《中考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)》中考英語(yǔ)閱讀與寫(xiě)作

1、r re ea ad di in ng g & & wwr ri it ti in ng g書(shū)面表達(dá)檢測(cè)的能力書(shū)面表達(dá)檢測(cè)的能力 審題能力：審題能力：明確寫(xiě)作目的、要傳遞什么信明確寫(xiě)作目的、要傳遞什么信 息、要說(shuō)明什么問(wèn)題、思想性等；息、要說(shuō)明什么問(wèn)題、思想性等； 組織能力：組織能力：處理信息的能力、組織文章的邏處理信息的能力、組織文章的邏 輯性；輯性； 修改能力：修改能力：發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題、糾正錯(cuò)誤、提高文章發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題、糾正錯(cuò)誤、提高文章 檔次；檔次； 發(fā)揮能力：發(fā)揮能力：表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)潔、地道、流暢、語(yǔ)言形表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)潔、地道、流暢、語(yǔ)言形 式多樣、詞匯豐富、有自己的見(jiàn)式多樣、詞匯豐富、有自己的見(jiàn)

2、 解等解等.第四檔：很好地完成了試題規(guī)定地任務(wù)。能寫(xiě)明全部或絕大部分內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)；語(yǔ)言基本無(wú)誤；行文連貫，表達(dá)清楚；語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯選用恰當(dāng)、豐富；有效采用不同連接手段，層次清楚，格式和語(yǔ)域恰當(dāng)。英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作要訣英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作要訣theme:文章一定要切題，主題突出。 development: 主題的發(fā)揮充分合理，詞匯、句子、段落分配使用得當(dāng)。內(nèi)容要符合邏輯。 coherence: 文理通順，前后連貫。 key: 用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)鍵詞突出主題，每段都應(yīng)有主題句。brief: 文章“簡(jiǎn)為貴”，要抓住要點(diǎn)，簡(jiǎn)明扼要。合理刪除多余的不必要部分。straight: 開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，直來(lái)直去。sentence pattern: 句

3、型要盡量多樣化。punctuation: 正確適時(shí)使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。 style: 文體恰切，適合內(nèi)容要求。 agreement: 主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)、數(shù)上的一致，關(guān)系代詞與先行詞的一致。動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)要正確、一致、變化合理。 閱讀中重視英語(yǔ)閱讀中重視英語(yǔ)句子句子的表達(dá)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生英語(yǔ)思維的表達(dá)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生英語(yǔ)思維學(xué)生的作文主要有以下幾個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題：第一、英語(yǔ)底子太薄。第二、詞匯量太小，且對(duì)已學(xué)詞匯記憶不清。第三、表達(dá)思想不清楚。表達(dá)思想不清楚的主要原因是考生作文中嚴(yán)重的中文思維和漢化的英語(yǔ)。此外，語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤的普遍性和嚴(yán)重性十分驚人，比如，主謂不一致，名詞單復(fù)數(shù)不分，動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)濫用，常用詞拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤比比皆是。這

4、些嚴(yán)重地影響了思想的表達(dá)。多數(shù)考生在寫(xiě)作上的主要欠缺系統(tǒng)的寫(xiě)作理論和方法，以及最基本的單句寫(xiě)作能力。好多考生寫(xiě)作成績(jī)長(zhǎng)期得不到明顯提高的主要原因是欠缺寫(xiě)好單句的能力。閱讀中注意英漢閱讀中注意英漢表達(dá)差異表達(dá)差異一、首先，英美人的思維方式是直線式，他們?cè)谇苍~造句謀篇上遵循著從一般（general）到具體（specific），從概括（summarize）到舉例（exemplify），從整體（whole）到個(gè)體（respective）的原則。先有主題句（main idea sentence），后面再用說(shuō)明主題。 在單句中也是先中心，將主要思想、結(jié)果放在句首。二、英語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，語(yǔ)言學(xué)家以“竹節(jié)句法”來(lái)

5、比喻英語(yǔ)句子，即英語(yǔ)句子是由斷不可缺的各種連詞銜接而成；英語(yǔ)重形和，句子中如果少了連接詞所要表達(dá)的意思就支離破碎了。三、就是因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)中各種連接詞與替代詞的廣泛使用，使得英語(yǔ)中出現(xiàn)“多枝共干”式的長(zhǎng)句，復(fù)合句。四、英語(yǔ)的另一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)是被動(dòng)句多。五、時(shí)態(tài)豐富。六、詞組或短語(yǔ)豐富多彩，有名詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)、形容詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)與獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)等，它們的語(yǔ)法功能不一而足，可做主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)等。寫(xiě)作的初步訓(xùn)練分為以下三個(gè)步驟： 1.仿寫(xiě)，仿寫(xiě)即仿照有關(guān)內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇類(lèi)似的短文，內(nèi)容與課本一致。在熟練背記句型和段落的基礎(chǔ)上能舉一反三。2、改寫(xiě)，改寫(xiě)的方法很多，可以是將對(duì)話

6、改寫(xiě)成短文，也可以是縮寫(xiě)課文等。3、擴(kuò)寫(xiě)，擴(kuò)寫(xiě)即用同一題材通過(guò)數(shù)次擴(kuò)展、補(bǔ)充從而完成短文的寫(xiě)作練習(xí)。一篇短文分次擴(kuò)寫(xiě)，每次的寫(xiě)作量不大，讓學(xué)生將課文中的詞語(yǔ)和句型變成英語(yǔ)技能并保證較高的正確率，一周練習(xí)擴(kuò)寫(xiě)兩次完成一篇短文。1、控制性寫(xiě)作、控制性寫(xiě)作。為學(xué)生寫(xiě)作提供較詳細(xì)的內(nèi)容，要求學(xué)生將它們包含在寫(xiě)作中。從文章結(jié)構(gòu)（分幾個(gè)段落、每段的要點(diǎn)）到動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)，必須包括的單詞、短句和句型。引導(dǎo)和幫助他們學(xué)會(huì)基本的寫(xiě)作方法。 2、引導(dǎo)性寫(xiě)作、引導(dǎo)性寫(xiě)作。允許學(xué)生在內(nèi)容與語(yǔ)言形式上作必要發(fā)揮。如給出第一段，繼寫(xiě)；或給出第一段與最后一段，要學(xué)生寫(xiě)中間幾段。給出的段落內(nèi)容可以靈活多樣，學(xué)生的寫(xiě)作方法和觀點(diǎn)可

7、完全不同。有時(shí)可以通過(guò)提供圖片，給出提綱或以提問(wèn)的形式，要求學(xué)生按圖、提綱或回答問(wèn)題的順序進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作。3、自由寫(xiě)作、自由寫(xiě)作。放手讓學(xué)生表達(dá)自己的思想。要求學(xué)生掌握根據(jù)不同的寫(xiě)作目的，閱讀作文的對(duì)象，選擇確切的表達(dá)方式等語(yǔ)用規(guī)則。互動(dòng)讀寫(xiě)互動(dòng)讀寫(xiě)1、擴(kuò)展句子、擴(kuò)展句子。2、分頭閱讀，合作完稿、分頭閱讀，合作完稿。讓學(xué)生在閱讀過(guò)程收集材料，是解決學(xué)生無(wú)話可說(shuō)的一條有效途徑。老師先給學(xué)生出一題目，讓學(xué)生分頭查閱資料，然后在寫(xiě)作課上進(jìn)行小組討論，整理材料，最后合作完成文章。老師可摘錄學(xué)生習(xí)作中的精彩部分讓學(xué)生傳閱。在此基礎(chǔ)上，可要求學(xué)生閱讀一篇短文后，以小組為單位，合作寫(xiě)出一篇一百多字的摘要，以鍛煉學(xué)

8、生的閱讀、概括和表達(dá)能力。 3話題寫(xiě)作。話題寫(xiě)作。以教材為中心，圍繞所學(xué)的課文進(jìn)行練習(xí)，就課文內(nèi)容寫(xiě)出一連串的問(wèn)題，再進(jìn)行筆頭回答，或?qū)懗稣n文的中心句，從不同角度、用不同的人稱(chēng)轉(zhuǎn)述課文大意，或概括出課文的主要故事情節(jié)。另外結(jié)合此單元的內(nèi)容，寫(xiě)出相應(yīng)的符合實(shí)際的小短文。怎樣才能寫(xiě)好作文呢？閱讀閱讀優(yōu)秀范文優(yōu)秀范文首先要搞好閱讀。閱讀是寫(xiě)作的基礎(chǔ)，首先要搞好閱讀。閱讀是寫(xiě)作的基礎(chǔ)，教科書(shū)要讀透教科書(shū)要讀透，因?yàn)榻?，因?yàn)榻炭茣?shū)中的文章都是一些很好的范文，文筆流暢，語(yǔ)言規(guī)范，精科書(shū)中的文章都是一些很好的范文，文筆流暢，語(yǔ)言規(guī)范，精彩的一些課文段落要背誦。再就是要進(jìn)行大量課外閱讀，并記彩的一些課文段落要

9、背誦。再就是要進(jìn)行大量課外閱讀，并記住一些好文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。住一些好文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。寫(xiě)寫(xiě)閱讀閱讀筆記筆記其次，在其次，在大量閱讀大量閱讀的基礎(chǔ)上要加強(qiáng)的基礎(chǔ)上要加強(qiáng)練詞造句練詞造句的訓(xùn)練。詞句對(duì)作的訓(xùn)練。詞句對(duì)作文相當(dāng)于造房的材料，無(wú)好材料就造不出好房子。平時(shí)在學(xué)習(xí)文相當(dāng)于造房的材料，無(wú)好材料就造不出好房子。平時(shí)在學(xué)習(xí)閱讀時(shí)要注意收集積累，把好的詞語(yǔ)、短語(yǔ)、句型做好筆記。閱讀時(shí)要注意收集積累，把好的詞語(yǔ)、短語(yǔ)、句型做好筆記。平時(shí)在練習(xí)中的錯(cuò)誤也要做好記錄，再對(duì)照正確句子，使地道平時(shí)在練習(xí)中的錯(cuò)誤也要做好記錄，再對(duì)照正確句子，使地道的英語(yǔ)句子如同條件反射，落筆就對(duì)。的英語(yǔ)句子如同條件反射，落筆就

10、對(duì)。用英語(yǔ)用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)寫(xiě)日記日記經(jīng)常用英語(yǔ)記日記，等于天天在經(jīng)常用英語(yǔ)記日記，等于天天在練筆練筆，在記日記時(shí)，要有意識(shí)，在記日記時(shí)，要有意識(shí)地用一些好的詞組、句型、關(guān)聯(lián)詞和復(fù)合句等。可按書(shū)上題目地用一些好的詞組、句型、關(guān)聯(lián)詞和復(fù)合句等。可按書(shū)上題目或所給情景練筆，寫(xiě)好后或所給情景練筆，寫(xiě)好后對(duì)照對(duì)照書(shū)上書(shū)上范文范文，找出差距，然后再練，找出差距，然后再練習(xí)，這對(duì)提高英語(yǔ)作文也很有幫助，在游泳中學(xué)會(huì)游泳，只有習(xí)，這對(duì)提高英語(yǔ)作文也很有幫助，在游泳中學(xué)會(huì)游泳，只有多練習(xí)才能練好。多練習(xí)才能練好。 任務(wù)型閱讀任務(wù)型閱讀 填表格，提問(wèn)填表格，提問(wèn) 任務(wù)型寫(xiě)作任務(wù)型寫(xiě)作 閱讀閱讀 提綱，重點(diǎn)詞提綱，重點(diǎn)詞

11、寫(xiě)作寫(xiě)作寫(xiě)作任務(wù)寫(xiě)作任務(wù) 閱讀，找材料閱讀，找材料 寫(xiě)作寫(xiě)作頭腦風(fēng)暴頭腦風(fēng)暴 閱讀體驗(yàn)閱讀體驗(yàn) 學(xué)習(xí)寫(xiě)作學(xué)習(xí)寫(xiě)作閱讀閱讀 頭腦風(fēng)暴頭腦風(fēng)暴 開(kāi)放寫(xiě)作開(kāi)放寫(xiě)作讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合的五種嘗試教學(xué)模式 任務(wù)型任務(wù)型閱讀閱讀 填表格，答問(wèn)填表格，答問(wèn) 任務(wù)型任務(wù)型寫(xiě)作寫(xiě)作dave is a student. he likes clothes that are cool. he likes to listen to the music. his favorite band is guns and roses because he likes music that is loud and energetic. he

12、cant stand the music that makes him want to sleep. he likes reading books and watching movies. titanic is his favorite movie. he thinks it is very romantic. he likes books that are interesting and exciting, so he likes reading harry potter. daves favorite name reasonbandbooksmoviesdaves favorite nam

13、e reasonband guns and roses loud, energeticbooks harry potter interesting, excitingmovies titanic romanticdave is a student. he has many interests. he likes to listen to the music. his favorite band is guns and roses because he likes music that is loud and energetic. he cant stand the music that mak

14、es him want to sleep. he likes reading books and watching movies. titanic is his favorite movie. he thinks it is very romantic. he likes books that are interesting and exciting, so he likes reading harry potter. 閱讀閱讀提綱，重點(diǎn)詞提綱，重點(diǎn)詞 寫(xiě)作寫(xiě)作how i learned to learn english last year my english class was diffi

15、cult for me . first of all , it wasnt easy for me to understand the teacher when she talked to the class . to begin with , she spoke too quickly , and i couldnt understand every word . later on , i realized that it doesnt matter if you dont understand every word . also i was afraid to speak in class

16、 , because i thought my classmate might laugh at me . i couldnt always make complete sentences , either . then i started to english language tv. it helped me a lot. i think doing lots of listening practice is one of the secrets of becoming a good language learner . another thing that i found very di

17、fficult was english grammar . so i decided to take lots of grammar notes in every class. then i started to write my own original sentences using the grammar i was learning. its amazing how much this helped . now i am enjoying learning english and i got an a this term. my teacher is very impressed .

18、how i learned to learn english beginning (1) last year (tense) body (12) problems solutions listening (3) first of all later on to begin with speaking (5) also then (supporting) either i think (gains) grammar (4) another thing so then (supporting)3. ending (2) now (supporting)168outlinesequencing: f

19、irst of all, to begin with, first, second, third ,next, then, later on, at last, the following day, exemplifying: thus, for example, such as,focusing: generally speaking, in my opinion, as for me, i think, i agreesummarizing: to sum up, in short, in a word, in briefadditive: besides, also, whats mor

20、e, moreover, furthermore, on the other hand, adversative: but, yet, though, however, on the contrary, causal: so, therefore, because, for this reason, in that case, key words today im so happy to stand here to introduce my ways of learning english. maybe you cant believe that i got 70 points in an e

21、nglish test last year. so i was very worried about my english. to begin with, i couldnt understand people when they talked to me in english, because they always spoke very fast. later on i began to talk to my oral english teacher. she was very happy when i talked to her. its a good way to improve my

22、 speaking skill. i also found my vocabulary very poor, so i decided to memorize the english words every day to expand my vocabulary. its amazing hour much this helped! i could always come up with good sentences when i did writing exercises. but another thing i found very difficult was the english gr

23、ammar, because ive made a lot mistakes in grammar. then i began to read grammar books and wrote my own original sentence using the grammar i was learning. i also summarized the sentence structures after leaning a unit. i felt i improved a lot! i got 90 in the recent test. ill keep trying to come top

24、 in english. thank you.理由型議論文理由型議論文1. topic thesis: my attitude2. thesis (more specific) reason 1 supporting detail reason 2 supporting detail reason 3 supporting detail3. conclusion outline隨著人們的生活水平的提高，越來(lái)越多的人擁有私家汽車(chē)。請(qǐng)從下面表格中所給兩個(gè)題目中選擇其中一個(gè)題目，寫(xiě)一篇議論文，簡(jiǎn)述你的觀點(diǎn)。字?jǐn)?shù)100字左右。the car-a useful toolconvenient, comfo

25、rtable, quick, get around freely, save timestop using cars!expensive, hard to find a parking place, need repairing, slow in rush hour, cause pollution and accidentsas the standard of living is getting higher, more and more people are buying cars. _比較型議論文比較型議論文1. the subjects to be compared thesis: y

26、our preference for b over a2. concede as advantages but as disadvantage 1 2 3 illustrate bs advantage 1 2 33. conclusion outline記敘文記敘文說(shuō)明文說(shuō)明文議論文議論文書(shū)信，演講，發(fā)言，留言，招書(shū)信，演講，發(fā)言，留言，招聘聘outline 寫(xiě)作任務(wù)寫(xiě)作任務(wù) 閱讀，找材料閱讀，找材料 寫(xiě)作寫(xiě)作請(qǐng)?zhí)顚?xiě)下列表格，寫(xiě)一篇關(guān)于穿校服的文章，并簡(jiǎn)述你的觀點(diǎn)。請(qǐng)?zhí)顚?xiě)下列表格，寫(xiě)一篇關(guān)于穿校服的文章，并簡(jiǎn)述你的觀點(diǎn)。reasons for wearing school uniforms

27、reasons for most students dislike wearing them what should be done 作文提綱和所需詞組valthough . this shows , it is clear then , there are both advantages and disadvantages to doing sth; vthere are many good reasons for wearing a school uniform firstly , secondly , in addition , .vhowever , like the idea of

28、doing sth., one reason why . whats more , tooto . warm enough von the whole , there are advantages and disadvantages to doing sth. in my opinion,. the mobile phone is more and more popular, many teenagers have their own phones. now my mobile phone is philips 535. i think having a mobile phone is ver

29、y fashionable. and since mobile phones are getting cheaper, most people can buy one. your mobile phone is like a status symbol-it says if you are cool or not. what phone you have says a lot about you to some people these days. if your mobile phone is old-fashioned, behind the times, and outdated, yo

30、u will be ashamed for your old phone. but mobile phones will harm peoples physical health. in a word, i am glad to be like my friends who all have mobile phone. my mobile phone helps me a lot. 頭腦風(fēng)暴頭腦風(fēng)暴 閱讀體驗(yàn)閱讀體驗(yàn) 學(xué)習(xí)寫(xiě)作學(xué)習(xí)寫(xiě)作when i was a little girl, i used to be outgoing and lovely. also, i used to be ve

31、ry happy, do you think so?when i was in the kindergarten, i was taller than before, but i was still shy.i used to like to listen to pop music. i used to like to play some games that were very exciting. and i really wanted to be a pathfinder at that time.when i was in the primary school, i used to have long hair,i used to be a little childish and i used to be afraid of speaking in front of a lot of people. also i used to be afraid of the dark and high places.now i have short hair and i am more outgoing than before. and i dont want to be a pathfinder anymore,