跨文化交際復習資料

1、1.monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time isperceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into thefuture.2.polychronictime (P Time) ：schedules severalactivitiesat the same time.In these culture people emphasize the involvement

2、 of people more thanschedules.They do not see appointmentsas ironcladcommitments and oftenbreak them.3. intercultural communication ：is a face-to-face communication between people from different cultural backgrounds4. host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country.5. minority cu

3、lture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation to the host culture.6.subcultureisa smaller,possiblynonconformist,subgroup within thehostculture.7.multiculturalismistheofficialrecognitionofa countrys culturalandethnic diversity.8.cross-cultural communication is a face-to

4、-face communication betweenreprentativesofbusiness,governmentandprofessionalgroupsfromdifferent cultures.9.high-context culture： a culture in which meaning is not necessarilycontainedin words.Informationis providedthrough gestures, the use ofspace, and even silence.10. low-contextculture： a culturei

5、n which the majorityof the informationis vested in the explicit code.11. perception:in itssimplestsense,perceptionis ,as Marshallsingertellsus, ” the process by which an individualselects,evaluates,andorganizesstimulifromtheexternalworld ”Inotherwords,perceptionisaninternal process whereby we conver

6、t the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences.Non-verbal communicationItrefersto communication througha whole varietyof differenttypes f signalcomeintoplay,including the way we more, thegestureswe employ,the posturewe adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of

7、 our gaze, to theextent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individualare or ought tobe paramount, and that all values,right,and dutiesoriginateinindividuals.Itemphasizesindividualinitiative,independe

8、nce ，individual expression, and even privacy.13. ParalanguageThesetof nonphonemic propertiesofspeech, such as speaking tempo, vocalpitch,and intonationalcontours,thatcan be used tocommunicate attitudesor other shades of meaning.12.人 際 交 際 interpersonalcommunication :a small numberof individualswho a

9、reinteractingexclusivelywith one anotherand who thereforehave theabilityto adapttheir messages specificallyfor those others and to obtainimmediateinterpretaionsfrom them. 指少數(shù)人之間的交往他們既能根據(jù)對方調(diào)整自己的信息，又能立即從對方那里獲得解釋。13.內(nèi)文化交際intracultural communicationis defined as communication between andamong members of

10、 the same culture . 指同一文化內(nèi)某成員之間的交際，總的來說，同一種族，政治傾向宗教，或者具有同樣興趣的人們之間的交際?？缑褡褰浑Hinterthnic communication： refers to communication between people of thesame race ,but different ethnic backgrounds .指同一種族，不同民族背景的人們之間的交際。14. 跨 種族交際interracialcommunication:occurs when the sender and the receiverexchanging mess

11、ages are from different races that pertain to different physicalcharacteristics.指信息源和信息來自不同的種族，種族具有不同的身體特征。跨地區(qū)交際interregional communication:refers to the exchange of messages betweenmembers of the dominant culture within a country.指一個國家內(nèi)主流文化成員之間的信息交換過程Context場景The final component of communication is

12、 context. Generally, context can be definedas the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication .Allcommunicationhas seven components : the source,encoding,the message, the channel,the receiver, decoding, feedback.The Inferential Model of communication f

13、our presumptions:linguistic presumption,communicative presumption, presumption of literalness, conversational presumptions.Conversational presumptions five aspects：1relevance ： the speakers remarks are relevant to the conversation2sincerity: the speaker is being sincere3truthfulness: the speaker is

14、attempting to say sth true4quantity: the speaker contributes the appropriate amount of information5quality:the speaker has adequate evidence for what she or he says.The Message Model cannot account for:1disambiguation2 underdeterminationof reference3underdeterminationof communicativeintent4nonlitera

15、lity 5indirection 6 non communicative acts.Six characteristics of culture directly affect communication:1learned2 transmitted from generation to g3 based on symbols 4 subject to change 5 integrated 6EthnocentricThe primary characteristics of communication include:1 no direct mind-to-mind contact2 we

16、 can only infer3 communication is symbolic4 time-binding links us together5 we seek to define the world6 communication has consequence7 communication is dynamic8 communication is contextual9 communication is self reflectiveFunctions of nonverbal communicationNonverbal communication has its own uniqu

17、e functions in interpersonal communication.Wewill sum up some of the important ways of nonverbal communication in regulating human interaction.Six important communication functions:1 indicate degrees of attentiveness, interest, and arousal2 influence attitude change and persuasion3 regulate interact

18、ion 4 communication emotions5 define power and status relationships6 and assume a central role in impression managementculture：what the behaviorand customs meanto the people who are followingthemAn shared artifact（ the material and spiritual products people produce）shared Behavior shared Concepts（ w

19、hat they do）（ beliefs, values, world viewswhat they thinkCulture means:(a) The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.(b).The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.5. What are thetourcharacteristicsof culture? Dy

20、namic/ shared/learned/ethnocentricCulture is shared.All communications take place by means of symbols.Culture is learned.Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one s socialenvironment, not from one s genes.Enculturation(文化習得 ) : All the activities oflearning one s culture are called encu

21、lturation .Cultureis dynamic . (P6)Cultureissubjecttochange.It s dynamic ratherthanstatic,constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact withothercultures.Acculturation(文化適應 ):theprocesswhichadopts thechangesbroughtabout by anothercultureand developsan increasedsimil

22、aritybetween thetwo cultures.Culture is ethnographic(文化中心主義 ) . Ethnographic is the belief that your ownculturalbackgroundissuperior.Ethnocentrism:the beliefthat yourownculturebackground is superior.6. What are the six characteristics of communication?Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ tra

23、nsactional/ contextualCommunication is dynamic.Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity.A word or action does not stayfrozenwhen you communicate; itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanotherword oraction.Communication is irreversible.Once we have said something and someone else has received and dec

24、oded the message,the original sender cannottake it back.Communication is symbolic.Symbols are central to the communication process because they representthe sharedmeaningsthat are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideasof one person can be communicated to another person.Com

25、munication is systematicCommunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of alarge system. It takes place ina physical and a social context; both establish therules that govern the interaction.Communication is transactional. (P8)Atransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsare

26、simultaneouslysendingandreceiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation.Communication is contextual. (P8)All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. Bycontext, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together,and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includesthe physical, social,and interpersonal settings.Studying Intercultural Com