美國立法系統(tǒng)

1、 Courts of the U.S.Afederal courts（聯(lián)邦法庭）State courts（洲法庭） America Federal Courts are established according to U.S. federal constitution美國憲法 and the American law The definition of federal courts “Federal problem cases”that must be governed by the federal court according to federal law, such as bankru

2、pt cases破產(chǎn)案件破產(chǎn)案件、the crime that against the United States反對(duì)合縱國的案件、反對(duì)合縱國的案件、the state is the litigant以以州為訴訟州為訴訟當(dāng)事人的案件當(dāng)事人的案件，the case that ambassadors and other diplomats involved in 涉及涉及大使和其他外交官員的大使和其他外交官員的案件案件 The case that both parties come from different nations or states and for the amount of $te

3、n thousand in addition to divorce cases（雙方當(dāng)事人為不同國籍或州籍而且系爭(zhēng)數(shù)額達(dá)一萬美元的案件但離婚案件除外。）The federal courts are mainly responsible for：Pay attention The federal courts are department of the federal government, state courts are the state judicial(司法的） branch of government, no subordinate relationship(上下級(jí)關(guān)系） betwe

4、en these two types of court. But the two sets of judicial system has the division of labor in the judicial jurisdiction(管轄范圍）.federal court Common court 普通法院普通法院 special Court專門法院專門法院 Common court 普通法院普通法院2.appeal court上訴法院3.the Supreme Court最高法院1. district court地方法院美國實(shí)行三審終審制，如果當(dāng)事人不服此次判決可向上級(jí)法院提起上訴，直

5、到第三級(jí)也就是最高級(jí)法院。上級(jí)法院可繼續(xù)審理此案，也可將案件駁回要求下級(jí)法院重新審理 district court：A total of 94. They are scattered around the country, composed of 1 judge independence trial. federal appeals court ：There are 13 federal appeal courts. It is the first level court of second instance, heard by three judges. supreme federal co

6、urt：In Washington，consists of a chief justice首席法官首席法官 and 8 associate justices陪審法官陪審法官. The federal court is the supreme body to exercise judicial power司法權(quán)司法權(quán). The judge is appointed by the president when 2/3 or more of the senate agreed and tenure終身終身職位職位 in this position. The supreme federal court

7、 has the power of judicial review(司法審查權(quán)司法審查權(quán)） . Review whether legislative立法機(jī)關(guān)立法機(jī)關(guān) or administrative action of the federal or state is unconstitutional (違憲）or not. Common courtCongress established the special court by relevant laws according to need（國會(huì)根據(jù)需要通過相關(guān)法律成立了特別法庭）bankruptcy court（破產(chǎn)法庭）tax cour

8、t（稅務(wù)法庭）international trade court（國際貿(mào)易法庭）The Federal District Court of appeal（聯(lián)邦區(qū)域上訴法院） Civil case：Equality of both sides go to court for money or assault（平等主體之間為了錢物或者人身侵害打官司.） Criminal case：國家為了打擊犯罪進(jìn)行的法律活動(dòng)，例如某人在大街上遭到搶劫，這個(gè)時(shí)候該受害者不用到法庭上告搶劫者，而由國家出面來告搶劫者。具體的就是檢察院出面代表國家告搶劫者，在法庭上，搶劫者是犯罪嫌疑人或者被告人，你是被害人，檢察院是公

9、訴人注：當(dāng)然也有刑事案件附帶民事案件The differences between civil case and criminal case（一一）Opening Opening statementstatement開場(chǎng)陳述：開場(chǎng)陳述：控方和辯方向法庭作第一次陳述，即檢察官先陳述，辯護(hù)律師后陳述。 （二二）The prosecution evidenceThe prosecution evidence起訴起訴方舉證方舉證起訴方應(yīng)當(dāng)向法庭提供證據(jù)以支持控訴，證人作證之前，應(yīng)當(dāng)宣誓或以其他方式保證如實(shí)回答提問。（三（三）The shift of burden of proof辯辯方舉證方舉證辯護(hù)方

10、傳喚作證的證人，同樣由辯護(hù)方和起訴方進(jìn)行直接詢問和交叉詢問。（四（四）Summary of the debate總結(jié)總結(jié)辯論辯論證據(jù)調(diào)查之后，由控辯雙方作總結(jié)辯論（五（五）The judge directed the jury法官法官指示指示陪審團(tuán)陪審團(tuán)（刑事案件中有（刑事案件中有23人稱作大陪審團(tuán)）人稱作大陪審團(tuán)）由于陪審團(tuán)成員員是法律的外行，在陪審團(tuán)退庭評(píng)議之前，主持庭審的法官要對(duì)陪審團(tuán)作總結(jié)提示，內(nèi)容包括：陪審團(tuán)的職責(zé)和義務(wù)；與案件有關(guān)的法律；由證據(jù)引起的爭(zhēng)議；解釋有關(guān)法律術(shù)語的確切含義。（六（六）Jury deliberation陪審團(tuán)評(píng)議陪審團(tuán)評(píng)議陪審團(tuán)評(píng)議秘密進(jìn)行，內(nèi)容保密，不準(zhǔn)任何人進(jìn)出評(píng)議室。（七（七）The verdict of the jury陪審陪審裁決裁決陪審團(tuán)就被告人有罪還是無罪作出裁決后，回到公開法庭，由陪審團(tuán)長向法庭宣告裁決結(jié)