高考英語 閱讀理解精讀薈萃(基礎(chǔ)篇)3

1、Passage One Superconducting MaterialsThe stone age, The Iron Age. Entire epochs have been named for materials. So what to call the decades ahead? The choice will be tough. Welcome to the age of superstuff. Material science - once the least sexy technology is bursting with new, practical discoveries

2、led by superconducting ceramics that may revolutionize ele ctronics. But superconductors are just part of the picture: from house and cars to cook pots and artificial teeth, the world will someday be made of different stuff. Exotic plastics, glass and ceramics will shape the future just as surely as

3、 have genetic engineering and computer science. The key to the new materials is researchers increasing ability to manipulate substances at the molecular level. Ceramics, for example, have long been limited by their brittleness. But by minimizing the microscopic imperfections that cause it, scientist

4、s are making far stronger ceramics that still retain such qualities as hardness and heat resistance. Ford Motor Co. now uses ceramic tools to cut steel. A firm called Kyocera has created a line of ceramic scissors and knives that stay sharp for years and never rust or corrode.A similar transformatio

5、n has overtaken plastics. High-strength polymers now form bridges, ice-skating rinks and helicopter rotors. And one new plastic that generates electricity when vibrated or pushed is used in electric guitars, touch sensors for robot hands and karate jackets that automatically record each punch and ch

6、op. Even plastic litter, which once threatened to permanently blot the landscape, has proved amenable to molecular tinkering. Several manufacturers now make biodegradable forms; some plastic six-pack rings for example, gradually decompose when exposed to sunlight. Researchers are developing ways to

7、make plastics as recyclable as metal or glass. Besides, composites plastic reinforced with fibers of graphite or other compounds made the round-the-world flight of the voyager possible and have even been proved in combat: a helmet saved an infantrymans life by deflecting two bullets in the Grenada i

8、nvasion.Some advanced materials are old standard with a new twist. The newest fiberoptic cable that carry telephone calls cross-country are made of glass so transparent that a piece of 100 miles thick is clearer than a standard window pane.But new materials have no impact until they are made into pr

9、oducts. And that transition could prove difficult, for switching requires lengthy research and investment. It can be said a firmer handle on how to move to commercialization will determine the success or failure of a country in the near future.1. How many new materials are mentioned in this passage?

10、A. TwoB. ThreeC. FourD. Five2. Why does the author mention genetic engineering and computer science?A. To compare them with the new materials.B. To show the significance of the new materials on the future world.C. To compare the new materials to them.D. To explain his view point.3. Why is transition

11、 difficult?A. Because transition requires money and time.B. Because many manufacturers are unwilling to change their equipment.C. Because research on new materials is very difficult.D.Because it takes 10 years.4. Where lies success of a country in the New Age of superstuff?A. It lies in research.B.

12、It lies in investment.C. It lies in innovation.D. It lies in application.Vocabulary1. superstuff超級材料2. superconducting ceramic超導(dǎo)陶瓷3. exotic神奇的4. shape塑造，成型5. brittleness脆性6. polymer聚合體7. karate jacket空手道外衣8. touch sensor觸及傳感器9. each punch and chop每一個擊、打10. blot玷污，損害風(fēng)景的東西11. tinker修補(bǔ)，調(diào)整 12. amendable

13、服從于，遵循的13. biodegradable能生物遞減分解的14. six-pack rings放六個罐子的環(huán)狀物15. decompose分解16. recyclable可循環(huán)（使用的）17. infantryman步兵18. deflect使偏斜，使轉(zhuǎn)向19. a new twist一個新的觀點(diǎn)，方法難句譯注1. Material science once the least sexy technology is bursting with new, practical discoveries led by superconducting ceramics that may revol

14、utionize electronics.【參考譯文】材料科學(xué)，一度曾是最無吸引力（最不起眼）的技術(shù)，正以嶄新的 ，以超導(dǎo)陶瓷為首的種種實(shí)用性發(fā)明綻開新顏。這種超導(dǎo)陶瓷可能會使電子技術(shù)徹底改變。2. Some advanced materials are old standard with a new twist. The newest fiberoptic cables that carry telephone calls cross-country are made of glass so transparent that a piece of 100 miles thick is cle

15、arer than a standard window pane.【參考譯文】有些高級材料是帶有新方法的老標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。最新全國電話的光纖電纜由玻璃制成。這種玻璃透明度極高，一片100英里厚的玻璃比一塊標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的窗框玻璃還要清晰透明。寫作方法與文章大意這是一篇介紹“超導(dǎo)材料”的論說文,采用一般到具體的分類寫作手法。先指出未來時代的材料屬于超導(dǎo)，然后再提出三種超導(dǎo)材料，再逐一說明。答案詳解1. B 三種超導(dǎo)材料。答案再第一段最后一句“神奇的塑料、玻璃和陶瓷”。下面各段具體講這三種材料。第二段講陶瓷：“新材料之關(guān)鍵在于研究工作者不斷提高在分子水平上處理物質(zhì)的能力。舉陶瓷為例，由于它的脆性，長期來應(yīng)用范圍有限。

16、但是通過改善導(dǎo)致脆性的微小缺陷，科學(xué)家制造出一種保持原有硬度和抗熱性，但堅(jiān)實(shí)得多的陶瓷”。第三段講塑料?！邦愃频霓D(zhuǎn)折發(fā)生在塑料上，高強(qiáng)度的塑料建成了橋梁、溜冰場、直升機(jī)的葉輪。一種震動或推動就能發(fā)電的新型塑料用于電子吉他上，觸及傳感塑料用于機(jī)械手和空手道外衣上，它能自動記錄每次擊打。”后面談及塑料垃圾可以處理，或者制造可分解還原的塑料制品。塑料內(nèi)加入其他化合物加強(qiáng)性能。第四段講有些高級材料由新的改變，最新的光纖電纜由玻璃制成，透明度極高，100英里厚的一塊其清晰度比一塊普通窗玻璃還高。2. B 說明這種新材料對未來世界的意義。答案在第一段：“神奇的塑料、玻璃和陶瓷一定會象生物工程和計(jì)算機(jī)一樣將

17、改變世界?！盇. 把它們和新材料相比較，這里不僅僅是比較，而是說明三者都具同樣的作用改變世界。 C. 把新材料比作它們。也不僅僅是比喻比擬。 與A一樣沒有說到核心電。D. 說明他的觀點(diǎn)。太籠統(tǒng)。3. A 轉(zhuǎn)折需要錢和時間。見最后一段“可是新材料只有制成產(chǎn)品才有影響，而這個轉(zhuǎn)折可能很困難，因?yàn)檗D(zhuǎn)折需要長期的研究和投資?？梢赃@么說，在不久的將來，更牢牢地掌握如何把材料轉(zhuǎn)變成商品將決定一個國家之成敗。”B. 因?yàn)樵S多制造商不愿改變他們的設(shè)備。C. 因?yàn)樾虏牧系难芯糠浅＠щy。 D. 轉(zhuǎn)折要華上十年時間。這三項(xiàng)文內(nèi)沒有涉及。4. D 在超級材料時代已過之成功在于應(yīng)用。A. 在于研究。B. 在于投資。C.

18、 在于革新。這三項(xiàng)都是應(yīng)用的部分前提。其中A和B文內(nèi)提到，C項(xiàng)文內(nèi)未涉及。Passage Two We Should All Grow Fat and Be HappyHeres a familiar version of the boy-meets-girl situation. A young man has at last plucked up courage to invite a dazzling young lady out to dinner. She has accepted his invitation and he is overjoyed. He is determine

19、d to take her to the best restaurant in town, even if it means that he will have to live on memories and hopes during the month to come. When they get to the restaurant, he discovers that this ethereal creature is on a diet. She mustnt eat this and she mustnt that. Oh, but of course, she doesnt want

20、 to spoil his enjoyment. Let him by all means eat as much fattening food as he wants: its the surest way to an early grave. They spend a truly memorable evening together and never see each other again.What a miserable lot dieters are! You can always recognize them from the sour expression on their f

21、aces. They spend most of their time turning their noses up at food. They are forever consulting calorie charts; gazing at themselves in mirrors; and leaping on to weighing-machines in the bathroom. They spend a lifetime fighting a losing battle against spreading hips, protruding tummies and double c

22、hins. Some wage all-out war on FAT. Mere dieting is not enough. They exhaust themselves doing exercises, sweating in sauna baths, being pummeled and massaged by weird machines. The really wealthy diet-mongers pay vast sums for health cures. For two weeks they can enter a nature clinic and be starved

23、 to death for a hundred guineas a week. Dont think its only the middle-aged who go in for these fads either. Many of these bright young things you see are suffering from chronic malnutrition: they are living on nothing but air, water and the goodwill of God.Dieters undertake to starve themselves of

24、their own free will; so why are they so miserable? Well, for one thing, theyre always hungry. You cant be hungry and happy at the same time. All the horrible concoctions they eat instead of food leave them permanently dissatisfied. Wonderfood is a complete food, the advertisement says. Just dissolve

25、 a teaspoonful in water. A complete food it may be, but not quite as complete as a juicy steak. And, of course, theyre always miserable because they feel so guilty. Hunger just proves too much for them and in the end they lash out and devour five huge guilt-inducing cream cakes at a sitting. And who

26、 can blame them? At least three times a day they are exposed to temptation. What utter torture it is always watching others tucking into piles of mouth-watering food while you munch a water biscuit and sip unsweetened lemon juice!Whats all this self-inflicted torture for? Saintly people deprive them

27、selves of food to attain a state of grace. Unsaintly people do so to attain a state of misery. It will be a great day when all the dieters in the world abandon their slimming courses; when they hold out their plates and demand second helpings!1. The best title for this passage is A. On Fat.B. We Sho

28、uld All Grow Fat and Be Happy.C. Many Diseases Are Connected with Fat.D. Diet Deprives People of Normal Life. 2. Why do they never see each other again?A. Because it is a memorable evening.B. Because she lets him eat as much fattening food as he wants.C. Because she does not eat this and drink that.

29、D. Because eating fattening food is the surest way to an early grave.3. Which of the following ways is NOT mentioned for diet?A. Doing exercises.B. Not eating sugar.C. Not eating fat.D. Taking sauna baths.4. What is the authors attitude toward diet?A. Persuasive.B. Critical.C. Indifferent.D. Adversa

30、tive.Vocabulary1. ethereal優(yōu)雅的，飄渺的2. sour愁眉不展的3. tummy肚子4. protrude突出的，突起的5. wage作（戰(zhàn)），實(shí)行6. all-out全面的7. sauna bath桑拿浴8. pummel = pommel用拳頭連打9. massage按摩10. weird不可思議的，離奇的11. monger商人，販子12. fad一時流行的風(fēng)尚13. concoction調(diào)制品，葷素混合菜，調(diào)和物14. wonderfood奇妙的食物15. lash out痛斥，鞭打16. at a/one sitting一口氣17. munch用力嚼18.

31、inflict予以打擊，使遭受19. slim苗條的，不足取的，無價值的寫作方法與文章大意文章論及“減肥及痛苦”。以先聲奪人的男女約會入手，引入減肥的痛苦過程：首先是各種減肥的方法（全面戰(zhàn)斗）；其次是痛苦的難熬；最后點(diǎn)出減肥的目的。號召人放棄減肥。三段式文章：引言，正文和結(jié)論。以諷刺的筆調(diào)，步步深入的手法勸人放棄減肥，過愉快的生活。答案詳解1. B 我們都該長得胖乎乎，心情愉快。這是文章的目的，也是文章最佳標(biāo)題。答案見最后一段：“這一切自我折磨為了什么？圣潔的人們不吃飯菜是為了身材優(yōu)美，不圣潔的人們不吃飯菜得到的是痛苦。當(dāng)世界上所有的節(jié)食者都拋棄這減輕體重顯得苗條的課程時當(dāng)他們伸出盤子，要求再

32、來一份（第二份食物）時，這將是一個偉大的日子?！盇. 論脂肪。似乎有點(diǎn)兒接近文章的內(nèi)容。但文章涉及到的各個方面并不是單講脂肪食品或飲食問題。C. 許多疾病和脂肪有關(guān)。文內(nèi)第一段提到這方面的問題。D. 節(jié)食剝奪了人們正常生活。文內(nèi)提到，但不是文章的總目的和內(nèi)容。2. D吃脂肪食品早死。答案就在第一段“當(dāng)他們來到飯店，他發(fā)現(xiàn)這位優(yōu)雅的少女（飄逸的少女）是個忌口節(jié)食者。決不能吃這個，一定不能喝那個。喔，當(dāng)然，她不想掃他的興，讓他想吃多少脂肪的食品就盡量吃。這是早早接近死亡的最有把握的途徑?！边@里傳遞兩點(diǎn)信息。一個吃，一個不吃已經(jīng)是格格不入，再加上“多吃脂肪東西早死亡”姑娘怎能嫁他，他一個人吃而那位姑

33、娘瞧著，確實(shí)是難以忘懷的夜晚，他受得了？所以D是最接近不再見面的原因。A. 因?yàn)檫@是一個值得紀(jì)念的夜晚。B. 她讓他愛吃多少脂肪食物就吃多少。C.因?yàn)樗怀赃@個也不吃那個。這三項(xiàng)都是單獨(dú)的事實(shí)或情況。3. B不吃糖。答案再第二段第二句開始“他們大部分時間對食品都不屑一顧。他們永遠(yuǎn)向熱量表討教咨詢，照鏡子，跳到浴室的磅秤上稱重量。他們一聲都在向臀部大，肚子突出，雙下巴綻開一個準(zhǔn)輸無疑的戰(zhàn)斗。有的對脂肪開展了全面戰(zhàn)斗。光節(jié)食是不夠的，他們運(yùn)動以消耗體重，洗桑拿浴出汗，用奇異的機(jī)器按摩和擊打?！盇. 運(yùn)動做操。C.不吃脂肪。D.洗桑拿浴。4. B批評的態(tài)度。這在第二、三段都有明顯的表示。第二段開始：

34、“這些節(jié)食者是多么可憐的一群人啊！你總是可以從他們愁眉不展的表情上認(rèn)出他們?！钡诙蔚箶?shù)第四句開始：“這些真正有錢的節(jié)食大款為健康治療支付大筆的款項(xiàng)。他們進(jìn)到“自然門診”。兩個星期餓得要死，每星期付一百畿尼。別以為僅僅是中年人參與這種時尚活動。你可以見到許多青年正由于長期營養(yǎng)不良而遭罪。他們就靠空氣、水和上帝的善意而活著?！钡谌危肮?jié)食者甘愿忍饑挨餓，那么他們?yōu)槭裁茨菢与y受悲慘呢？得，首先，他們總是感到饑餓。你不可能餓著肚子高興。他們吃的不是食物，全是搭配好的東西，這永遠(yuǎn)不能使他們滿意”第三段倒數(shù)第三句“饑餓確實(shí)令他們感到太受不了了。最終，他們破釜沉舟，一口氣就吞下了五大塊使人內(nèi)疚的奶油蛋糕

35、。誰能責(zé)怪他們！他們一天至少三次面對引誘，老是看著別人大口吃著饞涎欲滴的食品，而你自己用力嚼一口水餅干和喝一口沒有甜味的檸檬汁。這是一種什么樣的折磨啊！”A.勸導(dǎo)的。 C.漠不關(guān)心。這兩項(xiàng)不對。D. 敵意的。不合適。Passage Three The Neutrality of American in the Early World War IIThe establishment of the Third Reich influenced events in American history by starting a chain of events which culminated in w

36、ar between Germany and the United States. The compete destruction of democracy, the persecution of Jews, the war on religion, the cruelty and barbarism of the Nazis, and especially the plans of Germany and her allies, Italy and Japan, for world conquest caused great indignation in this country and b

37、rought on fear of another world war. While speaking out against Hitlers atrocities, the American people generally favored isolationist policies and neutrality. The Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1936 prohibited trade with any belligerents or loans to them. In 1937 the President was empowered to declare

38、 an arms embargo in wars between nations at his discretion.American opinion began to change somewhat after President Roosevelts “quarantine the aggressor” speech at Chicago (1937) in which he severely criticized Hitlers policies. Germanys seizure of Austria and the Munich Pact for the partition of C

39、zechoslovakia (1938) also aroused the American people. The conquest of Czechoslovakia in March, 1939 was another rude awakening to the menace of the Third Reich. In August,1939 came the shock of the Nazi-soviet Pact and in September the attack on Poland and the outbreak of European war. The United S

40、tates attempted to maintain neutrality in spite of sympathy for the democracies arrayed against the Third Reich. The Neutrality Act of 1939 repealed the arms embargo and permitted “cash and carry” exports of arms to belligerent nations. A strong national defense program was begun. A draft act was pa

41、ssed (1940) to strengthen the military services. A Lend Act (1941) authorized the President to sell, exchange, or lend materials to any country deemed necessary by him for the defense of the United States. Help was given to Britain by exchanging certain overage destroyers for the right to establish

42、American bases in British territory in the Western Hemisphere. In August, 1940 President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill met and issued the Atlantic Charter which proclaimed the kind of a world which should be established after the war. In December, 1941, Japan launched the unprovoked attack

43、on the United States at Pearl Harbor. Immediately thereafter, Germany declared war on the United States.1. One item occurring before 1937 that the author does not mention in his list of actions that alienated the American public was A. the burning of the Reichstag.B. German plans for conquest.C. Naz

44、i barbarism.D. the persecution of religious groups.2. The Lend-Lease Act was designed to A. help the British.B. strengthen the national defense of the United States.C. promote the Atlantic Charter.D. avenge Pearl Harbor.3. American Policy during the years 1935-1936 may be described as being A. watch

45、ful. B. isolationist.C. peaceful.D. indifferent.4. The Neutrality Act of 1939 A. permitted the selling of arms to belligerent nations. B. antagonized Japan.C. permitted the British to trade only with the Allies.D. led to Lend-Lease Act.5. We entered the war against Germany A. because Germany declare

46、d war.B. because Japan was an ally of Germany.C. after Germany had signed the Nazi-soviet Pact.D. after peaceful efforts had failed.Vocabulary1. Reich 帝國，尤指第二次世界大戰(zhàn)前及大戰(zhàn)期間的德國2. atrocity兇殘，殘暴3. belligerent好戰(zhàn)的，交戰(zhàn)國的4. discretion判斷力，自行裁決，謹(jǐn)慎5. empower賦予權(quán)力6. embargo禁運(yùn)，封港7. quarantine停船檢疫，隔離，封鎖，使孤立8. partiti

47、on分割，瓜分9. menace威脅，危險10. repeal廢除，取消11. overage destroyer舊式驅(qū)逐艦12. unprovoked無緣無故的，非因觸犯而發(fā)生的13. Neutrality Acts中立法令14. Munich Pact慕尼黑公約15. draft act征兵法16. Lend Lease Act租借法17. Atlantic Charter大西洋公約18. Pearl Harbor珍珠港寫作方法與文章大意文章講述了第三帝國成立，美國由中立到宣戰(zhàn)的一段歷史。采用按年代先后進(jìn)行敘述的寫作手法。文章一開始就點(diǎn)明主題：“第三帝國的成立影響了美國歷史，從一系列事情開

48、始，最終導(dǎo)致德國和美國交戰(zhàn)。”答案詳解1. A帝國大廈焚毀，眾所周知，這是納粹希特勒精心策劃的一次政治陰謀，旨在迫害德國共產(chǎn)黨。B. 德國征服計(jì)劃。C. 納粹之殘暴。D. 迫害宗教團(tuán)體。在文中都提到。見第一段第二句“民主的全面摧毀、對猶太人的迫害、摧殘宗教、納粹的殘忍和野蠻，特別是德國及其盟國意、日、征服世界的計(jì)劃激起美國極大憤怒，也帶來了對又一次世界大戰(zhàn)的恐懼。”2. B 加強(qiáng)美國國防。見第二段導(dǎo)數(shù)第五句“1941年的租借法規(guī)定：總統(tǒng)對他認(rèn)為保衛(wèi)美國所需要的國家有權(quán)賣給、交換或借給他們物資?！盇. 幫助英國，不對。C. 促進(jìn)大西洋公約。大西洋公約是1941年8月，羅斯福和邱吉爾會面后的聯(lián)合公

49、告。D. 報復(fù)珍珠港。是1941年日本發(fā)起襲擊的報復(fù)。3. B 與世隔絕。這在第一段第三句“美國人民雖然反對希特勒的兇殘等事，他們一般還是喜歡孤立（與世隔絕的）政策和保持中立。1933年和1936年的中立條約規(guī)定：禁止和交戰(zhàn)國雙方貿(mào)易和借貸?！盇. 觀察的。C. 和平的。D. 不正確的。 4. A 允許把武器賣給交戰(zhàn)國。答案在第二段第六句“1939年的中立條約取消了武器禁運(yùn)，允許進(jìn)行現(xiàn)鈔交易出口武器給交戰(zhàn)國?！盉. 和日本敵對。C. 允許英國只能和其盟國貿(mào)易。D. 導(dǎo)致租借條約。5. A 因?yàn)榈聡麘?zhàn)。這在第一段已有說明。盡管希特勒壞事做盡，美國還是傾向于中立政策。第二段羅斯福在芝加哥的演講，

50、態(tài)度稍有改變。嚴(yán)厲批評希特勒的政策，但仍然以中立為主。1941年日本襲擊珍珠港，不久德國宣戰(zhàn)，美國才不得不參戰(zhàn)。Passage Four Antarctica and EnvironmentAntarctica has actually become a kind of space station a unique observation post for detecting important changes in the worlds environment. Remote from major sources of pollution and the complex geological

51、 and ecological systems that prevail elsewhere, Antarctica makes possible scientific measurements that are often sharper and easier to interpret than those made in other parts of the world.Growing numbers of scientists therefore see Antarctica as a distant-early-warning sensor, where potentially dan

52、gerous global trends may be spotted before they show up to the north. One promising field of investigation is glaciology. Scholars from the United States, Switzerland, and France are pursuing seven separate but related projects that reflect their concern for the health of the West Antarctic Ice Shee

53、t a concern they believe the world at large should share.The Transantarctic Mountain, some of them more than 14,000 feet high, divide the continent into two very different regions. The part of the continent to the “east” of the mountains is a high plateau covered by an ice sheet nearly two miles thi

54、ck. “West” of the mountain, the half of the continent south of the Americas is also covered by an ice sheet, but there the ice rests on rock that is mostly well below sea level. If the West Antarctic Ice Sheet disappeared, the western part of the continent would be reduced to a sparse cluster of isl

55、and.While ice and snow are obviously central to many environmental experiments, others focus on the mysterious “dry valley” of Antarctica, valleys that contain little ice or snow even in the depths of winter. Slashed through the mountains of southern Victoria Land, these valleys once held enormous g

56、laciers that descended 9,000 feet from the polar plateau to the Ross Sea. Now the glaciers are gone, perhaps a casualty of the global warming trend during the 10,000 years since the ice age. Even the snow that falls in the dry valleys is blasted out by vicious winds that roars down from the polar pl

57、ateau to the sea. Left bare are spectacular gorges, rippled fields of sand dunes, clusters of boulders sculptured into fantastic shapes by 100-mile-an-hour winds, and an aura of extraterrestrial desolation.Despite the unearthly aspect of the dry valleys, some scientists believe they may carry a mess

58、age of hope of the verdant parts of the earth. Some scientists believe that in some cases the dry valleys may soak up pollutants faster than pollutants enter them.1. What is the best title for this passage?A. Antarctica and environmental Problems. B. Antarctica: Earths Early-Warning station.C. Antarctica: a Unique Observ