英語專業(yè)四級(jí)考試閱讀理解方法漫談

1、英語專業(yè)四級(jí)考試閱讀理解方法漫談閱讀理解(一)先讀文章，后看題目有的考生在做閱讀理解題的時(shí)候，喜歡先看題目后讀文章。他們認(rèn)為這樣會(huì)節(jié)省時(shí)間，但是大多數(shù)情況下結(jié)果與他們的初衷相反。實(shí)際上，在做閱讀理解題的時(shí)候先看題目不會(huì)節(jié)省時(shí)間，反而會(huì)浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。這是因?yàn)槿绻阆瓤搭}目，在你閱讀文章的時(shí)候你的腦中就會(huì)充斥著這些題目，那么你就不能集中注意力。你就會(huì)集中注意力尋找這些題目的答案，從而影響對(duì)文章整體的理解。因此在做閱讀理解時(shí)要先讀文章，后看題目。以下是一些具體的方法：1在閱讀文章時(shí)不要擔(dān)心時(shí)間不夠，否則就不能全神貫注于文章內(nèi)容。在閱讀文章開頭幾句時(shí)，你要聯(lián)想一下文章的大意：文章是關(guān)于什么內(nèi)容、寫的誰、談

2、論什么事物等。2當(dāng)你繼續(xù)閱讀文章時(shí)，要努力識(shí)別出文章的文體，即是科普文章、文學(xué)作品，還是新聞報(bào)道或是別的；同時(shí)要識(shí)別出作者的寫作手法，文章是寫給誰看的，作者是帶著一 種什么樣的感情寫這篇文章的。 3.在讀完文章一遍后，你會(huì)對(duì)文章的主題和文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有了一定的印象，但是為了準(zhǔn)確起見，在你回答問題的時(shí)候一定要回過頭來再看一遍該文，以確認(rèn)你的答案。不要根據(jù)自己第一遍閱讀時(shí)的印象答題，也不要根據(jù)自己所掌握的文章以外的知識(shí)答題。4在閱讀題目的時(shí)候，要注意一些關(guān)鍵字眼，比如EXCEPT, CANNOT, NOT, INCORRECT等出題者為了引起考生特別注意的大寫詞。閱讀理解(二)正確識(shí)別題目種類 英語專

3、業(yè)四級(jí)考試的閱讀理解題目主要有主旨題、細(xì)節(jié)題（或事實(shí)題）、推斷題等。不同的題目有不同的答題方法，因此正確的判斷題目的類型非常重要。以下是幾組主要的題型：主旨題主旨題主要是來測試考生對(duì)文章整體大意的理解，這類題目一般以下列形式出現(xiàn)：What does the passage mainly discuss?The main point of the passage is to .The purpose of this passage is to .The authors purpose in writing this passage is .Which of the following state

4、ments best expresses the main idea of the passage? The principal idea of the article is .The best title for this passage is .The passage is mainly concerned with .The passage mainly concerns .The main theme of this passage is .The general idea of the passage is about . 細(xì)節(jié)題（事實(shí)題）此類題目是為了測試考生把握文章細(xì)節(jié)描寫的能力

5、。這類試題主要以下列形式出現(xiàn)：Which of the following is NOT true of .Which of the following statements is true of.Which of the following is best supported by the passage?The author states all the following EXCEPT.推斷題對(duì)于考生來說，推斷題是比較難的一類題。因?yàn)樗菧y試考生對(duì)作者在文中隱含意義的理解能力。這類題目主要以下列形式出現(xiàn)：It can be inferred from the passage that .

6、The author implies that .The passage suggests that .Which of the following statements about .can be inferred from the passage? The author seems to indicate that .We can conclude from the passage that. 態(tài)度/語氣題這類題目也較難。此類題目主要是測試考生把握作者情感的能力。但是這類題在近幾年的考試中已經(jīng)越來越少。這類題目主要有以下幾種形式：The author is _ about .The aut

7、hors attitude toward the problem can best be described as .The authors attitude towards . is.除了以上幾種主要的題目類型外，還有情景轉(zhuǎn)移題、文章寫作技巧題、詞匯題等，這些類型的題目總的來說出現(xiàn)頻率不高，故此處不再贅述。閱讀理解(三)主旨題答題方法文章大意快速查找前面我們?cè)v述了試題的主要類型，其中主旨題是一種比較常考的題型。做主旨題要求考生在讀完文章一遍后能夠迅速總結(jié)出文章的大意。但是不同的文章的大意的體現(xiàn)方式也是不同的，比如有的文章的主題大意很清楚地體現(xiàn)在主題句topic sentence中，而有的文

8、章的主題大意卻不明顯，需要考生通過體會(huì)字里行間的意思和從整體上理解文章的內(nèi)容。下面我們就來看一下如何找出含有主題句的文章大意。大意或主旨是一篇文章的中心。段落大意一般體現(xiàn)在一句話中，這句話就叫主題句topic sentence。段落的其他部分是支持和解釋大意的具體細(xì)節(jié)。因此如果能夠迅速地找出主題句并確定段落大意和細(xì)節(jié)的對(duì)比，對(duì)于文章或段落大的獲得是非常有幫助的。例如：As a rule, most of my dreams at night are pleasant ones. (c)Recently, though, I had a really bad dream. (a)I was in

9、 an alley, dressed in light summer clothing. (b)Coming out of the darkness at the end of the alley were hundreds of large gray rats. Their razor sharp teeth glistened with saliva, and their eyes glowed red with a cold fury. I turned to run away, but attacking the other direction were a dozen pit bul

10、ls. (d)And these particular pit bulls were foaming at the mouth; they all had rabies. “Just my luck,” I muttered, and did my best to wake up as quickly as possible.看完該段落后，你能判斷出a, b, c, d四句話哪句是主題句嗎?答案是c。那么為什么呢？a句意義太狹窄，它是有關(guān)作者的衣服，可以斷定只是文章的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。b句和d句的意義同樣太狹窄，不能概括段落大意。而c句中的really bad dream意義非常廣闊，并且能夠覆蓋所有

11、噩夢的細(xì)節(jié)，因此它是主題句。通過查找段落的主題句和段落大意，你就能夠很輕松地將它們綜合成文章的大意。閱讀理解(四)主旨題答題方法主題句在段落中的位置 前面講過，文章或段落的主題大意經(jīng)常體現(xiàn)在主題句上，這就需要我們?cè)陂喿x文章的時(shí)候能夠迅速準(zhǔn)確地確定主題句的位置。一般來說主題句出現(xiàn)在段首，但是在很多情況下主題句會(huì)出現(xiàn)在一段文字的其他位置，比如有時(shí)主題句會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段落的開頭，有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)在中間，有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段尾，有時(shí)首尾都有。（1）主題句出現(xiàn)在段首。有些作者喜歡使用主題句作為一個(gè)段落或篇章的開始，例如：Pain can cause aggression. When two rats in the sam

12、e cage were given foot shocks, they attacked each other immediately. In addition, stronger shocks resulted in more violent aggression. Pairs of various other animals reacted similarly. A stubbed toe or a headache has been known to cause similar responses in humans.很明顯作者的主旨在第一句話中就體現(xiàn)了出來，段落的其他部分是對(duì)這句話的解

13、釋，因此第一句話就是主題句。（2）主題句出現(xiàn)在段內(nèi)。有些段落的主題句前還有幾句引導(dǎo)性的細(xì)節(jié)描寫，這些開頭句的主要目的是引起讀者的注意，將段落大意和前面的段落聯(lián)系起來，或者是給出該段主題的背景。例如：Everyone has heard of accounts, salespeople, and lawyers. But have you ever heard of a kiss mixer or a belly builder? Most jobs have common titles, but there are also many unusual position titles. A ki

14、ss mixer, for instance, is the person who mixes the ingredients for candy kisses. And a belly builder is the individual who assembles and fits the inside parts of pianos.讀后可知第三句為主題句，因?yàn)榍皟删涠际莵斫榻B普通的工作名稱和不普通工作名稱的對(duì)比，以引起讀者的注意，而第三句則給出了段落大意。（3）主題句出現(xiàn)在段尾。主題句出現(xiàn)在段尾的情況，請(qǐng)看例子。A couples daughter had just graduated

15、from college. So they were not surprised when a florists truck pulled in front of their house. However, they were surprised when they saw that the dozen red roses were addressed to them. The card read, “Thanks, Mom and Dad, for making this day possible. I could not have done it without your love and

16、 support.” In an unusual switch, the graduate had given her parents a graduation gift.(4)主題句出現(xiàn)在首尾。出現(xiàn)在段首的主題句給出段落大意，出現(xiàn)在段尾的主題句是對(duì)段首的強(qiáng)調(diào)，例如：Dental research on rats may lead to chocolate thats good for you. In one study, researchers found that rats who ate chocolate candy high in fat and casein got 71 perc

17、ent fewer cavities than those who ate sugar or fudge alone. In a follow up study, rats were fed chocolate candy that had an even greater amount of casein, a milk protein. The rats then got almost no cavities at all. Because of this research, one company may develop a chocolate candy thats healthy fo

18、r your teeth.閱讀理解(五)主旨題答題方法隱含大意的查找方法不是所有的段落都有主題句。雖然很多時(shí)候文章或段落沒有主題句，但是這并不意味著它們沒有主題大意，只不過這些大意不是直接體現(xiàn)出來的，而是“隱含的”(implied)。要獲得這樣文章或段落的大意，我們就得依靠文章或段落的細(xì)節(jié)描寫來推測出主題大意。請(qǐng)看下面這段文字：One odd suggestion for curing hiccups is to cut some holes in a paper bag, put the bag over your head, and breathe deeply. Another is t

19、o put a teaspoon of sugar on your tongue; by the time the sugar has disappeared, some claim, so have the hiccups. Some people feel that the way to get rid of hiccups is to cover a glass of water with a clean handkerchief and then drink the water through the hankie. If none of these methods works, yo

20、u might try yet another odd cure for hiccups: stand on your head, close your eyes tightly, take a deep breath, and recite “Mary Had a Little Lamb.”你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這段文字沒有主題句，但是你可以通過問兩個(gè)問題決定此段的大意：What is the topic, or subject, of the paragraph? In other words, what is the whole paragraph about?What is the main poi

21、nt being made about that topic?為了找到第一個(gè)問題的答案，我們需要看一下什么內(nèi)容在文章中不斷地提及。通過閱讀文章可知不斷提到的一個(gè)內(nèi)容是“打嗝的治療方法”(cures for hiccups)，由此可以確定這就是這篇文章的主題。一旦你找到了主題，找到第二個(gè)問題的答案就簡單多了?？赡艿拇鸢甘恰癟here are some odd cures for hiccups，”這句話的意義非常地籠統(tǒng)，足以涵蓋該文中所有的細(xì)節(jié)。在考試時(shí)，考生如果遇到?jīng)]有主題句的段落，可以先利用上面的方法將每一段的段落大意總結(jié)出來，然后將它們綜合起來，就形成了整個(gè)文章的大意。細(xì)節(jié)題的答題方法細(xì)節(jié)

22、題在英語專業(yè)四級(jí)考試閱讀理解試題中所占的比例較大，它主要考查學(xué)生在掌握文章大意之后對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)的理解掌握。要快速準(zhǔn)確地解答細(xì)節(jié)題，考生需要掌握以下技能：（1）找出選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞（如名詞、動(dòng)詞等）。（2）根據(jù)第一遍閱讀時(shí)留下的記憶或通過（如果記不?。咭曉谖闹姓页鲞@些關(guān)鍵詞或它們的同義詞。（3）當(dāng)你找到關(guān)鍵字或同義詞時(shí)，再讀一遍句子以確定出題者沒有使用原來的措辭來誤導(dǎo)你。閱讀理解(六)推斷題的答題方法推斷題又可稱為隱含題，試題的答案不是文中所陳述的，而是隱含的。這類題在專四考試中也占有很大比例，它主要是考察考生對(duì)文章的理解、判斷、分析能力。在做這類題的時(shí)候要注意找出“暗示”hints，通過這些暗示

23、我們就能比較輕松的得到答案。請(qǐng)看例子：A twenty-eight-year old woman named Catherine Genovese was returning home from work one day. Kitty, as she was called by almost everyone in her Queens neighborhood, had just parked her car. Then a man with a knife grabbed her. She screamed, “Oh my God, he stabbed me! Please help m

24、e! Please help me!”For more than half an hour, thirty-eight neighbors watched the killer stalk Kitty. The last time he stabbed her, she was slumped on the foot of the stairs to her apartment. Not one person telephoned the police during the fatal attack. Later, the policemen gathered statements from

25、the witnesses. Among their comments were, “I didnt want to get involved,” “We thought it was a lovers quarrel,” and “I was tired. I went back to bed.”Q: We can conclude that the man who stabbed Genovese _A. was someone she knew B. intended to kill herC. was a convicted criminal D. was crazy為了回答這個(gè)問題首

26、先要找到文章中的暗示，比如有何證據(jù)表明Genovese認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)殺手或他是罪犯或瘋子呢？還有，殺害Genovese的兇手為什么在捅傷她之后還不停的用刀捅她。經(jīng)過分析可知B為正確答案。因?yàn)槿绻锓傅哪康闹皇菫榱藫尳倩騽e的，他在最后捅她之前早就可以完成。另外文中沒有證據(jù)表明Genovese認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)罪犯，因?yàn)槲闹兄惶岬?“a man with a knife”，Genovese既沒有喊他的名字，也沒有目擊者說認(rèn)識(shí)他。另外文中也沒有證據(jù)或字眼暗示罪犯是在逃犯或者瘋子。因此答案只能是B。殺手就是想殺死Genovese。閱讀理解(七)如何猜出生詞的意思 在做閱讀理解題的時(shí)候，肯定會(huì)碰到生詞。如果單獨(dú)看這些生

27、詞，你可能會(huì)無從下手，但是如果把它們放到句子里，情況就不一樣了。比如bilingual，你可能不認(rèn)識(shí)。但是如果你看到下面的句子，就會(huì)猜出這個(gè)詞的意思：Rick is bilingual, speaking English almost as well as he speaks Spanish.看過此句后很容易就猜出bilingual意為“能講兩種語言的”。由此可知我們可以通過上下文猜測生詞的意思，這就是所謂的“語境線索”（context clues）。語境線索主要有四種：（1）事例Examples通過生詞的具體例子猜出該詞的意義。閱讀下面的例句，例句中的黑體字就是線索。另外，例子通常是由for

28、 example, for instance, including和such as等詞引導(dǎo)出來。In our house, hangers have various functions. For instance, in addition to holding clothing, they scratch backs and hold up plants in the garden.Functions mean _.A. shapes B. problems C. uses D. tools根據(jù)句中黑體字提供的事例線索可知functions的意思為uses。（2）同義詞Synonyms根據(jù)上下

29、文的同義詞猜測詞義是最常使用的一種猜測詞義的方法。有時(shí)作者故意使用同義詞以幫助讀者理解生詞的詞義。這種情況下作者一般使用逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)、括號(hào)等引出，或者使用連詞or和that引出，例如：Affluent, or wealthy, Americans should be more concerned with the problems of the homeless. My best friend squandered all his money; his drinking and gambling wasted his earnings.在上面的兩個(gè)例句中，由于有同義詞我們很容易就可以猜出aff

30、luent意為 “wealthy”; squander意為“waste”。（3）反義詞Antonyms反義詞也是非常有用的語境線索。反義詞一般由however, but, yet, on the other hand和in contrast引出。例如：The coach takes every opportunity to censure his players, yet he ignores every chance to praise them. Some teachers are too lenientthey have no rules in class and no real goa

31、ls. Id rather have a strict teacher who took class seriously.第一句中的censure意為“批評(píng)”，因?yàn)樗姆戳x詞是praise。lenient意為“和藹的，隨和的”，因?yàn)樗姆戳x詞是strict。（4）語義線索有時(shí)可以通過一篇文章中的其他概念或觀點(diǎn)猜出一個(gè)生詞的意義。例如：The newlyweds agreed to be very frugal in their shopping because they wanted to save enough money to buy a home.根據(jù)句意可知，如果這對(duì)新婚夫婦想要攢錢的

32、話，他們必須要節(jié)儉，由此可猜出frugal意為“節(jié)儉”。閱讀理解(八)其他答題方法及注意事項(xiàng) 首先，簡要介紹其他幾種題型的答題方法：（1）在解答態(tài)度/語氣題的時(shí)候，考生首先要檢查一下文章中的措辭。作者一般通過使用像tranquil, fragrant, peaceful等形容詞來表示肯定的內(nèi)涵，而通過使用stingy, ugly, ruffled等詞來表示否定的內(nèi)涵。當(dāng)我們講話的時(shí)候我們的語氣就表達(dá)出我們的情感，比如frustrated, cheerful, critical, gloomy, angry等。（2）在解答語境轉(zhuǎn)換題的時(shí)候考生應(yīng)該做到以下三點(diǎn)：推論如果X是正確的，那么Y一定是正確

33、的。領(lǐng)會(huì)感覺如果作者對(duì)A是這么感覺的，那么他對(duì)B也很可能是一樣的感覺。把自己放在作者的位置上進(jìn)行假設(shè)。其次，在做閱讀理解題的時(shí)候考生要注意下列事項(xiàng)：（1）有些題的選項(xiàng)很長，一定要認(rèn)真閱讀，體會(huì)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的差異，如概念的大小，結(jié)論的深淺等。（2）答完題后檢查時(shí)，在沒有十分把握的情況下不要輕易地改動(dòng)第一遍所做的答案，因?yàn)榈谝挥∠笸欠浅?zhǔn)確的。（3）英語專業(yè)四級(jí)考試在閱讀理解試題后還有五分鐘的快速閱讀，注意在規(guī)定時(shí)間前千萬不要擅自拆開封條?？焖匍喿x(一)略讀 skimming快速閱讀部分一般分為略讀(skimming)和查讀(scanning)。對(duì)于這一部分，學(xué)生應(yīng)看清題目，根據(jù)題意有針對(duì)性地閱讀

34、所給文章。本部分的題目主要有主旨題、態(tài)度/語氣題等，即總結(jié)或歸納文章的中心大意、文章的可能出處、文章的性質(zhì)或作者的寫作手法及文章的語氣等，在前文已有講解。但是因?yàn)榇祟愵}型出現(xiàn)在快速閱讀中，因此當(dāng)學(xué)生讀完文章時(shí)，要求迅速在選項(xiàng)中找到一個(gè)恰如其分的、高度概括的、能覆蓋文章全部內(nèi)容的中心大意；根據(jù)內(nèi)容把文章歸納為何種類別，判斷屬性等；或迅速判斷出文章總體給讀者的印象（比如：輕松愉快、妙趣橫生、心情沉重、平淡如水、諷刺批評(píng)等）。由于是快速閱讀，學(xué)生不可能有很多時(shí)間去琢磨，因此應(yīng)根據(jù)自己的第一印象找出合適的選項(xiàng)。在閱讀時(shí)，要注意抓住重點(diǎn)，比如每篇文章的首段和末段、每段的首句和末句，這樣會(huì)大大提高閱讀速度

35、。另一方面，快速閱讀的材料相對(duì)較短，也較容易，因此考生也不必緊張，只要全神貫注地答題就能快速準(zhǔn)確地找出答案。例如：First read the following question.The general idea of the passage is why the U.S. _.A. made atomic bombsB. used atomic bombsC. invaded JapanD. accepted Japans surrenderNow skim the passage below and answer the question.The decision to drop the

36、 atomic bombs, once the scientists had developed them, was not lightly made. Operating without knowledge of the highly secret scientific breakthrough, allied military staffs planned to invade Japan in November, 1945, with a second major landing in March, 1946. Japanese resistance in the Pacific isla

37、nds had been so fierce that the Allied planners anticipated more than a million Allied and two million Japanese casualties. President Trumans hope was that the atomic bombsthrough a demonstration of immense powerwould shock the Japanese command into accepting the idea of surrender and save lives on both sides.根據(jù)前面章節(jié)所介紹的有關(guān)解答主旨題的方法，考生可以很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)文章最后一句話是主題句，這就是文