高中語法ppt課件

1、英語語法高中版目錄：第一章如今完成時和如今完成進展時第二章被動語態(tài)第三章動詞不定式第四章動名詞第五章分詞第六章助動詞和情態(tài)動詞第七章動詞語氣第八章強調句、語序和倒裝第九章名詞從句第十章定語從句第十一章狀語從句第十二章主謂一致如今完成時 the present perfect tense過去發(fā)生的而與如今的情況有關的事或形狀，或者是從過去某時到如今為止這一段時間內發(fā)生的情況?！疽欢ㄅc如今有關系】如今完成時的用法：“繼續(xù)、“完成、“閱歷、“結果。 My father has worked here for nearly 30 years. 【從過去繼續(xù)到如今的動作或形狀】 I have visit

2、ed the state of Michigan twice.【過去某時辰發(fā)生的動作使如今有某種閱歷】 I have just finished my homework.【如今曾經完成的動作】 I have lost my dictionary.【過去發(fā)生了某動作導致如今的結果】四種用法的時間狀語：繼續(xù)since, for, How long?, all, etc.閱歷often, ever, never, before, once, times完成already, just, yet, etc.結果不需求時間狀語表示繼續(xù)的如今完成時【一定要和如今有關系，否那么只需求用普經過去時】 I beg

3、an to study English three years ago. I still study English now. I have studied English since three years ago.常用的時間狀語：for+時間；since+過去某時?！癴or+時間可以和各種時態(tài)連用，千萬不要產生誤解，以為它只用于完成時。He studied in Beijing University for 4 years in 1960s. 此句是過去時，與如今無關，只是在過去的二十世紀六十年代發(fā)生的事，同樣可以用“for+時間。“since+過去的時間表示從過去某時開場的動作或形狀不斷

4、繼續(xù)到如今，此時，since是介詞。Ive learned to dance since three years ago.We have known each other since we were children.留意：通常since引導的從句的動詞是用過去時，而主句原那么上是用如今完成時，但用“its+時間開場的句子例外。Its ten years since we left school. 其它時間副詞：always, often, these days (months, years), recently (lately), so far=up to now=till now=unti

5、l now, in the last (past) few years表示閱歷的如今完成時1. 過去時：Helen read the novel three years ago and she read the novel again and again.2. 如今時：Now she knows the novel (or Now she remembers the novel).1+2=33. 如今完成時：Helen has read the novel three times.常用表示閱歷的時間狀語：置于句中的 時間狀語副詞often, ever, never。留意never的位置，如，N

6、o, I never haveNo, I have never done that.放在句末的時間狀語：表示頻率的副詞，before, yetShe has read the poem once.I have taught English in this school before.have (has) been辨析表示完成、結果的如今完成時【表示結果的完成時，往往不用用時間狀語】I finished my homework yesterday. 昨天做完了作業(yè)。和如今無關，如今也許又在做作業(yè)Ive just finished my homework. 曾經做完作業(yè)。如今沒有作業(yè)可做I ope

7、ned the window. 過去的動作The window is open now. 過去的動作對如今的影響還存在I have opened the window. 我曾經翻開了窗戶。表示完成的時間狀語副詞：already, just, yet.放在句中的副詞 already, justI have already written a letter to my teacher.I have just phoned him.留意：already有時也用在疑問句中Has she arrived at the station already? 暗示詫異的心境，能夠她動作很慢，沒想到曾經到了，給人

8、出乎預料的覺得放在句末的副詞 yetI havent had lunch yet. 在否認句中，yet譯為“還。Has she seen the doctor yet? 在疑問句中，yet譯為“曾經。not yet常替代否認句運用如今完成時需求留意的事項1. just now和just的區(qū)別兩者皆可譯為“剛剛，但just now普通用于過去時，而just用于如今完成時，而且它們在句中的位置也不同。just now置于句末，just置于have/has后2. Today, this morning, this afternoonHe didnt do his homework this afte

9、rnoon. 根據(jù)時態(tài)是過去時可以推測說話時曾經是晚上了，所以此句要譯為“他今天下午沒做作業(yè)He hasnt done his homework this afternoon.根據(jù)時態(tài)是如今完成時可以推測如今還是下午，假設是晚上應該用hadnt，所以此句要譯為“他今天下午還沒做作業(yè)呢 【下午說話時，他還有能夠去做作業(yè)】He arrived here a little late today, because he got up late and didnt catch the bus. 他遲到了，由于他晚起，而且沒趕上車。到達arrived的動作曾經過去了。He has been busy to

10、day. 僅太難很忙?！窘刂沟秸f話時，仍是今天，他仍很忙?！?. 留意地點狀語的運用【有時一個地點狀語會影響時態(tài)的運用，由于這個地點狀語限定了時間】I bought this watch in Shanghai.“在上海就限定了買手表這個動作發(fā)生在過去的某個時間，而我們就不能把這個動作和如今聯(lián)絡起來了，所以這個句子雖然沒有時間狀語，但這個地點限定了此句只能用過去時。4. 幾種時態(tài)表同一意思他分開中國曾經兩年了普經過去時：He left China two years ago.普通如今時：It is two years since he left China. 【句型：it is +時間+sin

11、ce+過去時態(tài)的句子】如今完成時：He has been away from China for 2 years.如今完成進展時1. 如今完成時偏重于動作的終了或完成；而如今完成進展時那么偏重于動作的未終了和繼續(xù)進展。而且如今完成進展時根本上沒有否認時態(tài)。2. He hasnt been sleeping for 5 hours. 否認詞看似否認的是謂語hasnt been sleeping，但實踐上卻否認了狀語for 5 hours。譯為“他沒有不斷睡五個小時。也許是四個小時，或三個小時。3. 如今完成進展時可用于強調動作延續(xù)時間的長久或帶感情顏色。Miller has always bee

12、n studying hard. 米勒學習總是非常努力。贊許的感情顏色4. 動作不包含繼續(xù)意思的動詞要用如今完成進展時，表示延續(xù)到如今的動作。The artist has painted the painting. 畫家畫完了畫。The artist has been painting the painting. 畫家不斷在畫畫。5. 如今完成進展時有時也用來表示一種在如今以前這個階段反復發(fā)生的事。Ive always been thinking of her but I cant see her.He has been promising me to help you. Hasnt he d

13、one it?6.用于如今完成進展時的時間狀語根本上和如今完成時的時間狀語一樣。如今完成時表示已做完的事情及已有的閱歷但如今完成進展時那么無這兩種作用被動語態(tài) Passive voice英語中時態(tài)的種類：過去，如今，未來，普通，進展，完成，組合十六種。普經過去時；普通如今時；普通未來時；過去進展時；如今進展時；未來進展時；過去完成時；如今完成時；未來完成時；過去未來時；過去未來完成時；過去未來進展時；如今完成進展時；未來完成進展時；過去完成進展時；過去未來完成進展時；被動語態(tài)的幾種復雜時態(tài)：如今完成時The lifesaver has saved more than twenty lives.

14、More than twenty lives have been saved (by the lifesaver).過去完成時They had built ten bridges by 1980.Ten bridges had been built (by them) by 1980.【by them 和by 1980意義不同，后者是時間狀語，不能省略】過去未來時Mother said she would punish the naughty boy this evening.Mother said the naughty boy would be punished.未來完成時【運用很少】We

15、 shall have made ten thousand DVDs by the end of this month.Ten thousand DVDs will have been made (by us) by the end of this month.過去未來完成時【運用很少】He said he would have learned five thousand words by 2000.He said five thousand words would have been learned (by him) by 2000.沒有被動構造的時態(tài)完成進展時的被動構造：用完成時。The

16、builders have been building this skyscraper for two months.This skyscraper has been built for two months.未來完成時的被動構造：用普通未來時。You will be doing the experiment here at this time next Monday.The experiment will be done here at this time next Monday.被動語態(tài)的幾種類型有兩個賓語的句子的被動語態(tài)：自動句：S + V + IO間賓+ DO直賓被動句：S原IO+ b

17、e + 原DO + by + 原主語之賓格 S原DO+ be + 過去分詞 + by + 原主語之賓格可有兩種被動語態(tài)的動詞：award, buy, give, leave, lend, offer, pay, show, teach, tellHe lent me a bike.A bike was lent to me (by him).I was lent a bike (by him).通常用直賓做被動語態(tài)主語的一些動詞：bring, do, make, pass, sell, send, sing, write, sewHe wrote her a letter.A letter w

18、as written (to) her by him.She was written a letter.不合習慣通常用間賓做被動語態(tài)主語的一些動詞：answer, deny, envy, refuse, save, spareI refused her the invitation.She was refused the invitation by me.The invitation was refused him by me.不合習慣含有賓語補足語的句子SVOC的被動語態(tài)：補足語放在過去分詞后，其位置雖然堅持不變，但語法功能變了此時的補語不在是賓語的補語，而變成了主語的補語。He saw a

19、 thief steal something from the room.A thief was seen to steal something from the room.由非短語動詞構成的被動語態(tài)：介詞或副詞的位置與短語動詞構成的被動語態(tài)比起來很不固定，非常靈敏。The students danced around the visitors.the visitors were danced around (by the students).Around (by the students) the visitors were danced.留意：will用于第一人稱是表說話者的意志，因此改為

20、被動語態(tài)時，其主語you, he第二、第三人稱，須用shall，以表說話者“我的意志。I will ask him.He shall be asked (by me).否認祈使句的被動語態(tài)：自動句Dont + V原形 + O被動句Dont + O原賓語 + be + 過去分詞Dont tell him the truth.Dont let the truth be told to him.被動語態(tài)與系表構造的區(qū)別1. 根據(jù)狀語來區(qū)別：有時間狀語或方式狀語的，普通為被動語態(tài)，反之那么為系表構造。2. 根據(jù)所用的時態(tài)來區(qū)別：被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)要與它的相應自動語態(tài)句子一致，系表構造不需求思索時態(tài)一致問題

21、；系表構造只用于普通如今時、普經過去時、如今完成時和過去完成時，不能用于其他時態(tài)。而被動語態(tài)除了不用與完成進展時和未來進展時外，可用于其它任何時態(tài)。3. 根據(jù)動詞的種類來區(qū)別：不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，除非它后面有介詞或副詞。所以be+不及物動詞的過去分詞普通不是被動語態(tài)，而是系表構造。如下：表形狀be gone, be returned, be fallen, be risen, be retired.表智力活動結果be learned, be educated, be mistaken, be known.表心態(tài)be ashamed, be interested, be astonished

22、, be excited, be pleased.【有時這些表心態(tài)的動詞和可接by來表達被動意義】 be+延續(xù)動詞的過去分詞只表被動語態(tài),如下：be admired, be loved, be respected, be encouraged, be praised.學習被動語態(tài)應留意的事項感官動詞表示形狀或結果時；賓語起狀語作用，表示數(shù)量、分量、大小、程度時，自動表示被動這類動詞有：smile, smell, sound, taste, look, seem, remain, prove, appear, fall, turncost, weigh, number, keep, wash,

23、drink, sellclean, lock, translate, read, last, write, cook, tear, cut, burn, strike, pull, act, last, feelhave/get sth/sb + 過去分詞have和get的區(qū)別是，get是出自本身的志愿，而have那么出于無法和自愿。I had my watch stolen. 我的手表被偷了。I got my watch stolen.我讓我的手表被偷了。自愿主語+want/ need/ require/ doing (= to be done)The baby wants (needs,

24、requires) examining.The car is under repair. (being repaired now)This kind of computer is in use. (being used now)動詞不定式 Infinitive動詞不定式與動名詞、分詞一樣是動詞的一種非謂語方式；它前面普通要有一個不定時符號“to；為了把它與介詞to區(qū)分開，也叫它“小品詞，它沒有詞性。不定式在句中起名詞、描畫詞和副詞的作用，可以當主語、表語、賓語、狀語、定語和賓語補足語。動詞不定式還保管了許多動詞的特點，如：它可以有本人的賓語；He likes to play football.

25、可以有狀語來修飾；The guard ordered me to show him my passport immediately.可以帶本人的主語;To draw such a picture is not easy.不定式的名詞性不定式做主語【謂語動詞用單數(shù)】1. 常見帶方式主語it的句型有： It is easy (difficult, hard, important, right, impossible, necessary, wise, kind, cruel, nice) to do It is pleasure (pity, pleasing thing, crime, an h

26、onor) to do It takes sb. some time to do sth.2. for和of做不定式邏輯上的主語時的區(qū)別：for sb.的句型通常運用表示客觀情況的描畫詞。It is important for us to express our opinions. (to do sth. is important)of sb.的句型普通用于表示客觀感情或態(tài)度的描畫詞。It is clever of him to leave that country. (sb. is clever)不定式做表語常見的動詞如be, seem, remain, appear, get等，用來闡明主

27、語的內容；常見的主語如ones dream, business, wish, idea, plan, job, work, task, duty及what one wants to do等。不定式做賓語【動賓和介賓】1. 句型：主語+及物動詞+ it +賓語補足語+ to + VWe think it important to obey the laws.I dont think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.為了防止反復，作賓語的不定式第二次出現(xiàn)時往往省略，只保管不定式符號to. 以下動詞后

28、：want, wish, hope, like, hate, plan, try, love; 以下助動詞后：have to, ought to, need;在be able to, used to 和 be going to 后。2. 當介詞but, except, besides前面有一個實意動詞do時，介詞后面的不定式可以省略to。另外，介詞instead of前后兩個成分必需對等，假設前面一個成分是一個不定式，后面的不定式就可以省略to。除but, except, besides外，個別介詞可用銜接代詞/副詞+不定式“作賓語。What do you like to do besides

29、 play games?We want to watch TV instead of go out for a walk.The boy has his own idea of how to finish it.不定式的描畫詞性在他所修飾詞的后面，而且往往放在其他后置定語的后面。動賓關系假設作定語用的不定式是不及物動詞，就要在其后加一個介詞，使被修飾的詞成為該介詞的邏輯賓語。He is looking for a room to live in.有時不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等，不定式后面也應該有必要的介詞。Please pass me some paper to wri

30、te on.留意：當不定式修飾的詞是place, time, way時，不定式后邊的介詞可以省略。He has no money and no place to live.I think the best way to travel (by) is on foot.主謂關系不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是它的邏輯主語。The factory to produce electricity will be set up next year.A factory which is to produce electricity will be set up next year.當不定式修飾的是序數(shù)詞或是描畫詞

31、最高級所修飾的名詞時，或者這個名詞被省略時，這個名詞和不定式之間也是邏輯上的主謂關系。She is always the last (person) to speak at the meeting.Li Ming was the first (person) to arrive.不定式修飾something, anything, nothing。句型：不定代詞+描畫詞+不定式I want something to read.【此句意為“我要一些可讀的東西，to read作描畫詞修飾something；而“I want to read something意為“我想讀點兒東西，to read作名詞

32、，作want的賓語，而something在不定式中作to read的賓語】不定式做定語，有時用自動語態(tài)表示被動含義There be句型中，there is a letter to write.可以了解為“there is a letter (for me) to write.再如：there is no time to lose.=there is no time (for us) to lose.比較：Im going to the post office, I know you have a letter to post. Let me post it for you.Thank you,

33、 but I have no letter to be posted now.第一句中句子的主語和不定式的主語一致，所以用自動表示被動含義；第二句中，不定式的主語不是句子的主語I ，而是第一句里的you，所以要用被動語態(tài)。當不定式修飾want, have等動詞的賓語，而句子的主語是不定式的邏輯主語時，用自動語態(tài)表達被動含義。We have no homework to do.【主語we是不定式的邏輯主語，可以了解為“we do no homework】當不定式修飾buy, get, give等動詞的直接賓語，而間接賓語是不定式的邏輯主語時，用自動語態(tài)表示被動含義。Please buy me s

34、ome newspaper to read.Ill give u some novel to read on the journey.不定式的副詞性表緣由He is lucky to get there./ Lee seemed willing to do that.The house is very comfortable to live in./ We found him was easy to get along with.表目的【前置以將強語氣，如需進一步加強，可加in order / so as 】in orderTo serve the people well I study ha

35、rd.比較：so as to引導的目的狀語不能放在句首，in order to可以；so as to也可以表示結果，但要分開寫：soas to + do，如They started so early as to catch the first bus.表結果經常和only, never連用，強調結果和絕望的心情。I hurried to get there only to find him out.其他用法在too前面加only或but相當與really以加強語氣。He is only too glad to come here.【He is too wise not to see that.

36、意為“他很聰明，不會不懂那一點?！坎欢ㄊ皆诰渲凶鳛楠毩⒊煞諸o tell you the truth, I dont think the film is good.To be frank, you are lying.He knows English and French, not to speak of German.不定式作賓語補足語可以省略to在某些感官動詞feel, hear, listen to, watch, look at, notice, observe和使役動詞let, have, make后作賓語補足語時，省去to，但在被動語態(tài)中不可省。Did u hear anyone

37、say anything about it?The workers were made to work day and night.to be構造動詞think, consider, find, believe, suppose, know, understand, take后，不定式作賓補時常用to be構造。不定式作主語補足語，要符合三個條件：句子的謂語動詞是被動語態(tài)；句子的主語必需是動詞不定式邏輯上的主語；動詞不定式在自動句中作賓補。This room was said to have been cleaned.It was said that the room had been cle

38、aned.He was told to be quiet.The teacher told him to be quiet.不定式中省去to的情況在感官動詞和使役動詞之后只需當have, make當使役動詞時，才省去不定式作賓補時的小品詞to，當它們?yōu)閷嵰鈩釉~時不能省。They made a lot of flowers to decorate the room.兩個以上不定式并列I promised to finish my work and hand it in on time. (, and to hand it in)但是在對照的場所，to不可以省。Its better to laug

39、h than to cry.有介詞but, except, besides，而且其前面有實意動詞do時，不定式在介詞后可以省去to。The enemy can do nothing but surrender.The enemy had nothing to choose but to surrender.不定式作賓語反復時可省在go, come后作目的狀語的不定式Go ask your father./ You should go say “Thank you.在系動詞be后作表語時What I want to do is have a good rest.句型Why not do sth?

40、/ Why do sth?幾個句型詞組I prefer to go to the movies rather than (to) stay home.prevent/ stop/ save/ keep sb. from doing sth.留意：suggest的兩種含義，“建議和“闡明He suggested a way out of the difficulty.I suggest putting the meeting off.The teacher suggested that the students (should) relax themselves on Sunday.His pa

41、le face suggests he is in poor health.suggest后不跟不定式！動名詞動名詞Gerund動名詞在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語和定于。作主語【謂語動詞一概用單數(shù)】It is no use (useless) talking too much.It is no good crying.It trains the ear listening to music.There is no doing = It is impossible to do = No one can doThere is no telling what will happen.Its impo

42、ssible to tell what will happen.No one can tell what will happen.作表語【表語和主語經?？梢曰Q】One of his habit is not speaking clearly. =Not speaking clearly is one of his habit.動名詞和不定式做表語的區(qū)別：動名詞接近于名詞，所表示的動作比較籠統(tǒng)，或者是習慣性的；而不定式多表示某次比較詳細的動作，特別是未來的動作。作賓語【留意固定搭配的詞組】動名詞和不定式做賓語有區(qū)別的情況：I like skating, But I dont like to s

43、kate today. 前者表習慣，后者表暫時的動作。She hates to smoke before other people. And she hates smoking.前者指他本人不抽，后者指她厭惡一切抽煙的人。The girl has learned to cook.表示學會做什么事。The girl has learned cooking.表示她學過，但不知道做得好不好。作定語【表示所修飾詞的用途】The swimming pool belongs to our school.He wants to improve his teaching method.He will be s

44、urprised at my (me) calling.動名詞不作主語，可以用代詞的賓格或一切格。My presence makes them angry.但假設做主語，只能是物主代詞或名詞一切格。It is no use doing sth.It is no good doing sth.It is of no use to do sth.It is useless to do sth.動名詞的自動方式替代被動方式 want need主語物+ require 需求+ doing動名詞的自動方式 deserve want need=主語 + require 需求 + to be done 不定

45、式的被動方式 deserve 主語+ be worth doing = 主語 + be worthy to be done.引薦/ of being done. The book is well worth reading again.此句中用well修飾worth而不是very，同時reading后不能加it，由于reading的邏輯主語就是句子的主語the book，不能反復出現(xiàn)。分詞分詞Participle分詞、動名詞、不定式作定語時的區(qū)別分詞作狀語和不定式作狀語的區(qū)別不定式作狀語：主要是作目的狀語和結果狀語，還有一些作緣由狀語；分詞作狀語：普通表示時間、緣由、條件、退讓、方式、伴隨等情

46、況。很少用于目的和結果表緣由的不定式Im sorry to hear that./ They rejoiced to get together first.表緣由的分詞短語【在句子任何位置都可以，而且要帶有逗號】The doctor, not wishing to make her nervous, didnt fully explain the seriousness of her condition.用作介詞或連詞的分詞supposing, 假設、假設、想象 according to, 按照considering, 以為 including, 包括 granted, 以為獨立主格分詞短語作

47、狀語時，它的邏輯主語應該是句子的主語。但有時分詞短語帶有本人的主語，他們之間存在邏輯上的主謂關系。這個邏輯上的主語普通是由名詞擔任，在分詞短語之前，我們稱之為獨立主格。Because it is Sunday, you neednt go to school.It being Sunday, you neednt go to school.After all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open.All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared ope

48、n.If weather permits, well go to the Summer Palace.Weather permitting, Well go to the Summer Palace.情態(tài)動詞和助動詞情態(tài)動詞和助動詞Auxiliary verb & Modal auxiliaryMay not的三個意思：作“不可以解，表不允許=must notMay I go? No. you may not. (=mast not)回答can？答句中的may not為“能夠不之意Can it be true? It may be, or may not be.may not也表示“可

49、以不You may not go.May/ might的慣用語：may well + 動詞原形 =have good reason to理所當然You may well say so.他說的對。may (might) as well = had better最好You may as well say so.may as well + 動詞原形 + as + 動詞原形You might as well throw your money away as lend it to him.Shall we carry it for you? 與 lets carry it. 意思上很相近。ought t

50、o和should的用法比較：ought to 表示“道義上的責任，是從“義務或“按理推斷的角度來講的；should表示從說話人的個人看法這一角度來講的。would與used to sth.同義，都表示過去多次發(fā)生的習慣動作，但used to表較有規(guī)那么的習慣，would較無規(guī)那么。When I pass my school I would see my teachers who taught me 5 years ago.used to的用法：【過去的習慣或某時的情況，但如今已不存在】He used to smoke. but now he never smokes.When he was y

51、oung, he would smoke a lot.不含有和如今的比較，如今他或許還在抽煙，也許不抽了be used to中的to是介詞，一切后面可以跟名詞、代詞或動名詞，而used to后需跟動詞不定式，to是小品詞。need和dare的用法Dare作為情態(tài)動詞，用于否認句和疑問句，可以用于表示疑心的名次從句和條件狀語從句中。 I wonder how he dares say such things. I wonder how he dares to say such things. If the enemy dare enter the village, well fight agai

52、nst them to the end.You dare go, so dare I.錯作為情態(tài)動詞不能用于一定句中 You dare to go, so do I. 對Dare作為實意動詞，多用于一定句中，但在疑問句和否認句中也可運用。和實意動詞一樣dare在句子中要隨著主語的人稱和書發(fā)生變化。You dare not go. = You dont dare to go.He doesnt dare to walk at night.Need作為情態(tài)動詞和dare一樣，用于否認句和疑問句，普通不用于一定句之中，一定句中常用must, have to, ought to, should等。作為

53、情態(tài)動詞，他的詞形只需一個need。Need he go yesterday? =Did he need to go yesterday?動詞語氣動詞語氣Verbs mood錯綜時間條件句：主句謂語動詞所表示的動作和條件從句中謂語動詞所表示的動作并不錯綜時間條件句：主句謂語動詞所表示的動作和條件從句中謂語動詞所表示的動作并不同時發(fā)生，這是動詞的方式并不完全按照上述表格來進展，而需求按照各自的時間來調同時發(fā)生，這是動詞的方式并不完全按照上述表格來進展，而需求按照各自的時間來調整，這樣的句子就叫錯綜時間條件句。整，這樣的句子就叫錯綜時間條件句。If you had followed the doc

54、tors advice, you would be all right now. 如今就曾經如今就曾經好了。好了。If you had followed the doctors advice, you would have been all right then. 當當時就好了。時就好了。If I hadnt finished my composition by now, I would be working on it tomorrow. 從句表示與過去現(xiàn)實相反，主句表示與未來現(xiàn)實相反。從句表示與過去現(xiàn)實相反，主句表示與未來現(xiàn)實相反。含蓄條件句：不用條件句表示，而用其它方式來表示，這樣的句子

55、叫含蓄條件句。含蓄條件句：不用條件句表示，而用其它方式來表示，這樣的句子叫含蓄條件句。用用with, without等介詞短語或分詞短語或者獨立主格構造來替代條件從句。等介詞短語或分詞短語或者獨立主格構造來替代條件從句。We might have died without your help. = We might have died if you hadnt helped us.Having known in time, we could have stopped it. =If we had known it in time, we could have stopped it.用相當于用相

56、當于if的其他連詞表示虛擬構造。的其他連詞表示虛擬構造。otherwise,否那么，不然否那么，不然 in case,假設假設but that, 要不是要不是 on condition (that), 條件是條件是unless, 除非除非 suppose / supposing (that), 假設假設so long as, 只需只需 providing / provided (that), 假設假設I was busy last week, otherwise I would have come to see you.I was busy last week, If I had not be

57、en busy last week, I would have come to see you.虛擬條件句中的省略與倒裝：虛擬條件句中的省略與倒裝：符合以下條件的可以省略符合以下條件的可以省略if:，必需是非真是條件句，真是條件句不可以省略，必需是非真是條件句，真是條件句不可以省略if；2，只需當非真實條件句中有只需當非真實條件句中有were, had, should, would等詞時，才可以省略等詞時，才可以省略if，把這些詞放，把這些詞放在主語前；在主語前；3，省略，省略if時，主語與時，主語與were, had, should的位置必需互相互換。的位置必需互相互換。If I shoul

58、d meet her, I would tell her. = Should I meet her, I would tell her.萬一萬一If I were in your position, I would do it better. = Were I in your position, I would do it better.虛擬語氣在一些從句中的用法在賓語從句中的用法在suggest, insist, order, demand, request, command, propose, desire等動詞后作賓語從句時，表示愿望、建議、命令等時，用虛擬語氣。主語 + should可

59、省略 + 動詞原形The PLA men ordered that all the enemy should give up.suggest的用法：當“建議解，后面的賓語從句才用虛擬語氣； 當“暗示、“略微泄漏、“闡明解，后面的賓語從句不用虛擬語氣。He suggests that she should leave the house at once.His face suggested that he was angry.suggest + 動名詞不能跟不定式：He suggested going there at once.insist的用法：當“堅稱說解，不用虛擬語氣；/ 當“堅決要求、

60、“硬要解，它后面的賓語從句才用虛擬語氣。He insisted that he was innocent.He insisted that they (should) show him their passports.在wish后的賓語從句中需求用虛擬語氣，而在虛擬語氣中時態(tài)的運用類似非真實條件句中從句時態(tài)的運用時態(tài)后移。與如今現(xiàn)實相反用過去時：How I wish I were you.與過去現(xiàn)實相反用過去完成：He wishes he hadnt made the big mistake.與未來的愿望相反，愿望難以實現(xiàn)用過去未來：I wish I could be of more use in t