并列句和主從復(fù)合句 - E度教育網(wǎng)

1、并列句和主從復(fù)合句并列句基本概念：并列復(fù)合句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上并列而又獨(dú)立的簡(jiǎn)單句構(gòu)成。兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句常由并列連接詞連在一起；但有時(shí)不用連接詞,只在兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句之間用一逗號(hào)或分號(hào)。2、常見(jiàn)的并列句：(1) 用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)并列概念的連接詞有and , not onlybut also, neithernor等,and所連接的前后分句往往表示先后關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。前后分句的時(shí)態(tài)往往保持一致關(guān)系,若第一個(gè)分句是祈使句,那么第二個(gè)分句用將來(lái)時(shí)。(2) 表示在兩者之間選擇一個(gè), 常用的連接詞有or,otherwise,or else,eitheror等,前后分句的時(shí)態(tài)往往保持一致關(guān)系,若第一個(gè)分句是祈使句,那么第

2、二個(gè)分句用將來(lái)時(shí)。(3) 表明兩個(gè)概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者轉(zhuǎn)折, 常用的連接詞有but,yet,still ,however等,前后分句時(shí)態(tài)一致。(4) 說(shuō)明原因, 用連接詞for ,前后分句時(shí)態(tài)一致。(5) 表示結(jié)果,用連接詞so, 前后分句時(shí)態(tài)一致。主從復(fù)合句1、概念：主從復(fù)合句由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成。主句為句子的主體,從句只用作句子的一個(gè)次要成分,不能獨(dú)立成為一個(gè)句子。從句通常由關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo),并由關(guān)聯(lián)詞將從句和主句聯(lián)系在一起。如：While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.(爺爺奶奶們

3、很愛(ài)孩子,同時(shí)對(duì)他們也嚴(yán)格要求。) / It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看起來(lái)會(huì)議沒(méi)完沒(méi)了。) / Hurry up, or (else) you'll be late.(快點(diǎn), 要不然就來(lái)不及了。) / However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.(不管我用什么方法煮雞蛋,小孩還是不肯吃。)2、分類：從句按其在復(fù)合句中的作用,分為主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等。（參見(jiàn)以下各條）3、各從句在句子中的位置以及用法：(1) 表語(yǔ)從句：在句子中作

4、連系動(dòng)詞的表語(yǔ)的從句,它位于主句中的系動(dòng)詞之后。   例如：That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so clever.(2) 賓語(yǔ)從句：在句子中作及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)?；拘问剑海ㄖ骶洌┻B詞+從句主語(yǔ)+從句謂語(yǔ)+.  關(guān)于賓語(yǔ)從句連詞的選擇：若從句來(lái)源于一個(gè)陳述句,那么,連詞用that,在口語(yǔ)中that可以省略;    若從句來(lái)源于一個(gè)一般疑問(wèn)句,連詞則用if 或whether;    若從句來(lái)源于

5、一個(gè)特殊疑問(wèn)句,則連詞就是疑問(wèn)詞(如what,who,where,when等)例如：They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他們相信計(jì)算機(jī)終將代替人類。) (從句本來(lái)就是陳述句)/ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster. (我不知道是不是該為他在校長(zhǎng)跟前說(shuō)點(diǎn)什么。) (從句來(lái)源于一般問(wèn)句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?) / H

6、e asked me where he could get such medicine. (他問(wèn)我在哪兒能搞到那樣的藥。) (從句來(lái)源于特殊問(wèn)句Where can he get such medicine? ) 賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題：如果主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句則用現(xiàn)在某一時(shí)態(tài),甚至可以用過(guò)去時(shí)；如主句是過(guò)去時(shí),從句則相應(yīng)地使用過(guò)去某一時(shí)態(tài),遇到客觀真理時(shí)仍然用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本學(xué)期我的英語(yǔ)會(huì)學(xué)得好點(diǎn)。) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round.

7、(老師問(wèn)那個(gè)男孩地球是不是圓的。) 下列結(jié)構(gòu)后面的從句一般也作為賓語(yǔ)從句看待：   be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that從句,如：Im sorry Im late. (對(duì)不起,我遲到了。) /  Im afraid he  isnt  in  at  the moment. (恐怕他此刻不在家。)(3) 狀語(yǔ)從句：在復(fù)合句中作狀語(yǔ),其位置可以在主句前或主句后。狀語(yǔ)從句可以分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、比較、讓步、條件等幾種。狀語(yǔ)從句由從屬連接詞引導(dǎo)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句通常由when ,as

8、 ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever 等引導(dǎo)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句不允許使用將來(lái)時(shí),而應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代。如： When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了。) / I wont leave until Mum comes back. (媽媽回來(lái)了我才會(huì)走。)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句通常由 where, wherever等引導(dǎo)。如：Go bac

9、k where you came from! (哪里來(lái)還滾到哪里去！) / I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. (我永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記去抓住那個(gè)偷我項(xiàng)鏈的賊,無(wú)論他會(huì)在哪里。)原因狀語(yǔ)從句通常由because, since, as等引導(dǎo),一般放在句首或句尾。如：He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him. (他出國(guó)了,因?yàn)樗赣H給他找了一所好大學(xué)。) 目的狀語(yǔ)從句通常由so th

10、at., so.hat., in order that. 等引導(dǎo),往往放在句尾,從句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如：He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早為的是趕上第一班車。)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句通常由 so that., so.that. 等引導(dǎo),放在句尾。結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句一般表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情,故多為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。如：He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one. (他丟了那么多輛自行車,他決定再也

11、不買新車了。) 比較狀語(yǔ)從句通常由as, than, as (so).as等引導(dǎo),一般省略從句的謂語(yǔ)部分,只剩下名詞或代詞(用主格或賓格均可)。如：Jane is much taller than I/me. (Jane比我高多了。) / I dont have as many books as you (do). (我書(shū)沒(méi)有你多)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引導(dǎo)。如：Even if you pay the debt(債務(wù)) for me, I will not thank y

12、ou because it has nothing to do with me. (即使你替我還了債我也不會(huì)感謝你,因?yàn)樗c我毫無(wú)關(guān)系。) / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold. (他穿了一件T恤衫,盡管天很冷。)條件狀語(yǔ)從句通常由if, unless, as long as等引導(dǎo),條件狀語(yǔ)從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句不允許使用將來(lái)時(shí),而應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代。You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder. (即將來(lái)到的期末

13、考試你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功。) / If it doesn t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking. (如果明天不下雨我們就要去徒步旅行。)注意 1、because與so；(al)though與but；if與so不可以同在一個(gè)句子中成對(duì)出現(xiàn)。2、時(shí)間、條件、原因,讓步狀語(yǔ)從句放在句首時(shí)需要用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)。(4) 定語(yǔ)從句：在復(fù)合句中作定語(yǔ)用修飾句子中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。 定語(yǔ)從句的位置：放在名詞或代詞的后面。如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨傘的人是我

14、的叔叔。) 語(yǔ)法術(shù)語(yǔ)的改變：被修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞；引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的連接詞稱為關(guān)系詞,其中that、which、who稱為關(guān)系代詞,where、when、how稱為關(guān)系副詞。 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的作用：關(guān)系代詞who、whom 和whose指人,分別在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。which指物that多指物, 有時(shí)也指人,它們?cè)趶木渲锌梢宰髦髡Z(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞作從句賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (這個(gè)就是我們近日一直在找的小偷。) / Please fin

15、d a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (請(qǐng)找一間足夠大能住下我們?nèi)w的房間。)關(guān)系副詞when或where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),它們?cè)趶木渲蟹謩e作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (這是一個(gè)星期前他們吵架的房間。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記第一次見(jiàn)到你的日子。)   限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。限制性定語(yǔ)從句在句中

16、不能省略,否則主句意思就不完整。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和主句之間往往用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),這種從句是一種附加說(shuō)明,如果從句子中省去,也不致于影響主句的意思。如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一個(gè)晚上都在談?wù)撍罱臅?shū),我們一個(gè)人都沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)那本書(shū)。)注解1、關(guān)系代詞只能用that的情況：當(dāng)先行詞是指事物的不定代詞(all, anything等),或先行詞部分含有最高級(jí),或含有序數(shù)詞時(shí),不能用其他的關(guān)系代詞,只能用that. 如：All that Lily t

17、old me seems untrue. (Lily告訴我的話似乎不真實(shí)。) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能給我點(diǎn)里面沒(méi)有糖的東西？) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (這是第一輛運(yùn)行于我市的雙層公交車。)  2、關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。 如：Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner?

18、 (你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)在角落里哭泣的女人嗎？) / Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me. (跟我無(wú)關(guān)的話,請(qǐng)一個(gè)字也不要說(shuō)。)3、關(guān)系代詞作從句的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),常用which或whom,較少使用that或who,而且,關(guān)系代詞常常省略。如：Toms father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom的父親是我們老師第一個(gè)談話的人。) 4、當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞后面時(shí),必須用which或whom,而當(dāng)介詞移到句尾時(shí),則又可以使用that或who. 如：This is

19、 the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room  Miss Li once lived in.) (這是李小姐曾經(jīng)居住過(guò)的房間。)(5) 主語(yǔ)從句：在句子中充當(dāng)句子主語(yǔ)的從句叫主語(yǔ)從句。位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。通常由that,whether以及疑問(wèn)連詞引導(dǎo)。一般情況下,常用it替代主語(yǔ)從句,而將主語(yǔ)從句移到句尾。如：When we should start is still a question. (我們?cè)撛谑裁磿r(shí)候開(kāi)始還是個(gè)問(wèn)題呢。) 直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)1、直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)：在陳述句中,直接引用說(shuō)話人原來(lái)的語(yǔ)句,稱為

20、直接引語(yǔ)。在書(shū)寫時(shí),直接引語(yǔ)用引號(hào)。用自己的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)述表達(dá)原來(lái)說(shuō)話人說(shuō)的內(nèi)容,稱為間接引語(yǔ)。2、直接引語(yǔ)改變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)：1、直接引語(yǔ)如果是陳述句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下各點(diǎn)：不用引號(hào),而用連接詞that,但有時(shí)可省略。人稱作相應(yīng)變化；主句里的動(dòng)詞如果是過(guò)去時(shí),間接引語(yǔ)中的時(shí)態(tài)一般應(yīng)作相應(yīng)改變： 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)變一般過(guò)去時(shí)；一般將來(lái)時(shí)變過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)變過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)變成過(guò)去完成時(shí)；一般過(guò)去時(shí)變成過(guò)去完成時(shí)；但一般過(guò)去時(shí)如與一個(gè)具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間連用,則時(shí)態(tài)不變。如：He says,"I am not from the USA.”He says that he is not f

21、rom the USA. Mr Smith said to his girl friend,“ I haven t seen you for a long time.”  Mr Smith said to his girl friend that he had not seen her for a long time.2、直接引語(yǔ)如果是一般疑問(wèn)句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),需用從屬連接詞whether或if引導(dǎo),詞序要改變。如：Lin Tao said to Miss Green, "Is it made in China?” Lin Tao asked Miss Gree

22、n if it was made in China. 3、直接引語(yǔ)如果是特殊疑問(wèn)句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),需用疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo),詞序是：連詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)。   如：Lucy said to me, “How can I help?” Lucy asked me how she could help.4、直接引語(yǔ)如是祈使句,變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),須將祈使句變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式,并在動(dòng)詞不定式前用tell, ask, order. 如：He said to the little boy,“ Come here, young  man! ” He asked the little boy

23、0; to go there.5、直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),指示代詞以及表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的詞或詞組應(yīng)作相應(yīng)變化倒裝句： 謂語(yǔ)的一部分或者全部放在主語(yǔ)之前的句子稱為倒裝句。1、THERE BE句型以及以here、there開(kāi)頭的句子。如： There are a lot of children in the showroom. (在展覽室里有許多的小孩。)/ Here comes the bus. (公交車來(lái)了。) / There goes the bell. (鈴響了。) / The door opened and in came Mr Lee. (門開(kāi)了,李先生走了進(jìn)來(lái)。)2、用“So / Nor / Neither + 助動(dòng)詞 + 主語(yǔ)”倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)表示第二個(gè)人物的情況與上文的人物情況相同。如：Tom went to the beach la