專業(yè)英語中的常見語法現(xiàn)象分析

1、專業(yè)英語中的常見語法現(xiàn)象一 人稱、時態(tài)和語態(tài)科技英語中主要使用第三人稱，但第一人稱也經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，主要是：（1）敘述某個實驗、現(xiàn)象或結(jié)論時，告訴讀者我們以前也報道過，這里不在敘述；（2）為了引導(dǎo)讀者按照作者的思路去思考問題，此時we等第一人稱是指作者和讀者雙方。另外在文章的開頭和結(jié)論部分有事也使用we，如in this paper, we report或者we concluded that等時態(tài)主要使用三種時態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時，一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時(1) 在敘述一般的科學(xué)原理、公式推導(dǎo)、計算過程和結(jié)論時，常用一般現(xiàn)在時；如當(dāng)提到本文、此圖、此表等說明了、表達了什么時This paper descri

2、bes The focus of this paper is Figure 1 shows Most of the common condensation polymers are listed in Table 1-1.(2) 在敘述某種實驗操作、試劑配制時，常使用一般過去時；例如：Novozym-435 (2.0 g) was suspended in 25 mL of nanopure water in a 100 mL round-bottomed flask fitted with a water cooled condenser. The lipase suspension was

3、 refluxed for 14 h. The suspension was then allowed to cool to room temperature, and water was removed by freeze drying. The reaction vials were capped tightly and shaken vigorously for a few minutes. Thereaction vials were then placed in a constant-temperature water bath maintained at 37°C for

4、 3h with magnetic stirring.(3) 在敘述已經(jīng)發(fā)生的并且延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的事情時使用現(xiàn)在完成時，如描述研究進展使用In recent years作時間狀語時，通常使用完成時In recent years, Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationic polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nature.時態(tài)是個比較復(fù)雜的問題雖然有一般的規(guī)則但往往在實際文章中很難把握，需要注意的是在同一段落中要避免時態(tài)

5、跳躍?？萍加⒄Z使用被動語態(tài)比較多，但也可使用主動語態(tài)，特別是強調(diào)自己的觀點時，在學(xué)術(shù)會議交流時也使用主動語態(tài)，這種語態(tài)的句子簡潔，意思準確。例：The oscillator strengths of certain 4f-4f transitions in lanthanide() complexes exhibit an especially strong sensitivity to the structural details and chemical nature of the ligand environment.The extraction behavior of trivalen

6、t lanthanide ions has been studied with DBM. The ratio of Ln:DBM in the extracted species was determined to be 1:3 by the slope analysis method.二 數(shù)數(shù)也有其復(fù)雜化特別是在學(xué)術(shù)論文里有是很難顧及數(shù)上的邏輯但一般不將邏輯上的問題視為語法錯誤只須注意在一個句子中的數(shù)和謂語動詞的統(tǒng)一即可以下是需要注意的語法不規(guī)則變化的單復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)criterion criteria 依據(jù)phenomenon phenomena 現(xiàn)象medium media 介質(zhì)radi

7、us radii 半徑index indices 指數(shù)appendix appendices 附錄stimulus stimuli 刺激basis bases 基礎(chǔ)synthesis syntheses 合成matrix matrices 基體Novel biomaterials with improved, specific biological action are being developed using polymersthat are responsive to environmental stimuli.一些數(shù)有特殊性的名詞data, kinetics 通常作復(fù)數(shù)名詞resear

8、ch, work: 不可數(shù)名詞The data in Table 1 are obtained from the reactions at different temperatures.The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the correspondingbulk polymerization.Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelo

9、peglycoprotein.Most research on poly(ortho esters) has focused on the synthesis of polymers.一些結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù) <主謂的統(tǒng)一>one of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞:單數(shù)none of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞:復(fù)數(shù)none of 單數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞:單數(shù)no 復(fù)數(shù)名詞:復(fù)數(shù)no 單數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞:單數(shù)a kind of 單數(shù)名詞:單數(shù) this/that kind of 單數(shù)名詞:單數(shù)these kinds of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞:復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞 of this/that kind ：復(fù)數(shù)sort 與kind 類似a type o

10、f 單數(shù)名詞：單數(shù)a series of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞：復(fù)數(shù)a class of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞：復(fù)數(shù)the number of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞：單數(shù)a number of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞：復(fù)數(shù)Ara-C is one of most important antitumor agents, especially used in the treatment of variousleukaemias.One of possibilities for enhancing the pharmacological properties is to link it to a carrier.Biocompatibility i

11、s one of the main criteria for the selection of a particular biomaterial.Controlled drug delivery technology represents one of most rapid advancing areas of science inwhich chemists are contributing to human health care.Several models have been proposed but none appear to be generally applicable.Non

12、e of the presently used ones are applied rigorously.Thus far no studies have conclusively demonstrated long-term value of any of the cardiac genetherap approaches.This type of termination is often referred to as spontaneous termination.A number of polymer backbones that are potentially degradable ar

13、e detailed in the text.The number of mechanisms which have been proposed to explain the stereopecificity ofZiegler-Natta catalysts.* The number of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞: 整個做主語時謂語應(yīng)為單數(shù); 但此句的動詞have 是從句的謂語而從句是形容mechanisms.在其它的從句謂語中也是同樣如: One of the mechanisms which have beenA series of telomers reported in table 1 were

14、then synthesized.A diverse range of mechanisms have been developed.Polymers are a promising class of biomaterials that can be engineered to meet specific end-userequirements.The most important class of poly(amides) for controlled release are the poly(amino acids).The majority of poly(anhydrides) are

15、 prepared by melt-condensation polymerization.A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers have been used to fabricate tissue-engineeringmatrices.后面通常要用復(fù)數(shù)名詞對可數(shù)名詞而言various differentmost all many severalone of many ofkinds ofa number of the number ofa (wide) variety of a class ofa series of a wide

16、 range ofDozens of different types of receptors are present on the average mammalian cell.In a number of special applications (e.g. contact lenses and skin-grafting materials), additionalrequirements such as transparency should be considered when selecting a polymer.Many of these transmembrane prote

17、ins are receptors.Some polymers are highly crystalline primarily because their structure is conductive to packing,while others are crystalline primarily because of the secondary forces. For still other polymers,both factors may be favorable for crystallization.形容可數(shù)名詞的量詞a few， many ，a number of形容不可數(shù)名

18、詞的量詞a great/small/certain amount of， a great/good deal of形容可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞均可的量詞a lot of ，lots ofAlthough a few polymers may be completely amorphous and a few completely crystalline, mostpolymers are partially or semi-crystalline in character.The use of IPNs has received a great deal of attention in recent

19、years and different kinds of IPNhave been synthesized with different compositions.The major amount of work on size distributions has been on polyesters and polyimides.A sizeable amount work has been published on the copolymerizations of various cyclicmonomers.以下結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語的數(shù)由前一個決定, as well as由較靠近謂語動詞的決定no

20、t onlybut alsoeitherorneithernor 當(dāng)含意上強調(diào)復(fù)數(shù)時建議用復(fù)數(shù)。The catalyst concentrations for the different reactions are different.Our research focuses on the syntheses and characterizations of a series of polycarbonates with different chemical structures.The physical and chemical properties of this compound hav

21、e been studied.The chain lengths of the oligomers with different molecular weights are different.當(dāng)含意上不強調(diào)復(fù)數(shù)時可用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)。Our research focuses on the synthesis of polycarbonates.The property of the compounds in group 1 is different from the property of the compounds in group 2.The chain length of the oligo

22、mers increases with increasing reaction time. 在標(biāo)題、小標(biāo)題中 或 描述一類事物、現(xiàn)象等時：當(dāng)提到具體物質(zhì)時常用復(fù)數(shù)。2-1 PolyestersPolymers are macromolecules built up by large numbers of small molecules. The small molecules which combine with each other to form polymer molecules are termed monomers.在標(biāo)題、小標(biāo)題中 或 描述一類事物、現(xiàn)象等時：當(dāng)提到抽象概念時可用單

23、數(shù)、也可用復(fù)數(shù)。2-11 Step Copolymerization2-12 Newer Types of Step PolymerizationsThis chapter will consider the characteristics of step polymerization in detail. 學(xué)術(shù)論文、有關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)的科普文章中的名詞的可數(shù)或不可數(shù)特性的劃分區(qū)別于非學(xué)術(shù)文章<非學(xué)術(shù)文章中的可數(shù)或不可數(shù)特性可從字典查到>。以下是在學(xué)術(shù)文章中通常視為可數(shù)名詞的單詞：<但在一般字典中它們或它們做某種含義解時可能被劃歸不可數(shù)名詞。> application devel

24、opment considerationcomposition concentration distributionstructure length weight 當(dāng)同時提及幾個圖、表、方程式時要用復(fù)數(shù)（分別單個地提及則不用）：The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equations 2 and 3.The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equation 2 and Equation 3.Figs. 4 and 5 show 三 冠詞冠詞最普通的規(guī)則如下：單數(shù)名詞前一般要

25、加冠詞a , the 等 但有些情況可不加復(fù)數(shù)名詞前一般可不加冠詞也可加the, these, those.The molecular weight of a polymer is of prime importance in its synthesis and application.The rate constant can be expressed by an Arrhenius type relationshipK = A e -E/RTWhere A is the collision frequency factor, E the Arrhenius activation energ

26、y, and T the Kelvintemperature. A plot of lnK versus 1/T allows the determination of both E and A from the slopeand intercept, respectively.When a water-insoluble or only slightly water-soluble monomer is added, a very small fractiondissolves and goes into solution. A large but still small portion o

27、f the monomer enters the interiorhydrocarbon part of the micelles. The largest portion of the monomer is dispersed as monomerdroplets.被修飾的名詞前要加the:There has been a rapidly increasing effort in the last ten to fifteen years toward the synthesis ofnew polymers with markedly higher temperature resistan

28、ce than those previously available.The catalysts usually must be prepared at the low temperatures since most of them becomeheterogeneous when prepared at or warmed up to the temperatures above about -40 . 單數(shù)名詞前一般要加冠詞：a , the等； 但以下情況可不加：表示不特指的、較抽象的概念：This chapter will consider the characteristics of

29、step polymerization in detail.An understanding of the relative ease of cyclization or linear polymerization comes from a variety of sources.Different polymers are synthesized to yield various mechanical behaviors by the appropriate combinations of crystallinity, crosslinking, Tg, and Tm.但需注意這些單詞前加冠詞也是經(jīng)常見到的，這是由它在句中的含義決定的<如有一定的特指意義>：Polyisoprene is a typical elastomer it is amorphous, easily crossed, has a low Tg (-73°C) and a high Tm (14°C). 目錄、標(biāo)題中通常省略冠詞：1. Introduction1-1 Types of Polymers and Polym