(完整word版)高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)-非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,推薦文檔

1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中充當(dāng)除謂語(yǔ)以外的句子成分的動(dòng)詞形式叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分為三種形式：不定式、動(dòng) 名詞和分詞（分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞）不定式.動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化.不定式主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的關(guān)條般式To doTo be done動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作 之后進(jìn)行式To be doing與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生r完成武To have doneTo have been done動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作 之前動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)選態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系P般式DoingBeing done與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生左成式Havin doiiiHa ving been done動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作 之前現(xiàn)

2、在分詞主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系一殷式DoingBeiiis; done與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生完成式Haxins; doneHBvine been donea_f動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作 之前不定式一、不定式的作用1、 作主語(yǔ)不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。往往用it 作形式主語(yǔ)，把不定式放在謂語(yǔ)后面。如：It took us two hours to finish the job.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of you to help us.注意：（1）其他系動(dòng)詞如 look,即 pear 等也可用于此句

3、型。（2）當(dāng)不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用It ist 的句型。試比較：It is to negate my own idea to believe him.（錯(cuò)）To believe him is to n egate my own idea .（對(duì)）（3）It is+ adj. of /for sb. to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)和前面的形容詞可以構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，用 of,否則用 for.2、 作賓語(yǔ)（1） 動(dòng)詞+不定式。如：He man aged to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along

4、with him. （it 作形式賓語(yǔ)）注:下列動(dòng)詞通常用不定式作賓語(yǔ)：want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide, begin, start,lear n, agree, choose, get 等（2） 動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+to ,特殊疑問(wèn)句+不定式”相當(dāng)于名詞，作賓語(yǔ)。如：I don t know what to do next/ how to do it next.I can t decide when to go there.注意：不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果還帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，往往把不定式短語(yǔ)

5、放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后，用it 作形式賓語(yǔ)。如： I find it necessary to learn a foreign Ianguage.3、 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（1） 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式（to do ）。如：He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so?（不帶 to 的不定式）注：可以用動(dòng)詞不定式做賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help,wish,war n, e

6、xpect, prefer, en courage（2） 表見解、看法的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)可為：動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+ to be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。如：We con sider Tom to be one of the best stude nts in our class.The book is believed to be useful.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）（3） There +不定式。如：We didn t expect there to be so many people the 我們沒(méi)料到會(huì)有那么多人在那里。注意：（1）有些動(dòng)詞需用 as 短語(yǔ)作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，像 regard, think, believe, take,

7、 consider。如：We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father.瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。（2） 在動(dòng)詞 feel （一感）， hear, listen to （二聽）， have, let, make （三讓）， notice, see, watch, observe, look at （五看）（即：吾看三室兩廳一感覺(jué)）等后面的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)中，不定式不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后，必須帶to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree.The boy was s

8、ee n to fall off the tree.（3）help 后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式可以帶 to,也可以不帶 to.I often help him （to） clean the room.I helped him （to） find his thin gs.4、 作定語(yǔ)不定式作定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞或代詞，不定式和它所修飾的名詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系、動(dòng)狀關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓 關(guān)系。不定式通常要放在這些被修飾的詞后。如：I have a lot of work to do.（動(dòng)賓關(guān)系）He is look ing for a room to live in. （動(dòng)狀關(guān)系）He is the

9、first person to think of the idea.（主謂關(guān)系）He has got a chanee to go abroad.（同位關(guān)系）注意：1.不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。如：Do you have anything else to say?2.如果作定語(yǔ)的不定式是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，則要保留不定時(shí)短語(yǔ)中的副詞或介詞。如：I need a pen to write with . （I will wirte with the pen ）（ 我需要一直鋼筆寫字）I have a little baby to look after .（I must look

10、 after the little baby ）（ 我有一個(gè)嬰兒要照看）作狀語(yǔ)，表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等，有時(shí)還有一些固定搭配的不定式短語(yǔ)，如in order to , so as to, soas to, suchto,.enough to, too 等to（1） 做目的狀語(yǔ)，to, only to （僅僅為了），in order to, so as to, so（such）腳此 以便如口:He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。He came to the school to see his son.（2） 作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，表

11、事先沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。如：He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.He searched the room only to find nothing.（3） 做原因狀語(yǔ)。如：We were very excited to hear the n ews.I m glad to see you.（4） 做條件狀語(yǔ)。如：To turn to the left , you could find a post office.5、 作表語(yǔ)不定式可放在 be 動(dòng)詞后面，構(gòu)成表語(yǔ)。如：The questi on is how

12、 to put it into practice.My question is when to leave.His dream is to be a doctor.Her work is to look after the babies.注意：1.不定式在句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，對(duì)應(yīng)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。2.當(dāng)助于是不定式時(shí)，表語(yǔ)不能用Ving 形式，可用不定式。如口： To see is to believe.（眼見為實(shí)）6、 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。如：To tell you the truth, I don t agree with you.To make matters worse, it began to ra

13、in.二、不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)1、 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)（1） 現(xiàn)在時(shí)：有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。如：He seems to know this. I hope to see you aga in.（2） 完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。如：I m sorry to have gen you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.（3） 進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：He seems to be eat ing someth ing.（4） 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)

14、去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并有可能持續(xù)下去。如：She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.2、 不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài)當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是其動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，就用被動(dòng)式。如：He was see n to en ter the hall. He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.三、省 to 的動(dòng)詞不定式1、 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（除 ought 夕卜，ought to）2、 Would rather, had better.3、 感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notic

15、e, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to.注意：在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中to 不能省略掉。如：They were made to work the whole night.4、 使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make.5、 由 and, or 和 than 連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè) to 可以省去。如： He wants to move to France and marry the girl.6、 Help 可帶 to , 也可不帶 to, help sb. (to) do sth.7、 Why /Why not 8、 But 和 exce

16、pt 前是動(dòng)詞 do 時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶 to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。試比較：Hewants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.9、 通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等詞后，可以省去 to be .如：He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。 I usually go there by train. Why not _ by boat for a change?A to t

17、ry goingB trying to goC to try and goD try goingPaul doesn t have to be made _ . He always works hard.A learnB to learnC learnedD learning四、動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式。如： Tell him not to shut the window. She pretended not to see me when I passed by.Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking.A never to driveB to

18、never driveC never driving D never driveThe boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _ .A not toB not to doC not do itD do not doThe patient was warned _ food before the operation.A to eat noB eating notC not to eatD not eating動(dòng)名詞(動(dòng)名詞具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的特征，在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ))一、 動(dòng)名詞的作用1

19、、 作主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。 It 代替動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)，常用于如下結(jié)構(gòu)：It s no good/use doing 如： Seeingis believing.Playing with fire is dangerous.It s no good waiting here.2、 作賓語(yǔ)I enjoy listening to music.He often practices playing the piano in the evening.He is fond of playing basketball.He has given up smoking.Would you mind turning d

20、own your radio a little, please?(1) 只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：admit，advise 建議， risk， appreciate， envy 嫉妒， avoid 避免，consider 考慮，delay 延遲，deny 否認(rèn)，dislike 不喜歡，enjoy, escape 逃避，excuse 原諒、寬恕，finish 完成， forgive 原諒， understand 理解， give up 放棄， imagine 想象， keep 保持， mind 介意、在乎， miss 未達(dá)I saw him dance.He was seen to dance.

21、The boss made them work the whole night.到， practise 訓(xùn)練， put off 推遲， resist 抵抗， suggest 建議、暗示can t help 禁不住，can t stand 法忍受，devote to（to 為介詞）致力于 ，look forward to 期望、盼望，stick to 堅(jiān)持，be used to 習(xí)慣于，object to 反對(duì)，be busy 忙于 ，fee like 想要 be surprised at 對(duì).感到驚訝 be proud of 以. 為驕傲 succeed in 在某方面成功be afraid

22、of 害怕 give up 放棄（2）只能接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：happen 碰巧， offer 主動(dòng)提出， promise 答應(yīng)， agree 同意， refuse 拒絕， decide 決定，determine 決定、決心， pretend 假裝， fail 未能夠， learn， wish 希望， hope， expect， afford 負(fù)擔(dān)得起。（3）接動(dòng)名詞、不定式均可，意義相同的動(dòng)詞： like， love， dislike， hate， begin， star， continue， prefer，can t bear/endur 無(wú)法忍受，cease 停止In some par

23、ts of London, missing a bus means _ for another hour.A waitingB to waiting C waitD to be waitingNeed, require, want 作 需要講，其后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義，be worth 也有類似用法。如:The flowers need watering/to be watered.The problem is worth discussing.3、 作表語(yǔ) 此時(shí)的動(dòng)名詞可以和主語(yǔ)調(diào)換位置。如:My hobby is collecting stamps.Her job is washi

24、ng, cleaning and taking care of the child4、 作定語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)，一般表示用途。如:a waiting room， a diving board， a reading room， a dining hallthere are a lot of swimming pools in the city.注:（ 1）現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表動(dòng)作，它與所修飾的名詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，可改寫成一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如果為單詞，放在被修飾 n 之前，為短語(yǔ)，放在被修飾 n 之后。如: a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleepinga develop

25、ing country =a country which is developing（2）動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途或性質(zhì)，可改寫成一個(gè) for 的短語(yǔ)， 兩者不存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如: a washing machine = a machine for washinga swimming pool = a pool for swimming二、動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，通常要用完成式，否則都用一般式。如: We are interestedin playing chess.He was praised for having finishe

26、d the work ahead of time.I m sorry for not having kept my promise.若主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，動(dòng)名詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:（4）下列詞接動(dòng)名詞和不定式均可，但意義不同的動(dòng)詞：forget， go on， mean， regret， remember， stop， try等Stop to do 停下來(lái)去做Forget to do 忘記要做Remember to do 記得要做Regret to do 遺憾要做Try to do 企圖做，盡力做Go on to do 繼續(xù)做（另一件事）Mean to do 打算做stop doing

27、 停止做 forget doing 忘記做過(guò) remember doing 記得做過(guò)regret doing 后悔做過(guò) try doing 試著做go on doing 繼續(xù)做（同一件事）mean doing 意味做We must do someth ing to preve nt water from being polluted.I remember having been told a story.He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.及物動(dòng)詞不及物動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)被動(dòng)主動(dòng)一般時(shí)doi ngbeing donedoi ng完成時(shí)hav ing

28、 donehavi ng bee n donehavi ng done分詞（分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞。在句中作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。）現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別：在語(yǔ)態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義，過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)意義；在時(shí)間上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作往往正在進(jìn)行或者與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成或沒(méi)有一定的時(shí)間性。如：falling leaves 正在下落的樹葉fallen leaves 已經(jīng)落在地上的樹葉一、分詞的作用1、作定語(yǔ)（1） 單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)，分詞前置。如：The sleep ing boy is my son.The excited people rushed i

29、nto the buildi ng.A lost opport unity n ever retur ns.He is a retired worker.（2） 分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，分詞后置；分詞修飾不定代詞something 等要后置；個(gè)別分詞如 give， left 等作定語(yǔ)也后置。如：The girl sta nding un der the tree is my ni ece.The buildi ng built last year is our library.This is the questi on give n.There is no thi ng in teresti ng.（

30、3） 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。如：Most of the people in vited to the party were famous scie ntistsThe first textbook_for teaching English as a foreign Ianguage came out in the 16thcentury.Ahave writte nB to be writte nC being writte n D writte nWhat s the Ianguage_ in Germany?Aspeak ingB spoke

31、nC be spoke nD to speakPrices of daily goods_through a computer can be lower tha n store prices.A are boughtB boughtC bee n boughtD buying.When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the d oor_“ Sorry to miss you; will call later.2、 作狀語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞在句中可以作時(shí)間、原因、方式、伴隨、條件、結(jié)果等狀語(yǔ)。Not receiving any letter

32、from him, I gave him a call.As I didn t receive any letter from him, Ivgeahim a call.Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.（ 條件 ）Walking along the street, I ran across my old friend. Bitten by a snake, he was taken to h

33、ospital（ 原因 ）.Though defeated, he didn t lose h 讓步.）He lay on the grass, looking into the sky.（ 伴隨 ）He came running to tell me the good news.（ 方式 ）some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.A readB readsC to readD reading4、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 分詞和不定式一樣，在一些感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：I smell something burning. I heard him

34、 singingthe song. I heard my name called. I can t make myself understood in English. I found my car missing.I II have my watch repaire 我想把我的手表修一下。The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next year.A carry out B carrying out C carried out D to carry out5、 作插入語(yǔ) 其結(jié)構(gòu)是固定的，意思上的主語(yǔ)并

35、不是句子的主語(yǔ)。 generaIIy speaking 一般說(shuō)來(lái) taIking of (speaking of) 說(shuō)到strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格地說(shuō)judging from 從判斷aII things considered 從整體來(lái)看taking aII things into consideration 全面看來(lái)。如：Judging from his face, he must be ill. 從他的臉色看，他一定是病了。Gen erally speak ing, dogs can run faster tha n pigs.總的來(lái)說(shuō)，狗比豬跑得快。一、分詞的時(shí)態(tài)1、 與主語(yǔ)

36、動(dòng)詞同時(shí)。如：A Followed B Followed by C Being followed答案： BThere was a terrible noise_ the sudden burst of light.A followed B following C to be followed答案： B_ , liquids can be changed into gases.A HeatingB To be heated C HeatedD Having been followedD being followedD Heat答案：注意：1)選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞，關(guān)鍵看主句的主語(yǔ)。如分詞的動(dòng)

37、作是由主句的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出，分詞就用現(xiàn)在分詞，反之就用過(guò)去分詞。試比較：Being)Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，這本書看上去很舊。Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的過(guò)程中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有用。分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須和主句的主語(yǔ)一致，如果不一致，就用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，即在分詞前加上它的邏輯主語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用于作狀語(yǔ)，一般不用作定語(yǔ)。When, the museum will be open to the public next year.A completed B completing C being completed D to be completeds