長難句120 原型

1、1.Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earths surface，the deepocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space(定語后置in some ways)由于完全沒有光，而且承受著比在地球表面大數(shù)百倍的極大壓力，深海底部對人類而言是一個充滿敵意的環(huán)境，在

2、某些方面就像外層空間一樣險惡和遙遠。2.Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth(倒裝結構Basic to any understandingis)要理解二戰(zhàn)之后20年中的加拿大，就必須了解該國驚人的人口增長。3.As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods

3、 prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore(同位語從句claims that)結果，那些認為只食用綠色食品就能防治疾病或增進健康的觀點廣為人知，并成為一些民間說法的基礎。4.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones，that fertiliz

4、ed eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs，that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like(并列同位語從句reports that，that，that)關于天然維生素優(yōu)于人造維生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的營養(yǎng)價值更高，未經(jīng)熏蒸消毒處理的谷物比經(jīng)過處理的好等等報道屢見不鮮，但都沒有得到證實。5·The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruct

5、ion had to be undertaken also in the North，though less spectacularly(同位語從句fact that)南方極為嚴重的困境使北方同樣需要開始重建(盡管不像南方那么引人注目)這一事實顯得不太重要。6·The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban s

6、prawl(賓語從句what we now know as)現(xiàn)在可以獲得這些環(huán)繞幾乎每個大城市邊緣地區(qū)的土地，這一可能性激發(fā)了一場房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)的熱潮并造成了我們現(xiàn)在稱為城區(qū)無計劃擴展的現(xiàn)象。7.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth(Of結構作定語：o

7、f how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs)但這些因素并不能解釋這個有趣的問題：為何在一個特定的地點會如此集中地出現(xiàn)即將臨產(chǎn)的懷孕魚龍群。8.Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent，the two capt

8、ains set out(同位語從句rumors that)當時有一些傳言，說有史前的猛犸在這一陌生的區(qū)域活動，而且在這一區(qū)域的某個地方有一座巨大的鹽石山，其面積達80英里長50英里寬。就在這些傳言中，兩位上尉出發(fā)了。9. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord，and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group，a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at t

9、he end of the eighteenth century(同位語a supremacy)17世紀時風琴、敲弦琴和撥弦琴成為鍵盤樂器類的主要成員，這種至高無上的地位一直由它們保持，直到18世紀末被鋼琴所取代。10A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and stee

10、l wire of the finest quality，finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance(介詞結構fromto作定語)持續(xù)到19世紀的一系列機械上的改進，包括引入踏板以維持音調或使其柔和，改善金屬框架，以及使用最佳牲能的鋼絲，最終產(chǎn)生

11、了一種具備無數(shù)音調效果的樂器這些效果涵蓋了從最精致的和聲到幾乎全部的管弦樂音響，從明快流暢的吟唱音調到尖銳的打擊樂器的恢弘氣氛。11The largest。later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories，contained more than 800 rooms，and could have housed a population of 1，000 or more(虛擬語氣)最大的一座后來被西班牙人稱為Pueblo Bonito(美麗的城鎮(zhèn))，是一個五層梯式樓，有800多問房

12、子，能夠容納1 000人以上。12Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，the film has never been，in the full sense of the word, silent(倒裝accustomed though we are=though we are accustomed)雖然我們習慣于將1927年以前的電影叫做“無聲電影”，但是就“無聲這個詞的完整意義上說，電影從未真正的無聲過。13.For a number of years the select

13、ion of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra，and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces(特殊結構notSO much as與其說不如說)在好些

14、年內，為各部影片選擇配樂的權力完全掌握在樂隊指揮或隊長手中，而通常擔任這種職位的資格與其說是技巧或鑒賞品位，不如說是個人擁有音樂作品的豐富收藏。14·Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity，the number of species in a particular ecosystem，to the health of the

15、Earth and human well-being(倒裝coincident with concernshas been=has been coincident with concerns)在對物種和動物棲息地加速消失表示關注的同時，人們也越來越認識到生物多樣化，即一個特定生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中物種的數(shù)量對地球的健康以及人類幸福的重要性。15.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the

16、 huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species(同位語從句fact that；定語從句that comprise the bulk)考慮到組成大部分物種的昆蟲的巨大數(shù)量，認為半數(shù)的已知物種棲息在世界的雨林中這一事實看起來并不令人吃驚。16.To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea，it helps to think small (特殊結構it helps to做有幫助)要充分認識海洋生命的多樣性和豐富性，從小的角度思考有幫助。

17、1 7.Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks，but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house(特殊結構not any more than像一樣不)科學建立在事實上，就像房子用磚砌成一樣。但收集的事實不能被叫做科學，就像一堆磚不能被稱為房子一樣。 18.The variation between the hemispheres correspond

18、s to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities(從句which sideis used作corresponds to的賓語兩個半球之間的不同與身體的哪一部分用于進行特定的活動是對應的。 19.In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth，Donald Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol

19、 Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction(特殊結構characterized by以為特征)盡管處于一個以拋棄大量現(xiàn)實主義傳統(tǒng)(以作家約翰·巴思、唐納德·巴塞爾姆和托馬斯品欽為代表)為特征的時代，喬伊斯·卡羅爾·歐茨因為堅持自己小說本質上模仿的特點，有時候看起來是一個堅定的守舊派。20If it were not for this faculty，they

20、 would devour all the food available in short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence(虛擬語氣)如果不是具有這種能力，它們就會在短時間內吞掉所有能得到的食物，而且很可能會因餓死而滅絕。21Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures，as are social classes(倒裝as are social classes) 個人主義和社會階層在民間文化群體中的發(fā)展十分薄弱。22People in the Unite

21、d States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social chaos(同位語從句prospect that)19世紀的美國人因為害怕國家經(jīng)濟中史無前例的變化會帶來社會混亂這一前景而提心吊膽。23Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversificat

22、ion and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits(倒裝Accompanying that growth was a structural change that=A structural changewas accompanying that growth)伴隨著這一增長的是一個結構變化，它以經(jīng)濟的不斷多樣化和國家勞動力從農(nóng)業(yè)到制造業(yè)和其他非農(nóng)業(yè)職業(yè)的逐漸轉化為特征。24As the roles

23、men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home(倒裝so did)隨著男人和女人在社會中扮演的角色被限定得更加嚴格，他們在家中的角色也是如此。25.Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals，sometimes easily recognizable as such，often distorted into gorgeous，weird，but always functi

24、onal shapes(倒裝Surrounding the column are)圍繞著蕊柱的是三個萼片和三個花瓣，有時很容易辨認出來，但經(jīng)常被扭成華麗、奇特但總是有用的形狀。26With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it，young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their pr

25、edecessors during the Depression(倒裝than had their predecessors比較結構的第二部分)隨著二戰(zhàn)帶來的持續(xù)繁榮以及隨之而來的經(jīng)濟增長，年輕人比大蕭條中的同齡人結婚成家更早，而且養(yǎng)育的家庭比他們的前輩更大。27The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature；furthermore，in its manifestation of speed and noise，it might be a despoiler of human nature as well(關聯(lián)結構could be and

26、 was)鐵路可以，事實上也是自然的掠奪者；而且，在其速度和噪音的表現(xiàn)上也可能是人性的掠奪者。28In the railroads' prime years，between 1 890 and 1920，there were a few individuals in the United States，most of them with solid railroading experience behind them，who made a profession of writing about railroading-works offering the ambience of sta

27、tions，yards，and locomotive cabs(同位語most of them；定語從句who made a profession of writing)在1890年到1920年間鐵路的黃金時期，美國有幾個人(他們大多有豐富的鐵路經(jīng)驗)以寫鐵路題材為職業(yè)作品圍繞車站、停車場和機車。29On the other hand，when it comes to substantive-particularly behavioral-information，crows are less well known than many comparably common species and，

28、for that matter，not a few quite uncommon ones：the endangered California condor，to cite one obvious example(特殊結構for that matter)另一方面，當涉及實質性的，特別是行為方面的信息時，烏鴉就不如許多比較而言很普通的鳥類那樣為人所知；而且，也不如許多很不尋常的鳥類，舉一個明顯的例子，如像瀕危的加利福尼亞大禿鷲那樣為人所知。30Keen observers and quick learners，they are astute about the intentions of oth

29、er creatures，including researchers，and adept at avoiding them(并列同位語keen observers and quick learners)烏鴉是敏銳的觀察家和快捷的學習者，它們對其他生物(包括研究人員)的意圖感覺非常敏銳，并且善于躲開它們。31These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history，providing flesh insigh

30、ts into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented(賓語從句demonstrate that；特殊結構otherwise)這些研究人員已經(jīng)力圖證實他們的工作不僅可以成為科學而且還是歷史的寶貴工具，為了解普通人的日常生活提供嶄新的觀點，否則這些普通人的生存狀態(tài)不可能被記載得這么好。32Legend has it that sometime toward the end of the Civil War(1861-1865)a government

31、 train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm and had to be abandoned(特殊結構Legend has it that=There is a legend that)傳說在內戰(zhàn)(1861-1865)快結束的某個時候，一列載著牛群的政府的火車在穿過懷俄明州東部的北部平原時遇到了暴風雪，因此不得不被遺棄。33It is a lifelong process，a process that starts long befo

32、re the start of school and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life(并列同位語a process that，and one that)教育是一個終生的過程，早在人們上學之前就開始了。它應成為人的一生中不可缺少的一部分。34Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge as was the genesis of life(特殊結構as mucha

33、s；倒裝as was the genesis of life)生命從海洋到陸地的過渡可能是一個像生命起源那樣的進化挑戰(zhàn)。35In agriculture，the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators，the cotton presses，the warehouses，and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy ag

34、ainst them(特殊結構marked by；定語從句that seemedthe visible sign)在農(nóng)業(yè)上，這一變化的標志是谷物升降機、皮棉打包機廠、貨棧和商品交換的出現(xiàn),對全國的眾多農(nóng)民來說它們是反對農(nóng)民的大陰謀的明顯標志。36And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a sin

35、gle building(where引導定語從句；what引導的從句作presided over的賓語)仍然有像金屬制造廠一類的工廠，在那里個體承包商管理在同一幢樓里的本質上是手工藝品所有人的工場。37But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 84 million in 1920the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphi

36、a burgeoned，as did the size of the average plant(倒裝結構as did)但隨著制造業(yè)中掙工資的人數(shù)從1880年的270萬上升到1900年的450萬到1920年的840萬，像費城的包德溫機車工廠這樣的大型工廠的數(shù)量也大幅增加，同時普通工廠的規(guī)模也劇增。38What we today call American folk art was，indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created

37、a market for art of all kindsand especially for portraits(what引導的從句作主語；介詞結構(art)of，by，and for所有、所創(chuàng)和所享的(藝術) 我們今天所稱的美國民間藝術確實是被普通民眾所有、所創(chuàng)和所享的藝術。隨著日漸繁榮和不斷增加的空閑，這些民眾為各種藝術，尤其是肖像藝術創(chuàng)造了一個市場。 39But in the heyday of portrait painting-from the late eighteenth century until the 1850sanyone with a modicum of artis

38、tic ability could become a limner as such a portraitist was called.(as引導方式狀語從句)但是在肖像畫的全盛期從18世紀晚期一直到19世紀50年代任何一個稍有藝術能力的人都能夠成為一個繪畫者(人們當時就是這樣稱呼一個肖像畫家的)。40The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one，and in fact，in 1776 sculpture as an

39、 art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople(并列句；特殊結構far from)新生的美國從其殖民地時期的先輩那里繼承的雕塑遺產(chǎn)遠遠談不上豐富，而且，實際上在1776年雕塑作為種藝術形式仍然掌握在手藝人和工匠的手里。410n the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired，Americans turned to foreign sculptors，as in the 1770's when the cities of New York

40、and Charleston, South Carolina，commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt(句子主干是Americans turned to foreign sculptors；兩個when都引導定語從句：occasion when，1770's when；as(in the 1770's)的意思是“正如”)在少數(shù)情況下，當需要一件精美的雕刻品時，就像1770年紐約與南卡羅來納的查爾斯頓城委托英國人約瑟夫·威爾頓制造威廉·皮特的

41、大理石雕像一樣，美國人求助于外國人。 42Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisansoriginally trained as stonemasons，carpenters，or cabinetmakers-attacked the medium from which they were to make their images，and one understands more fully the development of sculpture made in the United States in the late ei

42、ghteenth century(add to this the timidity=add the timidityto this為祈使句，相當于一個條件句：if one adds to this the timidity)這個再加上沒有受過學校教育的藝人他們最初是被訓練為石匠、木匠或家具木工的對待他們要制作成雕像的媒介物的膽怯，使人更充分地了解18世紀晚期美國雕刻藝術的發(fā)展。43Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditur

43、e of water and energy，desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height，and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles(what引導的從句作rise to的賓語)沙漠哺乳動物并不試圖將體溫控制得很低，因為這么做將會涉及水和能量的消耗，而是允許體溫上升到平常是高燒的溫度有人在格蘭特羚羊身上曾測到高達46攝氏度的體溫。44R

44、ent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent.(whereby=by which，引導定語從句，表示手段)租金管制是政府借以告訴房主他們可以收取多少租金的系統(tǒng)。45They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's，which，combined with California's rapid population growth，pus

45、hed housing prices，as well as rents, to record levels(which引導非限定性定語從句)它們受到了20世紀70年代通貨膨脹的刺激，這次通貨膨脹與加利福尼亞人口的迅速增長結合在一起，將房價與租金推到了創(chuàng)紀錄的水平。46Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well：that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aestheti

46、c sensibilities into harmony(倒裝結構Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well=An aesthetic principle is implicit in it as well，that引導的句子做principle的同位語)其中也蘊涵一個美學原則：用于雕刻的媒介物有一定的美和富于表現(xiàn)力的特性，雕刻家必須使他們自己的審美感與這些特性融為和諧的體。47With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sourc

47、es of inspiration，such as wooden African figures and masks，there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium(there arose是一個存在句)隨著世紀之交的手工藝運動和非傳統(tǒng)靈感源泉(像非洲形體和面具)的發(fā)現(xiàn)，出現(xiàn)了一種親自實踐、親手制作藝術和與媒介物直接接觸的新要求。48The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone，but the lesser ke

48、strel roosts and hunts in flocks，possibly SO one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms(possibly so=possibly so that)普通紅隼單獨棲息和狩獵，但較小的紅隼群棲群食，很可能因此一只鳥可以從其他鳥那兒了解到在哪兒可以找到成群的昆蟲。49In the 1500s when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwestern United States，they encounte

49、red the ancestors of the modern day Pueblo，Hopi，and Zuni peoples(when引導定語從句，what引導的從句作moved into的賓語)16世紀西班牙人進入后來成為美國西南部的地方時，他們遇到了今天皮艾布魯人、霍比人和株尼人的祖先。50During the 1940's electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible light microscope，while the performan

50、ce of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement(that指代前面的resolution，possible with a visible1ight microscope作that的定語)20世紀40年代，電子顯微鏡通常比可見光顯微鏡的分辨能力更強，而X光顯微鏡的表現(xiàn)卻沒有改進。5 1What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish，harmful or affected(what引導主語從句；tha

51、t引導定語從句)它們所做的就是從這樣一個角度來看待熟悉的環(huán)境，使這些環(huán)境看上去愚蠢、有害或做作。52Satire jars US out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false(out ofinto擺脫，進入；that引導的從句many of the valuesare false作realization的同位語；we unquestioningly accept作values的定語)諷刺作品使我們擺脫了自滿情

52、緒，并在愉快與震驚之中認識到：許多我們毫無疑問地接受的價值觀是錯誤的。53With spontaneous irreverence，satire rearranges perspectivesscrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude(and連接并列句)諷刺作品用自然流露的嘲諷態(tài)度再設了視角，將熟悉的事物自相矛盾地置于一起，使用個性化語言，而不是抽象的陳詞濫調。54It has lived becaus

53、e readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus，an irreverent reminder that they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy(that引導的從句作reminder的同位語)它之所以存在，是因為讀者欣賞它使人耳目一新的刺激，它毫不客氣地提醒：他們活在一個充滿陳腐思想、廉價的道德說教與荒謬哲學的世界里。55 Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attri

54、bute to them。nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity(特殊結構attribute to賦予，歸因于；nor放在句首引起倒裝)軍人很少擁有人們在電影中賦予他們的那種理想，普通公民也很少奉獻他們的生命為人類無私地服務。56In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field，the researcher is faced with t

55、he problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation(what引導的從句作specializing in的賓語)除了在專攻似乎是一個狹窄領域時不得不成為多面手以外，研究人員還面臨著關于原始材料的文獻很少或者根本沒有這一問題。57.Moreover，the degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed helps determine which bill design is the best(句子主干是the degreeh

56、elps determine，從句to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed作degree的定語)而且球果自然地輕微開口或緊緊關閉的程度有助于確定哪種喙的設計是最好的。58.It was she，a Baltimore printer，who published the first official copies of the Declaration，the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the s

57、upport of all thirteen colonies(It waswho為強調句；the first copies為前面the first official copies的同位語)就是她，一位巴爾的摩的印刷商，出版了獨立宣言的最早的官方版本，即包括獨立宣言簽署者名字并因此預告所有13個殖民地的支持的早期版本。59.By comparison with these familiar yardsticks，the distances to the galaxies are incomprehensibly large，but they too are made more manageable by using a time calibration，in this case the distance that light travels in one year.與這些熟悉的尺度相比，到太空的距離遠得難以理解，但它們也通過使用一個時間的標尺而變得更加容易對付了，在這種情況下是光在一年內走過的距離。60.he primary reason was skepticism that a railroad built through so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of desert，mountain，and semiarid