(完整word版)意義一致原則講義

1、拓?fù)浣逃{百川，容學(xué)問(wèn)，立德行，善人品專(zhuān)注孩子的未來(lái)1拓?fù)浣逃龑W(xué)科教師講義副校長(zhǎng)/組長(zhǎng)簽字： _簽字日期： _年級(jí)：高三課時(shí)數(shù)：2姓名：劉陽(yáng)科目：英語(yǔ)教師：張萌課題主謂一致意義一致原則、就近原則授課日期及時(shí)段2014 年 9 月 24 日 8 : 00 10 : 00 a.m / p.m. (A / B / D / E / F)教學(xué)目的掌握意義一致原則、就近原則的含義和用法重難點(diǎn)意義一致原則、就近原則具體用法和特例教學(xué) 內(nèi)容【基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)鞏固】主謂一致講解英語(yǔ)中的主謂一致是指：1）語(yǔ)法形式上要一致，即主語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)形式與謂語(yǔ)要一致。2）意義上要一致，即主語(yǔ)意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。3）就

2、近原則，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語(yǔ)，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，不可數(shù)名詞用動(dòng)詞單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。一、基本概述主謂一致指“人稱(chēng)”和“數(shù)”方面的一致關(guān)系。一般情況下，主謂之間的一致關(guān)系由以下三個(gè) 原則的支配：語(yǔ)法一致原則、意義一致原則、就近原則 。“主謂一致”考查內(nèi)容涉及名詞單數(shù)或復(fù) 數(shù)作主語(yǔ)、不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)、不定代詞作主語(yǔ)、并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)、特殊名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 數(shù)的一致等。主謂一致的問(wèn)題看上去似乎很簡(jiǎn)單，其實(shí)使用起來(lái)卻不是那么容易，有時(shí)候甚至很復(fù)雜。這是 因?yàn)樵诓煌闆r下，處理這一問(wèn)題所依據(jù)的原則各不相同。 就其在現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)法中的基本原則而言， 通 常有三個(gè)不同角度的著眼點(diǎn)：1.語(yǔ)

3、法一致；2.意義一致；3.就近原則。二、意義一致原則這一原則是指，從意義著眼來(lái)解決主謂一致問(wèn)題。有時(shí)主語(yǔ)形式上為單數(shù)，但意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)， 那么謂語(yǔ)依意義也用復(fù)數(shù)形式；而有時(shí)主語(yǔ)形式上為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義上卻是單數(shù)，那么謂語(yǔ)依意義亦拓?fù)浣逃{百川，容學(xué)問(wèn)，立德行，善人品專(zhuān)注孩子的未來(lái)2用單數(shù)形式。1. 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面接由 as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than, rless tha n, rather than, together with 等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式要依主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)而定

4、。在 這樣的句子里，這些詞所引導(dǎo)的詞組不影響主語(yǔ)自身的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式，它們?cè)诰渥永锲鋵?shí)是狀語(yǔ)。也就是說(shuō)，我們完全可以將這些詞組搬到句首或是放到句末去。從表面上我們也可以看出，它們與主語(yǔ)之間有,隔開(kāi)。例如：Petroleum, along with fuel gas, has recently risen in price.最近石油和燃料煤氣的價(jià)格上漲了。The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.老師打算這個(gè)周末與學(xué)生們一起去野炊。The students, together with th

5、eir teacher, are going to have a picnic this weekend.學(xué)生們打算這個(gè)周末與他們的老師一起去野炊。The warehouse, with all its stock in gs, was burned last ni ght.昨晚，那個(gè)倉(cāng)庫(kù)連同其所有的貨物一起被燒毀了。我們完全可以將上面句子中的那些詞組都分別搬到句首或是放到句末去，因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)诰渥永锸菭钫Z(yǔ)：Petroleum has recently risen in price, along with fuel gas.Along with fuel gas, petroleum has re

6、cently risen in price.The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.As well as the suitcase,the missing things have been found and returned to the owner.The missing things have been found and returned to the owner, as well as the suitcase.2. 表示時(shí)間、金錢(qián)、距離、體積、重量、面積、數(shù)字等

7、詞語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其意義若是指總量應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；但如果其意義是指有多少數(shù)量則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也 應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Four weeks are ofte n approximately regarded as one mon th.人們常大約地將四個(gè)星期看成一個(gè)月。Twenty years sta nds for a long period in on es life.拓?fù)浣逃{百川，容學(xué)問(wèn)，立德行，善人品專(zhuān)注孩子的未來(lái)3二十年在人的一生里意味著一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期。Eighty dollars are eno ugh for a stude nt to spe nd on f

8、ood for one week.八十塊錢(qián)給一個(gè)學(xué)生吃一周的伙食是足夠的了。3. 形容詞前加定冠詞即the +形容詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其意義若是指?jìng)€(gè)人或是抽象概念應(yīng)看作數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；但如果其意義是指一類(lèi)人則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：The young, on the one hand, ofte n think of the old con servative. On the other hand, the old always consider the young in experie nee.一方面，青年人常認(rèn)為老年人保守；另一方面，老年人總是認(rèn)為青年人沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)。In

9、many stories, the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate. 在許多故事里，好人總是有好報(bào)；壞人注定要倒霉。4. 當(dāng) and 連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)在意義上指同一人，同一物，同一事或者同一概念時(shí)，應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。另外，當(dāng)and 連接兩個(gè)形容詞去修飾一個(gè)單數(shù)形式的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其實(shí)是指兩種不同的事物，主語(yǔ)則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：War and peace is a eon sta nt theme in history.戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與和平是一個(gè)歷史上的永恒的主題。Chin ese

10、and Japa nese silk are good quality.中國(guó)絲綢和日本絲綢質(zhì)量都很好。Differe nt people respectively welcome White and black coffee.加奶的咖啡與清咖啡都分別受到不同人們的喜愛(ài)。5. 集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)取決于主語(yǔ)的意義：主語(yǔ)表示整體時(shí)視為單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng) 詞用單數(shù)；主語(yǔ)表示集體中的個(gè)體成員時(shí)視為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。這類(lèi)集體名詞常見(jiàn)的有： army, audie nee, cattle, class, club, committee, crowd, family, gover nmengroup

11、, majority, mi no rity, part, people, police, public, staff, team 等等，其中 cattle, people, police 一般看成復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：The family are all fond of football.那一家人都喜歡足球。The family is the tiniest cell of the society.家庭是社會(huì)的最小的細(xì)胞。The public now come to know the whole story.拓?fù)浣逃{百川，容學(xué)問(wèn)，立德行，善人品專(zhuān)注孩子的未來(lái)4人們現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越清楚那是怎么回事了。三

12、、就近原則這一原則是指，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)常常與最近作主語(yǔ)的詞語(yǔ)保持一致。常出現(xiàn)在這類(lèi)句子中的連詞有： or, either or，-neither nor , -not only but also 等。例如：Either I or they are resp on sible for the result of the matter.不是我，就是他們要對(duì)那件事的結(jié)局負(fù)責(zé)任。Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.既不是那些不友好的話，也不是那不友好的態(tài)度讓我沮喪。Not o

13、nly he but also all his family are kee n on con certs. 不僅僅是他，而且是他全家人都很熱衷于音樂(lè)會(huì)。Neither his family nor he knows anything about it.他全家人和他都不知道那件事。注意：在 there be 句型中，be 動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)也采用就近原則。例如:There is a book on the desk.There are three bottles on the desk.There is a book and three bottles on the desk.There are t

14、hree bottles and a book on the desk.【典型例題講解】1. Either Jane or Steve n_ watch ing TV now.A. wereB. isC. wasD. are2. Two days_ eno ugh for me to finish the work, I n eed a third day.A. isn t B. isC. are t D. are3. How many less ons do you usually haver a day?Six less ons a day. And each of the n_45 mi

15、nu tes.A. lastB. lastsC. haveD. are4. Neither Lip ing nor I_a basketball player.A. amB. isC. beD. are5. There_ many new words in less on on e. It is very easy.拓?fù)浣逃{百川，容學(xué)問(wèn)，立德行，善人品專(zhuān)注孩子的未來(lái)5A. isB. aren t C. isn t D. are6. The nu mber of the stude nts in our school_ 1200.A. is B. are C. has D. have7. Ma

16、ths_ my favourite subject.A. be B. is C. am D. are8. The boy with the two dogs_ when the earthquake rocked the city.A. were sleep ingB. is sleep ingC. was sleep ing D. are asle9. Every one except Tom and Joh n_there whe n the meeti ng bega n.A. areB. isC. wereD. was10. That place is not in terest in

17、g at all,_ of us wants to go there.A. NeitherB. BothC. AllD. Some11. Nobody but Jane_the secret.A. know B. knows C. have know D. is12. What s on the plate? some eggs and cakes on it?There_ some eggs and cakes on it.A. is B. are C. was D. were13. This pair of glasses_ mine.A. are B. be C. is D. will

18、be14. Both Lily and Lucy_ to the party yesterday.A. i nvitedB. was in vited C. had in vitedD. were in virted15. Two mon ths_ quite a long time.Yes, I m afraid that he will miss lots of his lessons.A. is B. are C. was D. were(1).B(2). A (3). B (4). A (5).B(6) A.B (8). C (9). D (10). A (11).B(12).B (1

19、3).C(14). D (15).A【隨堂練習(xí)鞏固】一、請(qǐng)用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。1. The scie ntist and engin eer_(have) inven ted a new machi ne.2. Alice, together with her frie nds,_ (be) puni shed for hav ing broke n the school rules.3. Every girl and every boy_ (have) the right to join the club.拓?fù)浣逃{百川，容學(xué)問(wèn)，立德行，善人品專(zhuān)注孩子的未來(lái)64. _ (be) e

20、ither she or you to go and atte nd the meeti ng?Neither she nor I_(be).5. An cie nt and moder n history_ (be) the subjects we are study ing.6. Many a scie ntist_(have) devoted their lives to scie nee.7. The old_(be) respected in our coun try.二、下列各句均有一處錯(cuò)誤，請(qǐng)改正。1. Many a pers on have read the no vel.2.

21、 What appear to be discipli nary problems are easily solved by very eleme ntary applied psychology.3. Just outside the ruins are a castle surrounded by high walls and huge trees.拓?fù)浣逃{百川，容學(xué)問(wèn)，立德行，善人品專(zhuān)注孩子的未來(lái)74. Perhaps surprisingly the main difficulties to realize this dream is neither technical nor co

22、mmercial.5. On each side of the highway was hundreds of billboards advertising everything from modern motels toroadside sta nds that sell fresh fruit and vegetables.6. It is the com muni cati on betwee n people, rather tha n the eve nts that occur in their lives, that promotetheir un dersta nding of

23、 each other.三、單項(xiàng)選擇。1. Marx bega n to lear n Russia n by himself in_ .A. the fifty B. the fifties C. his fifties D. his fifty2. The life he was used to_greatly since 1992.A. cha nge B has cha ngedC. cha ngingD have cha nged3. Many a man_come to help us.A. have B. has C. is D. are4. Alice, together wi

24、th two boys,_for having broken the rule in the class.A. was puni shedB. puni shedC. were puni shed D. being puni shed5. No bird and no beast_ in the Ion ely isla nd.A. are see n B. is see n C. seeD. Sees6. In the city the old_.A. take good care ofB. are take n good care ofC. is take n good care ofD.

25、 are bee n take n good care of7. His family_ all very ki nd and frien dly, His family_a happy one.A. are, isB. is, isC. are,areD. is,are8. The sin ger and the dan cer_ come to Beiji ng.A. hasB. haveC. areD. is9. The childre n in this class each_new school bag.A. haveB. has C. has gotD. are hav ing10

26、. All but one_ here just now.A. isB. was C. has bee nD. were拓?fù)浣逃{百川，容學(xué)問(wèn)，立德行，善人品專(zhuān)注孩子的未來(lái)81-5 CBBAB (16).B(17).A (18).B(19).A(20) D【課后強(qiáng)化練習(xí)】1. The n ews of victories spreadi ng far and wide.A. isB. are C. have bee n D. were2. Here_ a new pair of shoes for you.A. isB. are C. haveD. has3. When and where t

27、o go for the on-salary holiday_ yet.A. are not decidedB. have not bee n decidedC. is not being decidedD. has not bee n decided4. Films,_ the one you told me about yesterday or the one that will be on,_ not worth seeing.A. in cludi ng; is B. as well as; are C. besides; is D. such as; are5. _of the la

28、nd in that district_ covered with trees and grass.A. Two-fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are6. It was very com mon that in_ childre n in_ were ofte n see n to surf the In ternet.A. the late 1990s; their tee nsB. late 1990 s; their tee nC. the late 1990 ; their iee nD. la

29、te 1990s;their tee ns7. Your atte ntio n, please? Flight BOE 132 to New York is now boardi ng at_ .A. 10th GateB. Gate 10 C. the Gate 10 D. 10 Gate8. Two_died of cold in that country last win ter.A. hun dreds old peopleB. hun dreds of old peopleC. hun dred old peopleD. hun dred of old people9. -What

30、 can I do for you ?T d like to take_these tomatoes.A. two doze n ofB. two doze nC. two doze nsD. two doze ns of10. I wonder what if feels like to have many children._ Hayes already have three and they arepla nning to have_ fourth.A. The; theB. The; / C. /; theD. The; a11. Many sheep always_ grass here.A. eat B. eatsC. eat ingD. is eati ng12. No