員認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)會(huì)計(jì)法規(guī)制度,通過筆試、口試、案例分析等來促使其深刻領(lǐng)會(huì)、全面掌握有關(guān)知識(shí),同時(shí)在實(shí)施中要定期檢查,一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)違紀(jì)違法現(xiàn)象,查實(shí)后絕不手軟,嚴(yán)加處罰。作為會(huì)計(jì)人員應(yīng)嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行國家的財(cái)經(jīng)法律、法規(guī)和財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)章制度,認(rèn)真進(jìn)行

13、會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督。會(huì)計(jì)人員首先要以財(cái)經(jīng)紀(jì)律和有關(guān)法規(guī)嚴(yán)格要求自己的職業(yè)行為,其次則要善于運(yùn)用財(cái)經(jīng)紀(jì)律和有關(guān)法規(guī)于工作中,做到既堅(jiān)持原則又靈活處理好各種關(guān)系,敢于與違法亂紀(jì)的行為斗爭(zhēng),保護(hù)國家單位的合法權(quán)益不受損害。會(huì)計(jì)人員要嚴(yán)格按照會(huì)計(jì)法律、法規(guī)、規(guī)章規(guī)定的程序和要求進(jìn)行工作。不提供虛假的、不真實(shí)、不合法或記錄不準(zhǔn)確的會(huì)計(jì)信息,保證信息的真實(shí)、準(zhǔn)確、合法、完整。(三)加強(qiáng)職業(yè)道德教育,培養(yǎng)會(huì)計(jì)人員的敬業(yè)精神1加強(qiáng)在校人員的思想道德教育在會(huì)計(jì)教學(xué)中,注重對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行思想政治教育,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生勤奮進(jìn)取、勤儉節(jié)約、愛崗敬業(yè)、艱苦創(chuàng)業(yè)精神,恪盡職守、廉潔奉公、遵紀(jì)守法的品德。使學(xué)生意識(shí)到在經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)中的作用,把個(gè)人理

14、想同職業(yè)發(fā)展結(jié)合起來,樹立起崇高的職業(yè)理想。因此,有必要調(diào)整會(huì)計(jì)專業(yè)的課程結(jié)構(gòu),適當(dāng)增加對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)人員的職業(yè)道德訓(xùn)練,以全面提高其素質(zhì)。 企業(yè)籌資與投資,黎谷,中國人民大學(xué)出版社2加強(qiáng)在職會(huì)計(jì)人員的職業(yè)道德教育對(duì)在職會(huì)計(jì)人員的職業(yè)道德教育應(yīng)貫穿于會(huì)計(jì)人員整個(gè)職業(yè)生涯的始終。各級(jí)財(cái)政部門及有關(guān)部門應(yīng)把這作為一項(xiàng)長期地任務(wù),有組織、有計(jì)劃地進(jìn)行。應(yīng)舉辦職業(yè)道德培訓(xùn)班,從思想政治、會(huì)計(jì)法制、經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)等入手,來普遍提高在職會(huì)計(jì)人員的職業(yè)道德水平。 收入分配循環(huán)論,劉尚希,人民大學(xué)出版社同時(shí)還應(yīng)制定相應(yīng)的檢查考核具體辦法,對(duì)不道德的會(huì)計(jì)人員,不允許其參加相應(yīng)的專業(yè)技術(shù)考試,對(duì)于有嚴(yán)重違法亂紀(jì)的會(huì)計(jì)人員,除應(yīng)

15、負(fù)相應(yīng)的責(zé)任外,還應(yīng)吊銷已取得的資格證書,以后不得從事會(huì)計(jì)工作。把會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德水平的高低、好壞作為達(dá)標(biāo)升級(jí)的一個(gè)重要考核內(nèi)容。 亞當(dāng)·斯密經(jīng)濟(jì)思想研究,鄒柏松著,廣東高等教育出版社3營造良好的社會(huì)周邊環(huán)境凈化會(huì)計(jì)行為環(huán)境和會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德建設(shè)是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)工程,會(huì)計(jì)行為環(huán)境的好壞直接影響到會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德水平的高低。在一個(gè)法制不健全,制度不完善,道德意識(shí)淡薄,公共意識(shí)低下,自我中心突出的環(huán)境下,不可能營造出高品味的會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德。凈化會(huì)計(jì)行為環(huán)境,不是光*會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)界的努力能做得到的,而要有賴于社會(huì)各方面的變革與協(xié)調(diào)。會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德建設(shè)實(shí)際上是向社會(huì)提出了提高道德覺悟、重視道德修養(yǎng)、凈化環(huán)境的基本要求

16、,各行各業(yè)都應(yīng)提高職業(yè)道德意識(shí),從而營造出建設(shè)會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的和諧環(huán)境。當(dāng)然,我們也不能坐等外部環(huán)境凈化之后,再來談會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德問題,會(huì)計(jì)人員也絕不應(yīng)因環(huán)境差而放棄道德修養(yǎng)?!俺鑫勰喽蝗尽睉?yīng)是會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)界的一種高尚追求,這也是最終贏得社會(huì)尊重,提高行業(yè)信譽(yù)的重要保證。三、 會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的作用、基本特征、建設(shè)的基本途徑(一)會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的含義會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德,是會(huì)計(jì)人員在會(huì)計(jì)事務(wù)中正確處理人與人之間經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的行為規(guī)范總和,即會(huì)計(jì)人員從事會(huì)計(jì)工作應(yīng)遵循的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德是會(huì)計(jì)法律制度范疇之外的東西,其含義包括以下幾個(gè)方面:1.會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德是調(diào)整會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)活動(dòng)利益關(guān)系的手段。在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下,會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)

17、活動(dòng)中的各種經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系日趨復(fù)雜,這些經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系的實(shí)質(zhì)是經(jīng)濟(jì)利益關(guān)系。在我國社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)中,各經(jīng)濟(jì)主體的利益與國家利益、社會(huì)公眾利益時(shí)常發(fā)生沖突。會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德可以配合國家法律制度,調(diào)整職業(yè)關(guān)系中的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益關(guān)系,維護(hù)正常的經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序。體現(xiàn)會(huì)計(jì)行業(yè)的公信度。會(huì)計(jì)是一門實(shí)用性很強(qiáng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)類學(xué)科,是為加強(qiáng)經(jīng)營管理,提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,規(guī)范市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序,維護(hù)社會(huì)公眾利益服務(wù)的。會(huì)計(jì)人員在職業(yè)活動(dòng)中誠實(shí)守信、客觀公正等是會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)的普遍要求。3.會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德具有廣泛的社會(huì)性。會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德是人們對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)行為的客觀要求。從受托責(zé)任觀念出發(fā),會(huì)計(jì)目標(biāo)決定了會(huì)計(jì)所承擔(dān)的社會(huì)責(zé)任。尤其是隨著企業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度改革的不斷深化,會(huì)計(jì)

18、不僅要為政府機(jī)構(gòu)、企業(yè)管理層等提供符合質(zhì)量要求的會(huì)計(jì)信息,而且要為投資者、債權(quán)人及社會(huì)公眾服務(wù)。(二) 會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的基本特征1、原則性。作為會(huì)計(jì)人員,政策觀念一定要強(qiáng),要勇于堅(jiān)持原則。堅(jiān)持原則不僅使會(huì)計(jì)人員職業(yè)義務(wù)感和使命感得以加強(qiáng),充分利用對(duì)生產(chǎn)、流通、分配、消費(fèi)的管理權(quán),對(duì)各種浪費(fèi)行為和不正之風(fēng)進(jìn)行有效的抵制;而且能使會(huì)計(jì)人員自身不會(huì)因時(shí)時(shí)與錢打交道而成為一個(gè)喪失原則、認(rèn)錢不認(rèn)方向、一切向錢看的拜金主義者。 追趕型經(jīng)濟(jì)增長理論與實(shí)踐,廣東高教出版社作為會(huì)計(jì)人員,如果不具備高尚的職業(yè)道德,不堅(jiān)持按原則辦事,不僅害了自己,也損害了國家和人民的利益。2、無私性。財(cái)務(wù)工作要求財(cái)會(huì)人員具有大公無私

19、、公而忘私的思想和行為,以國家、集體的利益重于一切為最高原則。無私性集中體現(xiàn)在財(cái)務(wù)工作者的道德習(xí)慣行為上,廉潔奉公,不貪不沾,一塵不染,保持和發(fā)揚(yáng)艱苦奮斗,勤儉建國的傳統(tǒng)作風(fēng)。財(cái)務(wù)工作者必須以此來規(guī)范和約束自己的思想和行為,在思想上筑起一道防污染和拒腐蝕的堅(jiān)不可摧的壁壘。3、服務(wù)性。財(cái)務(wù)工作貫穿于我國社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的各行、各業(yè)、各個(gè)部門??梢哉f,沒有財(cái)務(wù)管理工作,我國的各項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)就會(huì)癱瘓,國家財(cái)產(chǎn)就會(huì)受到巨大損失。財(cái)務(wù)工作既不能獨(dú)立于各行、各業(yè)、各部門而存在,又不能置于各行各業(yè)各部門之上。財(cái)務(wù)工作的性質(zhì)決定了會(huì)計(jì)人員必須樹立服務(wù)意識(shí)。因此,服務(wù)性是財(cái)會(huì)工作職業(yè)道德的顯著特點(diǎn)。特別是在當(dāng)前社

20、會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境下,財(cái)會(huì)人員面對(duì)各種經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的重新分配,如何把握自己,抵制不正之風(fēng),樹立服務(wù)意識(shí),是十分重要的。4、時(shí)代性。不同歷史時(shí)期,有不同的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下,隨著改革開放的不斷深入,企業(yè)類型多樣化。財(cái)會(huì)人員所維護(hù)的不僅僅是企業(yè)和國家的利益,還涉及到委托人與受委托人的多方利益。因此,在新形勢(shì)下,對(duì)財(cái)會(huì)人員職業(yè)素養(yǎng)的要求更高。所以說,財(cái)會(huì)人員職業(yè)道德具有很強(qiáng)的時(shí)代性。(三) 會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的作用1.會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德是對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)法律制度的重要補(bǔ)充。會(huì)計(jì)法律制度是會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的最低要求,會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德是對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)法律規(guī)范的重要補(bǔ)充,其作用是其他會(huì)計(jì)法律制度所不能替代的。例如,會(huì)計(jì)法律只能對(duì)會(huì)

21、計(jì)人員不得違法的行為做出規(guī)定,不宜對(duì)他們?nèi)绾螑蹗従礃I(yè)、提高技能、強(qiáng)化服務(wù)等提出具體要求,但是,如果會(huì)計(jì)人員缺乏愛崗敬業(yè)的熱情和態(tài)度,沒有必要的職業(yè)技能和服務(wù)意識(shí),則很難保證會(huì)計(jì)信息達(dá)到真實(shí)、完整的法定要求。很顯然,會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德可以對(duì)此起很重要的輔助和補(bǔ)充作用。2.會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德是規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)行為的基礎(chǔ)。動(dòng)機(jī)是行為的先導(dǎo),有什么樣的動(dòng)機(jī)就有什么樣的行為。 平等與效率,奧肯,華夏出版社會(huì)計(jì)行為是由內(nèi)心信念來支配的,信念的善與惡將導(dǎo)致行為的是與非。會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)的行為動(dòng)機(jī)提出了相應(yīng)的要求,如誠實(shí)守信、客觀公正等,引導(dǎo)、規(guī)勸、約束會(huì)計(jì)人員樹立正確的職業(yè)觀念,遵循職業(yè)道德要求,從而達(dá)到規(guī)范會(huì)計(jì)行為的目的。

22、3.會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德是實(shí)現(xiàn)會(huì)計(jì)目標(biāo)的重要保證。從會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)關(guān)系角度講,會(huì)計(jì)目標(biāo)就是為會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)關(guān)系中的各個(gè)服務(wù)對(duì)象提供有用的會(huì)計(jì)信息。能否為這些服務(wù)對(duì)象及時(shí)提供相關(guān)的、可靠的會(huì)計(jì)信息,取決于會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)者能否嚴(yán)格履行職業(yè)行為準(zhǔn)則。如果會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)者故意或非故意地提供了不充分、不可靠的會(huì)計(jì)信息,會(huì)嚴(yán)重背離會(huì)計(jì)目標(biāo),造成會(huì)計(jì)信息嚴(yán)重失真,使服務(wù)對(duì)象的決策失誤,甚至導(dǎo)致社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序混亂。因此,會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德規(guī)范約束著會(huì)計(jì)人員的職業(yè)行為,是實(shí)現(xiàn)會(huì)計(jì)目標(biāo)的重要保證。4.會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德是會(huì)計(jì)人員提高素質(zhì)的內(nèi)在要求。社會(huì)的進(jìn)步和發(fā)展,對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)者的素質(zhì)要求越來越高。會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德是會(huì)計(jì)人員素質(zhì)的重要體現(xiàn)。一個(gè)高素質(zhì)的會(huì)計(jì)人員應(yīng)當(dāng)

23、做到愛崗敬業(yè)、提高專業(yè)勝任能力,這不僅是會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的主要內(nèi)容,也是會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)者遵循會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的可靠保證。倡導(dǎo)會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德,加強(qiáng)會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德教育,并結(jié)合會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)活動(dòng),引導(dǎo)會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)者進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)自我修養(yǎng),提高專業(yè)勝任能力,有利于促進(jìn)會(huì)計(jì)執(zhí)業(yè)者整體素質(zhì)的不斷提高。(四) 會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德建設(shè)的基本途徑會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德建設(shè)是一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)工程,不是一朝一夕,一蹴而就能完成的,必須要政府、單位、社會(huì)的廣泛參與,努力提高會(huì)計(jì)人員遵守會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的自覺性,凈化會(huì)計(jì)人員執(zhí)業(yè)環(huán)境,努力建設(shè)公平、正直、誠實(shí)、守信的社會(huì)文明風(fēng)貌,通過法律、規(guī)章、制度對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)從業(yè)行為進(jìn)行規(guī)范、監(jiān)督、促進(jìn)。 中級(jí)財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)(上、下) 葛家湗 ,人大出版

24、社1.加強(qiáng)會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德教育,不斷提高會(huì)計(jì)人員素質(zhì)會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)的特殊性特別是在改革開放的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中,對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)人員的思想素質(zhì)、業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì)和法律素質(zhì)提出了更高的要求。會(huì)計(jì)人員要使職業(yè)生活更有意義、更有價(jià)值,必須樹立正確的職業(yè)道德觀,遵循會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德規(guī)范,自覺提高品德修養(yǎng),熱愛會(huì)計(jì)本職工作,堅(jiān)持原則、忠于職守,具備應(yīng)有的公平、正義感和誠實(shí)守信的品格,維護(hù)會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)的尊嚴(yán),保持良好的社會(huì)形象。隨著改革的不斷深入,資金來源渠道的多樣化,與會(huì)計(jì)改革措施的陸續(xù)實(shí)施,使會(huì)計(jì)人員所面對(duì)的將不再是單純的數(shù)字,而是一個(gè)復(fù)雜多變的世界。會(huì)計(jì)人員承擔(dān)的工作任務(wù)越來越復(fù)雜繁重,責(zé)任更大,遇到的問題更復(fù)雜,需要投入的精力也更多。在新形

25、勢(shì)下,會(huì)計(jì)人員應(yīng)在工作中堅(jiān)持遵守會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德,自覺抵制各種不法經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的誘惑,認(rèn)真貫徹執(zhí)行會(huì)計(jì)法和國家有關(guān)的財(cái)經(jīng)法規(guī),依法辦事,依法理財(cái)。優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)也是會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的主要內(nèi)容。作為一名會(huì)計(jì)人員,對(duì)所服務(wù)的對(duì)象都要做到文明禮貌、熱情接待、周到服務(wù),還應(yīng)當(dāng)努力學(xué)習(xí)會(huì)計(jì)業(yè)務(wù)知識(shí),不斷提高自己的業(yè)務(wù)勝任能力,學(xué)習(xí)會(huì)計(jì)法律知識(shí),用法律武器保護(hù)自己的正當(dāng)權(quán)益。2.凈化會(huì)計(jì)執(zhí)業(yè)環(huán)境,努力打造誠實(shí)守信的社會(huì)環(huán)境無數(shù)實(shí)事證明,會(huì)計(jì)信息失真、會(huì)計(jì)造假事件的發(fā)生都與一定的社會(huì)環(huán)境有關(guān)。比如:?jiǎn)挝活I(lǐng)導(dǎo)違法干預(yù)會(huì)計(jì)工作,授意、指使、強(qiáng)令會(huì)計(jì)人員篡改會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),假造憑證、設(shè)置賬外賬、轉(zhuǎn)移國有資產(chǎn)、偷逃稅款、粉飾業(yè)績等。面對(duì)此

26、類情況會(huì)計(jì)人員實(shí)在無奈。所以,凈化會(huì)計(jì)執(zhí)業(yè)環(huán)境,努力打造誠實(shí)守信的社會(huì)環(huán)境的任務(wù)更復(fù)雜、更艱巨。3.建立監(jiān)督約束機(jī)制,以法治理財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)行為監(jiān)督機(jī)制包括兩個(gè)方面:一是會(huì)計(jì)人員監(jiān)督經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)經(jīng)辦人;二是社會(huì)監(jiān)督會(huì)計(jì)人員。它們由兩個(gè)不同的主體構(gòu)成。(1)會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督。會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督是會(huì)計(jì)人員的執(zhí)法行為。它主要是會(huì)計(jì)通過審查、報(bào)帳、記帳、核算、分析等會(huì)計(jì)程序,對(duì)在經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中發(fā)生的經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù),依照國家的財(cái)經(jīng)政策和財(cái)務(wù)管理規(guī)章制度,進(jìn)行正確的核算和真實(shí)的反映。 企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則講解006 財(cái)政部會(huì)計(jì)司編寫    人民出版社會(huì)計(jì)人員必須認(rèn)真、客觀、公正地處理每一筆經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù),以高度的責(zé)任感對(duì)待每一

27、件財(cái)務(wù)事項(xiàng)。(2)社會(huì)監(jiān)督。一是由財(cái)政、稅務(wù)、審計(jì)、監(jiān)察等部門對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)人員遵守職業(yè)道德的情況經(jīng)常進(jìn)行檢查、督促。二是由會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所等社會(huì)中介服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)行為進(jìn)行查驗(yàn)、評(píng)估。通過監(jiān)督,既可以提高會(huì)計(jì)工作的水平和質(zhì)量,又可以幫助會(huì)計(jì)人員正確理解和執(zhí)行國家財(cái)經(jīng)制度。三是發(fā)動(dòng)單位職工和其他社會(huì)成員對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)人員的職業(yè)道德進(jìn)行監(jiān)督。這樣監(jiān)督面寬、透明度大,可以增強(qiáng)會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督工作的力度。四、提高會(huì)計(jì)人員職業(yè)道德素質(zhì)應(yīng)采取的措施會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德作為社會(huì)道德建設(shè)的一個(gè)組成部分,是完善社會(huì)道德體系的重要方面,是先進(jìn)文化的重要內(nèi)容,也是在新世紀(jì)全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì),加快改革開放和現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)步伐,順利實(shí)現(xiàn)第三步戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)的重要前提

28、。加強(qiáng)會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德建設(shè),不斷提高會(huì)計(jì)人員的職業(yè)修養(yǎng)和素質(zhì),具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。(一)重塑會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德重塑的指導(dǎo)思想。會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德產(chǎn)生于一定的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)之上,必須適應(yīng)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的需求。一方面它針對(duì)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制建設(shè)過程中出現(xiàn)的消極思想和行為,提出一些道德準(zhǔn)則來矯正和規(guī)范,以維護(hù)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序。另一方面,市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下的企業(yè)是獨(dú)立、自主、具有平等權(quán)利的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體,這與傳統(tǒng)計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下作為政府附屬物的企業(yè)有本質(zhì)的區(qū)別,其目標(biāo)是謀求企業(yè)價(jià)值最大化。 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的倫理問題,厲以寧,三聯(lián)書店市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)內(nèi)在要求企業(yè)具有自主經(jīng)營、自負(fù)盈虧、自我發(fā)展的能力,并承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的義務(wù)和責(zé)任,要求尊重企業(yè)的正

29、當(dāng)利益、合理選擇和發(fā)展能力。因此,會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德建設(shè)應(yīng)考慮這些方面要求。會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的重塑要與會(huì)計(jì)管理體制相適應(yīng)。傳統(tǒng)的會(huì)計(jì)人員管理體制是單一模式的,從而容易制定與其相適應(yīng)的會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)規(guī)范。經(jīng)濟(jì)體制過渡時(shí)期,會(huì)計(jì)人員管理體制呈多元,如會(huì)計(jì)人員委派制、會(huì)計(jì)人員統(tǒng)管統(tǒng)派制、財(cái)務(wù)總監(jiān)制和代理記帳制等,會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德建設(shè)要能適應(yīng)多元化會(huì)計(jì)人員管理體制的需要。 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的倫理問題,厲以寧,三聯(lián)書店在會(huì)計(jì)制度管理體制方面,由傳統(tǒng)體制下管得過死、過細(xì),轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楣茏』镜?、重要的,給企業(yè)更多的會(huì)計(jì)政策可選擇性。這些都對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生積極的影響。會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的重塑要與會(huì)計(jì)人員的素質(zhì)相適應(yīng)。由于我國整體經(jīng)濟(jì)水平不高,人們

30、的道德境界參差不齊,會(huì)計(jì)人員的素質(zhì)不盡如人意。會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的建設(shè)必須從會(huì)計(jì)人員素質(zhì)的實(shí)際出發(fā),防止形成脫離實(shí)際的高不可攀的道德準(zhǔn)則。 追趕型經(jīng)濟(jì)增長理論與實(shí)踐,廣東高教出版社會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的重塑要與國際慣例接軌會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德是有強(qiáng)烈經(jīng)濟(jì)性色彩的經(jīng)濟(jì)道德,會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德不像那些帶有強(qiáng)烈階級(jí)色彩的道德規(guī)范一樣完全依附于階級(jí)的變遷,而主要依附于歷史繼承性的經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律,在各階級(jí)不斷的變遷中,保持自己的相對(duì)穩(wěn)定性。國際上那些合理的、有益的會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德規(guī)范,應(yīng)大膽吸收,為我所用。(二)健全監(jiān)督機(jī)制,建立職業(yè)道德評(píng)價(jià)體系良好的職業(yè)道德風(fēng)尚,不僅要依*會(huì)計(jì)人員的自我覺悟,而且要輔以監(jiān)督措施。由于目前我國還未建立起內(nèi)容

31、全面、操作性強(qiáng)的會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德準(zhǔn)則,因此,加強(qiáng)對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)人員職業(yè)道德的監(jiān)督和檢查顯得尤為重要。監(jiān)督和檢查,主要是督促和教育,幫助會(huì)計(jì)人員提高職業(yè)道德水平。(三)加強(qiáng)財(cái)政部門對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的監(jiān)督檢查將會(huì)計(jì)法執(zhí)法檢查與會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德檢查相結(jié)合。財(cái)政部門是會(huì)計(jì)法的執(zhí)法主體,可依法對(duì)社會(huì)各單位執(zhí)行會(huì)計(jì)法律制度情況及會(huì)計(jì)信息質(zhì)量進(jìn)行不同形式的檢查或抽查。通過檢查,一方面督促各單位嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行會(huì)計(jì)法律法規(guī);另一方面也是對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)人員執(zhí)行會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德情況的檢查與檢驗(yàn)。將會(huì)計(jì)從業(yè)資格證書注冊(cè)登記。管理與會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德檢查相結(jié)合。根據(jù)會(huì)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)工作規(guī)范的規(guī)定,財(cái)政部門、業(yè)務(wù)主管部門和各單位應(yīng)當(dāng)定期檢查會(huì)計(jì)人員遵守職業(yè)道德的情況,并

32、作為會(huì)計(jì)人員晉升、晉級(jí)、聘任專業(yè)職務(wù),表彰獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的重要考核依據(jù)。會(huì)計(jì)人員違反職業(yè)道德的,由所在單位進(jìn)行處罰;情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的,由會(huì)計(jì)從業(yè)資格管理部門吊銷其會(huì)計(jì)從業(yè)資格證書。(四)培育良好的會(huì)計(jì)誠信環(huán)境會(huì)計(jì)人員不僅工作在會(huì)計(jì)領(lǐng)域,更生活在社會(huì)大環(huán)境中,其職業(yè)道德不可避免地要受到社會(huì)各種不良因素的影響和干擾。在一個(gè)道德意識(shí)淡泊,公共意識(shí)低下,自我中心突出的社會(huì)環(huán)境下,不可能營造出高品味的會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德。凈化環(huán)境,不是光是會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)界的努力能做到的,而要依托于社會(huì)各方面的變革與協(xié)調(diào),尤其是應(yīng)與法律、各行各業(yè)的職業(yè)道德同步,才能建設(shè)好會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德。首先要堅(jiān)持誠信的用人原則。具有良好職業(yè)判斷力的會(huì)計(jì)人員是會(huì)計(jì)行業(yè)的

33、寶貴資源,這種資源不是一朝一夕形成的,需要一個(gè)長期積累的過程?,F(xiàn)在一些單位在會(huì)計(jì)人員的使用上,以是否“聽話”作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),這種錯(cuò)誤的用人導(dǎo)向是對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)的嚴(yán)重扭曲。提到會(huì)計(jì)人員的品質(zhì),人們首先應(yīng)該想到的是堅(jiān)持原則,誠實(shí)本分,而不是俯首貼耳,弄虛作假。各單位聘用會(huì)計(jì)人員,首先選擇的應(yīng)該是有誠信的人,一個(gè)人專業(yè)技術(shù)能力很強(qiáng),但是缺少誠信,我們是不應(yīng)該聘用的。其次充分發(fā)揮誠信示范作用。要將會(huì)計(jì)戰(zhàn)線上具有高尚會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德品質(zhì)的先進(jìn)模范人物的生動(dòng)事跡作為教材,把會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德觀念和道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)具體化、人格化,增強(qiáng)其感染力。同時(shí)還要重視輿論作用,輿論可以對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)人員的道德行為起到揚(yáng)抑作用。參考文獻(xiàn):1葉陳剛,會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)

34、道德研究M,東北財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)出版社,2002年2朱明,高淑東.會(huì)計(jì)外部環(huán)境與會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德建設(shè)J.經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇,2004,(08)3王合喜,董紅星.會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德問題研究J.財(cái)會(huì)月刊,2004,(03) 5何光軍. 影響會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德行為因素辨析J.中國農(nóng)業(yè)會(huì)計(jì),2005,(04) 6楊歡,王春年,段軍.會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè)道德的特征與建設(shè)途徑J.經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇,2004,(08)7宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)分析,(美)夏皮羅著,中國社會(huì)科學(xué)出版社8當(dāng)代資產(chǎn)階級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)主要流派,胡代光、厲以寧,商務(wù)印書館9怎樣避免在金融交易中蹈于被動(dòng) -金融法活用 ,(日)東京法恩株式會(huì)社主編,復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社 10新競(jìng)爭(zhēng),(美)菲立浦·柯德勒、 利阿

35、姆特·法赫等著,中國商業(yè)出版社 11重整旗鼓-企業(yè)的振興與競(jìng)爭(zhēng),(美)傅高義著,章聞治等譯, 國際文化出版社12企業(yè)籌資與投資,黎谷,中國人民大學(xué)出版社13收入分配循環(huán)論,劉尚希,人民大學(xué)出版社 14亞當(dāng)·斯密經(jīng)濟(jì)思想研究,鄒柏松著,廣東高等教育出版社 15企業(yè)文化學(xué),羅長海,人民大學(xué)出版社 16經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的倫理問題,厲以寧,三聯(lián)書店17平等與效率,奧肯,華夏出版社18從馬克思到凱恩斯十大經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家,熊彼特,商務(wù)印書館請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容,O(_)O謝謝!Many people have the same mixed feelings when planning a trip dur

36、ing Golden Week. With heaps of time, the seven-day Chinese請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容,O(_)O謝謝!National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a destination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may become more fatigued after the holiday, due to battling the large

37、crowds. During peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with children and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and busy traffic are inevitable at most places. Also

38、to be expected are increasing transport and accommodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is also common that you' ll wait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the

39、crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the week-long holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the upcoming "Golden Week" it may not be a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded

40、places for now. There is always a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountains are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial de

41、stination for the recommended travelling route, "China Inner Mongolia Arxan Hailar Manzhouli". It is also the joint of the four prairies across the Sino-Mongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, Russian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic

42、site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors all the year round - the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow c

43、overing volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name "Haren Arxan" means "hot holy water" in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a to

44、urism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled green.  Nestled close to the country's

45、largest virgin forest, and known for its spring and ecological environment, Arxan is marveled at by many tourists as the purest land on earth.  You cannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It is definitely the best with brightly-colored scenery full of emotions.  Autumn in the northern part of

46、 the country comes earlier than the South. A September rain followed by the footprints of Autumn brings more colors to the once emerald green mountain and blooming grassland.  Shutterbugs flock to see for themselves the marvel of splendid colors around the mountains and waters, many of whom hav

47、e travel a long distance and even camp here only to capture a moment of the nature wonder.  The silver birch turns golden, while the larch is still proudly green. You will find yourself drowned in the intoxicating red of the wild fruits as well as the glamour of flowers in full blown. And your

48、heart will be lingering on the woods as it's time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If it rains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Wea

49、ving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, which is usually in early A

50、ugust. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old cow for company. The cow, however, was a fo

51、rmer god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first sight and were soon married. They had a son

52、and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he di

53、scovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulang's misery, the cow told him to turn its hide into a pair of shoes after it died. The magic shoes whisked Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, off on a chase after the empress. The pursuit enra

54、ged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky creating the Milky Way which separated husband from wife. But all was not lost as magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family. Even the Jade Emperor was touched, and allowed

55、Niulang and Zhinu to meet once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Traditionally, people would look up at the sky and find a bright star in the constellation Aquila as well as the star Vega

56、, which are identified as Niulang and Zhinu. The two stars shine on opposite sides of the Milky Way. Customs In bygone days, Qixi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It is also known as the "Begging for Skills Festival" or "Daughters' Festival." In this

57、 day, girls will throw a sewing needle into a bowl full of water on the night of Qixi as a test of embroidery skills. If the needle floats on top of the water instead of sinking, it proves the girl is a skilled embroiders. Single women also pray for finding a good husband in the future. And the newl

58、y married women pray to become pregnant quickly. Tradition transformed The love story of Niulang and Zhinu, and the Qixi Festival have been handed down for generations. Yet these ancient traditions and customs are slowly dying out. Many modern Chinese, particularly youngsters, seem to know more about St Valentine's Day on February 14, characterized by bouquets of roses, chocolates and romantic candlelight dinners, than they do about their home-grown day for lovers. Even Qixi is nowadays referred to as the "Chinese Valentine's Day." More and more you

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