定語及定語從句(共20頁)

1、定語及定語從句一，定語  句子中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫做定語。  定語可以由形容詞，名詞，不定式，分詞，動名詞或從句來充當。   eg: She is a beautiful girl. （形容詞）      I met someone funny on my way to Beijing. （形容詞）（修飾不定代詞的定語后置）      He is an English teacher.  （名詞）    

2、;    （名詞作定語時一般用單數，例外的有sports, 如 a sports star）      I have a lot of work to do. （不定式）      The book written by a schoolboy is very popular now. （過去分詞短語）      We can see the rising sun. （現(xiàn)在分詞） = the sun is risin

3、g.      He is in the reading room.  (動名詞)    = the room for reading      The boy who broke the window is Toms brother. （從句）注意：1.形容詞作定語一般放在所修飾的詞前面；但當形容詞修飾的是something, anything, everything, nothing, someone, everyone, everybody, som

4、ewhere等不定代詞時，要放在這些詞的后面。        present (在場的), absent (缺席的)作定語時需要后置。  students present / absent      2. 不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。      3  分詞作定語時，即可放在所修飾詞前，也可放在所修飾詞后        &

5、#160; 1）分詞前置：單獨的一個分詞作定語，一般放在所修飾詞前。             He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人        2）分詞后置分詞在以下情況，放在所修飾詞的后面           i. 分詞詞組；  There was a girl si

6、tting there.有個女孩坐在那里           ii. 個別分詞如given, left；                This is the question given. 這是所給的問題          iii. 修飾不定代詞 something等

7、                  There is nothing interesting. 沒有有趣的東西        過去分詞作定語與其修飾的詞是被動關系，相當于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。           Most of the people inv

8、ited to the party were famous scientists.       = Most of the people who were invited to the party were from South Africa 二，定語從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關系詞（關系代詞或關系副詞）引出。關系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。  

9、 關系副詞有：when, where, why等。       I like the books  that are written by Mr. Green.               先行詞    關系詞A 關系詞：關系詞通常有三個作用：引導定語從句，指代先行詞，在定語從句中充當句子成分。  關系詞類別關系詞先行詞充當從句中的句子成

10、分關系代詞who人主，賓，表whom人賓which物主，賓，表that人或物主，賓，表as人或物主，賓，表whose人或物定關系副詞where地點狀when時間狀whyreason狀  Anyone who breaks the law will surely be punished.1.      先行詞指人時，定語從句的引導詞：（1）指人時，who和that都可以使用.（2）who和whom都可以作定語從句賓語，但從句中的介詞提前時，不能用who.     He is the ma

11、n who / whom I talked to you about.   = He is the man about whom I talked to you. （3）先行詞是人時，只用who, 不用或少用that的情況：   a. 當先行詞是one, ones, anyone時，引導定語從句的關系詞一般只用who, 不用that      如果先行詞是someone, 也可用that       He is not one

12、 who is easily frightened.        I think Joe is the one who borrowed my peo.       The ones who tell lies wont gain others trust.       Anyone who saw the accident should phone the police.  

13、0;    Someone who / that claims to be your uncle wants to see you.   b. 先行詞是those時，關系代詞一般用who不用that            Those who dont wish to go need not go.   c.  There be 句型中，修飾人的定語從句的關系代詞一般只用who來引導  &

14、#160;    There is a certain old man in the village who none of us likes.   d.   若一個句子中有兩個定語從句，第一個已經用that, 則第二個一般用who      The man that is talking with our teacher is the professor who gave us a        report ye

15、sterday.   e.  當定語從句與先行詞較遠時，引導定語從句的關系代詞一般只用who     I came across my first teacher in the store yesterday who was still          beautiful.    f   非限定性定語從句只用who來引導, 不用that  

16、60;      He has a son, who is a doctor.（4）當先行詞是人，只用that不用who的情況：    a.   以who開頭的特殊疑問句，定語從句的先行詞如果是人，關系代詞只用that不用who          Who is the girl that said hello to you just now?    b. 

17、當先行詞既有人也有物時，定語從句只用that來引導        They ofter talk about the person and things that they remember.    c.  當關系代詞在定語從句中作表語時，只用that來引導        Hes changed. He is not the man that he was.    d.  當先行詞被形容

18、詞的最高級修飾時，只用that.          This is the most beautiful lady that I have ever met.    e.  當先行詞是other時，定語從句只用that 引導。        You can ask the old man or any other that was there at the time.2.  先行詞是物時

19、that 和which一般可以互換使用，但有時不可換用。（1）     下列場合一般用that:    a. 先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, the        one, none等不定代詞         We should do all that is useful

20、 to the people.          The little that I have seen of his work is satisfactory.    b. 先行詞被序數詞，形容詞最高級以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no,       some, very等詞修飾       The f

21、irst book that I bought in this bookstore is a dictionary.       The last person that I talked with in London is my girlfriend        The best teacher that I have ever met has gone abroad         

22、;You can take any seat that is vacant.    c. 先行詞有兩個：一個指人，另一個指物          I miss all the people and places that we visited last summer    d.  主句是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句。    e.  There be 句型中，  

23、    There is a seat in the corner that is free.    f.  先行詞為數詞時       Three buildings have been completed, but there are two that are still       under construction.（2）     下列場合不能用that&#

24、160;      a. 在非限定性定語從句中，即逗號后的定語從句不用that引導，指人時用who或whom, 指          物時用which.       b.  在“介詞+ 關系代詞”結構中不用that, 指人時用whom, 指物時用which.           

25、 This is the book about which we are talking.       c.  先行詞為that, those時，關系詞用which指物，who指人            Whats that which you have got in your hand?       d.  兩個定語從句，一個用了tha

26、t, 另一個則用which.           Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was             newly open to us.       e.  關系代詞后有插入語時，只用whi

27、ch           Here are some stamps which I think you can take away.3.   當關系詞在從句中作賓語時，關系詞可以省略。4.  當先行詞指時間，地點，原因（the reason）時，且關系詞在從句中作狀語，用when,     where, why    如果關系詞在從句中作主語，表語或賓語，則用that 或 which. 

28、    I want to visit the place where my mother was born.   = I want to visit the place in which my mother was born.           I still remember the years when I studied in the middle school.   = I still remember the y

29、ears in which I studied in the middle school.     I dont know the reason why he didnt agree with us.   = I didnt know the reason for which he didnt agree with us.5.  當先行詞是the way, 并且關系詞在從句中作方式狀語時，可以用that, in which引導，也可    省略。    當先行詞是t

30、ime, time 當“次數”講時，用that引導定語從句，且that可以省略；當time表    示“一段時間，時間”講時，定語從句用when或at / during which引導    I dont like the way (that / in which) he talked to his mother.    I can hardly remember how many times (that) Ive failed.    Ill never forget th

31、e time when / at which we visited your hometown. 6.  當先行詞family, class, team, army, company等被當作單數時，定語從句中用which,    被當作復數時，用who或whom.      The family, which is a large and rich one, was poor.       The party, who are

32、 all children, have lost their way.7. 當先行詞是動物時，定語從句一般用which    The dog, which he had kept for five years, was killed by someone yesterday.B“介詞 + which / whom”引導的定語從句關系代詞在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時，常常將介詞前置于作賓語的關系詞前，I love the music that I can dance to. = I love the music to which I can dance.&#

33、160;    The man who I talked to just now is my brother.= The man to whom I talked just now is my brother.介詞后面的關系詞指人時只用whom, 不能用who或that; 指物時只用which,不能用that.注意，并非所有情況下介詞都可以前移，含有介詞的短語動詞不可拆開，介詞仍需放在動詞后面，如：look for, look after, take care of等。“介詞+ which / whom”前還可以用some, any, none, all, bot

34、h, neither, many, most, each, few等代詞，名詞或數詞等。His sons, both of whom loved music very much, spent most of their money on CDs.The house, the roof of which is blue, will be used as a library. C.    非限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句和主句的關系不密切，去掉定語從句，句子的意思仍然完整，形式上用逗號把主句和從句分開，使用時注意以下幾點：l   

35、;      非限定性定語從句不能用that引導l         非限定性定語從句中的關系詞不能省略。 Das引導的定語從句的用法 1. as可引導限定性定語從句，用于suchas.,  so.as.,  the same.as 結構中。    He bought me such a watch as was advertised in the newspaper. 

36、0; 注意：比較 the same as. 和 the same that.     He bought me the same watch as I lost last week.他買了一塊和我上星期丟的一樣的        表。（一樣，但不是同一個）     He bought me the same watch that I lost last week.  他把我上星期丟的那塊表又    

37、   買回來了。（同一個） 2. 當非限定性定語從句的先行詞不是主句中的某一個詞，而是整個主句時，可以用which 或as引    導。  在以下情況下用as引導：     a.   從句意思為“正如/正像.一樣”     b.   從句位于句首，構成以下結構：         as is well known 眾所周知

38、0;  as often happens 這種情況經常發(fā)生          as is often the case 情況經常這樣   as is supposed  如所預料的一樣         as has been pointed out  如所指出的   as has been said before  如前所說  在下面情況

39、經常用which引導：   主句和從句表示因果關系。     He lost the game, which made us very disappointed.   非限定性定語從句是否定意義。He gained a big fortune, which meant nothing to him. E其他：   1. 分隔定語從句：定語從句與先行詞之間被其他成分分隔開來，這種定語從句叫做分隔定語從句，此時須注意辨別從句的先行詞。     The

40、 days are gone when we suffered so much.      The boss of the company, whose name was Mr. Joe, told the story.   2. 定語從句的謂語與先行詞保持人稱和數的一致。     注意：先行詞前有one of 修飾，定語從句的謂語用復數；        （not the only one of = one of）&

41、#160;          先行詞前有the (only) one of 修飾時，定語從句的謂語用單數。      Tim is one of the students who are going to study abroad.     (很多學生出國，Tim 是其中之一)      Tim is not the only one of the stud

42、ents who are going to study abroad.      Tim is the one of the students who is going to study abroad.   （學生中只有Tim一個人出國）現(xiàn)象:1)      The girl who dances beautifully gave us a performance that day 2)      Do you know th

43、e comrade who spoke just now？ 3)      She is not the girl that she was three years ago 4)      This is the book that I bought last week 5)      I have a house which faces the south 6)      He'll r

44、ead all the books that are sold here 7)      These are some questions that I want to ask you 概念:   在復合句中修飾名詞或代詞,充當定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句翻譯模式: “的”。特點:1)    從句開頭的that, which, who, whom等叫引導詞,它們的作用是把從句引導出來.2)    在理論上,從句都有引導詞。3)   

45、常見的定語從句的引導詞有that, which, who, who, whose等。4)    引導詞其實指代它所說明的名詞或代詞。5)    引導詞同時又作定語從句的一個成份(主語賓語定語狀語)。6)    定語從句一般緊跟在它所說明的名詞或代詞(先行詞)后面(有例外情況)。7)    先行詞指定語從句說明(修飾)的名詞或代詞。引導詞的用法:引導詞指代人(先行詞是人)的情況(主賓定):Do you know the comrade who spoke just now？ T

46、he boy that/whom I like most is not only tall and handsome but generous.This is the girl whose father is a driver.引導詞指代物(先行詞是物)的情況(主賓定):I have a house which is located on the hillsideThis is the book that/which I bought last week These are some questions that I want to ask youI want to buy the house

47、 whose windows are large and red.引導詞作主語的情況:1)        The woman who often comes is Toms mother.2)        I have found a man who can repair my watch 3)        He is a man who should learn from othe

48、rs 4)        The houses which are to be built will be given to young workers.5)        They work in factory that makes colour TV sets.引導詞作賓語的情況:     I have read all the books that you gave me.   

49、  This is the best film that I have ever seen.     That is the very computer that I want to buy.     He is a man whom we should learn from      I know the man whom you talked to.引導詞作定語的情況:     The house whose window

50、s are big is not newly built.     Do you know the woman whose daughter is ill?引導詞作狀語的情況:引導詞作介詞的賓語的情況:一、that / who / whom/ which的用法：引導詞that可以在定語從句中指代人或事物，充當主語或賓語。1)        She is not the girl that she was three years ago 2)    

51、;  This is the book that I bought last week 先行詞是人，可以用who (主語)或whom（賓語）來代替that；先行詞是物，可以用which來代替that.1)        Do you know the comrade who spoke just now？ 2)        The TV which you bought is too old.練習1)   

52、0;    Ill never forget the days _ we spent together in the mountains.2)        The houses _ are to be built will be given to young workers.3)        They work in a factory _ makes cars.4)    

53、0;   The woman _ often comes is Tom s mother.I know the man _ you talked to.注意事項1：（不用that）1)介詞的賓語,不用that2)引導非限制性定語從句,不用that1)          The desk on_ there are some books are newly bought.2)          Iv

54、e lost my pen, _ I like very much.3)          Is this the pen with _ he wrote the famous book?4)          The street along _ there no trees is newly built.Which is the door behind _ Mary is hidden? 注意事項2：（

55、不用which）1)先行詞是下面的單詞，或者被下面的單詞修飾/說明/限制，不用which：all / few / little / much / none / nothing / something / anything/any / every /no / each / some /any / none of2)先行詞前有序數詞或形容詞最高級, 不用which3)先行詞前有the only / the very / the same / the last, 不用which1)        All _ we have to

56、do everyday is practising singing.2)        In the library there is no book _ is worth reading.3)        Ive read all the books _ you gave me.4)        This is the best film _ Ive ever seen.5)

57、60;       That is the very type of computers _ I want to buy.6)        It is not the only dictionary _ he has bought.7)        Which is the book _ you bought yesterday?8)     

58、   Who is the man _ is talking with your father?9)        They were talking about the things and persons _ they had seen in that school.補充說明：下面情況，要用that 引導定語從句：a)先行詞既有人又有物b)避免重復二、whose的用法：指代人或物，在從句中作定語，表示“他/它的”：He is using a desk whose legs are not of the

59、 same length.We all dislike the boy whose father is a manager.1)        The house whose windows are big isnt newly built.2)        Have your called Mrs Liu, whose daughter was also hurt in the accident?3)    &#

60、160;   Can he be the man whose car has been stolen?三、when / where / why的用法：指代表示時間、地點、原因的名詞，在從句中充當狀語：1)        Ill never forget the days _ we played volleyball on the beach.2)        They want to rent a house _ they keep

61、their product.3)        Does anybody know the reason _ she didnt come yesterday?l   I doubt if the reason _ he told you was true.說明the way, 用that,而不用how；說明the moment、 time（day）, 用that代when：1)        I thought you were st

62、ill a student the first time I saw you.2)        The moment I saw you I felt something unusual might have happened.3)        Can this be the way he dealt with the problem?4)        I dislike the way he spoke to his mother.5)        Dont stop and use your dictionary every time you come to a new word.四、(such)as/(the same.) as / as的用法：表示“象”、“正如”、“就象”，代替一個單詞或者一個句子。1)