非限定性定語(yǔ)從句

1、精選文檔非限定性定語(yǔ)從句非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中從句的一種，是定語(yǔ)從句的分支之一。作用是對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明，通常和主句間用逗號(hào)隔開，將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。運(yùn)用非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，尤其要注意其語(yǔ)法運(yùn)用及其所表示的東西。1 who 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句Our guide ， who was a French Canadian ， was an excellent cook.我們的向?qū)?，一個(gè)法裔加拿大人，擅長(zhǎng)于烹調(diào)。My gardener ， who is very pessimistic ， says that there will be no apples this year

2、.我家的園丁非常悲觀，他說(shuō)今年將不結(jié)蘋果。2 whom 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。關(guān)系代詞whom 用于指人，在句中作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)和介詞賓語(yǔ)，作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞可位于句末。 Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.彼得現(xiàn)在回巴黎了，你在倫敦見(jiàn)過(guò)他。Mr. Smith ， from whom I have learned a lot ， is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科學(xué)家，我從他那兒學(xué)了許多東西。3 whose 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。whose 是關(guān)系代詞who 的所有格形式，在從句中作定語(yǔ)。who

3、se 通常指人，也可指動(dòng)物或無(wú)生命的事物。The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩學(xué)習(xí)很努力，他的父親是位工程師。Above the trees are the mountains, whose magnificence the river faithfully reflectson the surface.在樹林的高處是山，其壯麗的景色完全映照在河面上。The play ， whose style is rigidly formal ， is typical of the period.這劇本是那個(gè)時(shí)期的典型作

4、品，風(fēng)格拘謹(jǐn)刻板。4 which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。關(guān)系代詞which 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中所指代和修飾的可以是主句中的名詞、形容詞、短語(yǔ)、其他從句或整個(gè)主句，在從句中作主語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。 which 指代主句中的名詞，被指代的名詞包括表示物、嬰兒或動(dòng)物的名詞、表示單數(shù)意義的集體名詞以及表示職業(yè)、品格等的名詞。These apple trees ， which I planted three years ago ， have not borne any fruit.這些蘋果樹是我三年前栽的，還沒(méi)有結(jié)過(guò)果實(shí)。She is an artist ， which I am not.

5、她是一位藝術(shù)家，而我不是。Water ， which is a clear liquid ， has many uses.水是一種清澈的液體，有許多用途。The two policemen were completely trusted， which in fact they were.那兩個(gè)警察完全受到信任，事實(shí)上，也真是如此。 which 指代主句中的形容詞。She was very patient towards the children ， which her husband seldom was.她對(duì)孩子們很耐心，她丈夫卻很少這樣。She is always careless ， w

6、hich we should not be.她總是馬虎大意，我們可不應(yīng)該這樣。 which 指代主句中的某個(gè)從句。He said that he had never seen her before ， which was not true.他說(shuō)以前從沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)她，這不是真的。 which 指代整個(gè)主句。In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.在那么多人面前他有點(diǎn)緊張，這是可以理解的。He may have acute appendicitis ， in which case he

7、 will have to be operated on.他可能得了急性盲腸炎，如果是這樣，他就得動(dòng)手術(shù)。When deeply absorbed in work ， which he often was ， he would forget all abouteating and sleeping.他經(jīng)常聚精會(huì)神地工作，這時(shí)他會(huì)廢寢忘食。5 when 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。關(guān)系副詞when 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，指代主句中表示時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)。He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.他將把郊游推遲到5

8、月 1 號(hào)，那時(shí)他將有空。6 where 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。副詞 where 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，指代主句中表示地點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)。They went to London ， where they lived for six months.他們?nèi)チ藗惗?，在那兒呆了六個(gè)月的時(shí)間。7 as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。as 引出非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，代替整個(gè)主句，對(duì)其進(jìn)行說(shuō)明但通常用于像as we allknow, as it is known, as is known to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentionedabove,

9、as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，且引出的從句位置比較靈活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中間。通常均由逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開。as有“正如，就像”之意。As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.美國(guó)人都知道，馬克吐溫是一位偉大的美國(guó)作家。（as在從句中作主語(yǔ)）He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was

10、often the case.他忘了帶筆，這是常事。（ as 在從句中作主語(yǔ)）He is absorbed in work, as he often was.他正在全神貫注地工作，他過(guò)去經(jīng)常這樣。（ as 在從句中作表語(yǔ)）As we all know, the earth is round.眾所周知，地球是圓的。（ as 在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）The two brothers were satisfied with this decision， as was agreed beforehand.兩兄弟對(duì)此決定都滿意，這項(xiàng)決定在事前都已得到他們的同意。（as 在從句中作主語(yǔ)）Taiwan is ， a

11、s you know ， an inseparable part of China.你知道，臺(tái)灣是中國(guó)不可分割的一部分。（as 在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句在介詞后引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。as it is known to all （that.） （as 做狀語(yǔ)從句連詞，是狀語(yǔ)從句, 可以加 that）與 as is known to all （as 做主語(yǔ)，是定語(yǔ)從句）與it is known to all that. （主語(yǔ)從句，it 是形式主語(yǔ)）As is widely known, the moon is closer to us than the sun

12、. （定從 ）That the moon is closer to us than the sun is widely known. （主從 ）It is widely known that the moon is closer to us than the sun. （主從 ）As it is known to everyone, I thought you knew about it too. （狀從 ）可編輯精選文檔關(guān)系代詞 which有時(shí)并不代表主句中某一確定的詞，而是概括整個(gè)主句的意思。介詞 的選擇取決于它與先行詞的搭配或與從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的搭配。They were short of

13、sticks to make frames for the climbing vines, without which theyield would be halved.他們?nèi)贝钇咸鸭艿臈U兒，沒(méi)有它們產(chǎn)量會(huì)減少一半。They thanked Tom , without whose support they would not have succeeded.他們很感激Tom ,沒(méi)有他的支持他們是不會(huì)成功的。8 “名詞 / 代詞 + of + which / whom”It now has 20, 000 hectares of land , more than two-thirds of whi

14、ch are under cultivation.現(xiàn)在它擁有兩萬(wàn)公頃土地，其中三分之二之多已經(jīng)耕種。Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300000 kilometer per second.光是世界上最快的東西，它的速度是每秒30萬(wàn)千米。There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.大廳里有三十把椅子，絕大部分是新的。The textile mill has over 8, 000 workers and staff , eighty

15、 per cent of whom arewomen.這家紡織廠有8千多職工，女職工占百分之八十。9關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞：指代對(duì)象指代人指代物主格whowhich, as賓格whomwhich, as所有格of whom, whosewhich,of which,whose引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系副詞主要有：when, where注思1） which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是用來(lái)說(shuō)明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的某一部分。2） as有時(shí)也可用作關(guān)系代詞。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，若as在從句中作主語(yǔ)，其引導(dǎo)的句子可以放在句首，也可以放在句中。但 which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能

16、放句中。As is reported in the newspaper , some artistic treasures（ 藝術(shù)珍品） will be on show at the exhibition on the weekend.3）在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系詞不能用that。10 as和which 的區(qū)別1） as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以放在句首、句中和句尾，which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句只能放在句中。2）當(dāng)as后面有“ 豉was+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，be動(dòng)詞is或was可省略。3） as有時(shí)也可用作關(guān)系代詞。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，若as在從句中作主語(yǔ)，其引導(dǎo)的句子可以放在句首，也可以

17、放在句中。但 which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放句中。如：As is reported in the newspaper , some artistic treasures（ 藝術(shù)珍品） will be on show at the exhibition on the weekend.11兩種定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別1） .限定性定語(yǔ)從句：從句不能省略，如果省略整個(gè)句子意思不完整?？删庉嬀x文檔非限定性定語(yǔ)從句: 從句可以省略, 如果省略整個(gè)句子意思仍然完整2) . 限定性定語(yǔ)從句: 先行詞可以用that 引導(dǎo)。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句: 先行詞不可以用that 引導(dǎo)。3) . 限定性定語(yǔ)從句: 引導(dǎo)詞有時(shí)

18、可以省略。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:引導(dǎo)詞不可以省略。4) . 限定性定語(yǔ)從句:主句與從句不需要用逗號(hào)隔開。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:主句與從句需要用逗號(hào)隔開。5) . 限定性定語(yǔ)從句: 從句只修飾先行詞。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:從句既可以修飾先行詞，也可以修飾整個(gè)句子或句子的一部分。12 功能、用途和形式方面的區(qū)別為什么說(shuō)限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句的關(guān)系很緊湊，對(duì)其先行詞起限定、修飾的作用。如果將其去掉，會(huì)影響句子意思的完整性；有時(shí)甚至于引起費(fèi)解、誤解。例如：1) . Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to spe

19、edup the economic growth of the nations in which they are located.為了加速他們各自所在國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，熱帶雨林作為有價(jià)值的原木和其他資源正為人們所砍伐。2) .Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.洋流影響其流經(jīng)的附近地區(qū)的氣候。3) .They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.他們向我們解釋為什么他們不喜歡我們的原因。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句在形式上就與主句

20、很松散，它與主句之間有一個(gè)逗點(diǎn)" ， " 隔開；它對(duì)可編輯其先行詞沒(méi)有限定、修飾的作用，只起補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明的作用。有時(shí)也用它來(lái)對(duì)全句或句中某個(gè)成分進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明。即使將其去掉，也不會(huì)影響句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定語(yǔ) 從句在表達(dá)意思方面也有別于限定性定語(yǔ)從句。另外，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句在中文譯文里，我們往往將其作為一個(gè)分句處理，而不把它作定語(yǔ)翻譯。 例如：Earlier, the Babylonians had attempted to map the world, but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc r

21、ather than a sphere, which was the form adopted by Ptolemy.更早之前，巴比倫人曾試圖繪制世界地圖，但是他們把它繪制成平盤狀而不是托勒密所采用的球體狀。（此句中，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞a sphere進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說(shuō)明。）The combination of satellites, which transmit information, computers, which store information, and television, which displays information, will change every home into an education and entertainment center.衛(wèi)