2019四級考試閱讀筆記(21)

1、2019 四級考試閱讀筆記 (21)Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage66. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward .A) the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewardsB) the amount of monetary rewards for student's creativityC) the study of relationship bet

2、ween actions and their consequencesD) the effects of external rewards on students' performance67. What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?A) They have no doubts about them.B) They have doubts about them.C) They approve of them.D) They avoid talking about the

3、m.68. Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?A) Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before.B) Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness.C) Giving them rewards they really deserve.D) Giving them rewards they anticipate.69. It ca

4、n be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe .A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of studentsB) punishment is more effective than rewardingC) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academi

5、c standardsD) discouraging the students' anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency70. The phrase "token economies" (Line 1, Para. 5) probably refers to .A) ways to develop economyB) systems of rewarding studentsC) approaches to solving problemsD) methods of improving perform

6、ance認(rèn)知學(xué)派的 )Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive ( researchers,

7、who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.注： 1.opposing 相反的插入語 from warm praise to cold cash 用來解釋 external rewardsargue 認(rèn)為 maintain 認(rèn)為，維持對比型文章：文章提到兩種相反觀點，抓住以下幾點1. 文章主題即對比方面；抓住各派觀點抓住作者態(tài)度（ a. 支持一

8、 派反對另一派 b. 中立態(tài)度）The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use ofsmall monetary （ 金錢的 ） rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements （ 刺激） indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Jou

9、rnal of Personality and Social Psychology.注： 1.spark 火花激發(fā)作者用詞 careful, properly 表明作者 態(tài)度是中立的67. What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?A）They have no doubts about them.B）They have doubts about them.C）They approve of them.D）They avoid talking about them.注：只有 B 項為

10、負(fù)態(tài)度"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity, "says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity bygiving rewards for poor performance or creating to

11、o much anticipation for rewards."注： anticipation 期望，預(yù)期A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities

12、 to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.注： uninspired 沒有靈感的inspire 激勵，有靈感In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity,

13、 the Delaware psychologist claims.66. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward .A) the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewardsB) the amount of monetary rewards for student's creativityC) the study of relationship between actions and their consequencesD)

14、 the effects of external rewards on students' performance注：文章第一段 divided 對應(yīng) opposing ， attitude對應(yīng) views ，A和B選項涉及插入語，為次要成分干擾選項，C為竄句干擾選項竄句選項：根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞回文章定位對應(yīng)語句，如該句話包 含題干答案，則凡涉及該段其他語句的選項為竄句選項；如該句不包 含答案，到其上下句中尋找答案Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash,

15、 affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (認(rèn)知學(xué)派的 )researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by en

16、couraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.68. Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?A) Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before.B) Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness.C) Giving them rewards they really des

17、erve.D) Giving them rewards they anticipate.注：中立調(diào)和態(tài)度觀點，A和B選項來自第三段第一句，錯誤推理"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy t

18、o kill creativity bygiving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."69. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe .A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of studentsB) punishment is more effective than rewardingC) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standardsD) discouraging the students' anticipation