短跑專項(xiàng)速度系統(tǒng)的理論研究及優(yōu)秀男子百米跑模型的構(gòu)建

1、短跑專項(xiàng)速度系統(tǒng)的理論研究及優(yōu)秀男子百米跑模型的構(gòu)建論文摘要 專項(xiàng)速度是指運(yùn)動(dòng)員完成特定體育項(xiàng)目時(shí)的競(jìng)技運(yùn)動(dòng)速度。包括快速完成專項(xiàng)動(dòng)作的能力和對(duì)外界信號(hào)刺激快速反應(yīng)的專項(xiàng)能力以及快速專項(xiàng)位移的有序狀態(tài)整合的能力。在研究短跑專項(xiàng)速度系統(tǒng)的理論模式基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)優(yōu)秀男子百米專項(xiàng)速度系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了理論層次構(gòu)建。本文是以國(guó)內(nèi)外優(yōu)秀男子百米跑項(xiàng)目作為范例對(duì)此進(jìn)行了實(shí)證性的研究。 本文利用先進(jìn)的高速攝像機(jī)對(duì)我國(guó)男子優(yōu)秀百米比賽進(jìn)行了定點(diǎn)拍攝和全程攝像。采用了文獻(xiàn)檢索法，問卷調(diào)查法，影片解析法，系統(tǒng)分析法，邏輯論證法與數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)法等研究方法，從宏觀的角度對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外優(yōu)秀男子百米跑專項(xiàng)速度進(jìn)行了定性和定量化分析，進(jìn)而建立了

2、優(yōu)秀男子百米成績(jī)的優(yōu)化控制系統(tǒng)模型。從微觀的角度對(duì)專項(xiàng)動(dòng)作速度進(jìn)行了運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)研究，運(yùn)用灰色系統(tǒng)分析法建立了我國(guó)優(yōu)秀男子專項(xiàng)動(dòng)作技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)模型。研究表明，短跑專項(xiàng)速度系統(tǒng)具有鮮明的層次性特征。 研究的主要結(jié)論為：1“專項(xiàng)速度”是體育運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目中專項(xiàng)素質(zhì)的核心。田徑競(jìng)技項(xiàng)目中，不同性別、不同競(jìng)技水平的運(yùn)動(dòng)員專項(xiàng)速度系統(tǒng)的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)都是由核心層、基礎(chǔ)層、環(huán)境層三方面構(gòu)成；田徑項(xiàng)目核心層三個(gè)子系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成要素根據(jù)各項(xiàng)目的特點(diǎn)存在著不同程度的差異。2對(duì)百米全程各段落進(jìn)行了重新劃分：起跑加速段（030米），途中跑加速段（3050米），最大速度段（5080米），速度下降段（80100米）。世界a組選手維持最高

3、速度的距離是20米，高水平b組和c組選手維持最高速度的距離只有10米。3男子百米成績(jī)首先是由途中跑最高速度所決定，其次是起跑后的加速段，它們分別占百米成績(jī)的76%和16%。百米跑速度模型：= 19.572 0.503 0.440。4 決定百米成績(jī)的重要因素首先是6090米段的步長(zhǎng)，其次是該段落的步頻，最后是030米的步長(zhǎng)。通過回歸方程= 15.799 - 0.503（：最高速度）、=16.108 0.3382.006（：步頻，：步長(zhǎng)），決定了短跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員所應(yīng)達(dá)到的步頻、步幅范圍與跑速之間關(guān)系。5 我國(guó)優(yōu)秀男子百米途中跑著地瞬間對(duì)動(dòng)作速度起主要貢獻(xiàn)的技術(shù)指標(biāo)是：支撐腿的踝關(guān)節(jié)角、著地瞬間腳的水平速

4、度、大腿夾角及支撐腿的髖角、膝角和前支撐距離；垂直緩沖瞬間是擺動(dòng)腿髖關(guān)節(jié)角、上臂前擺幅度、支撐腿膝關(guān)節(jié)角、支撐腿髖關(guān)節(jié)角；后蹬瞬間是踝關(guān)節(jié)角、支撐腿髖關(guān)節(jié)角、大腿前擺角速度和擺動(dòng)腿的髖關(guān)節(jié)角。6 短跑專項(xiàng)速度訓(xùn)練負(fù)荷結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是由刺激量、刺激強(qiáng)度、刺激時(shí)間、刺激頻率、間歇休息、刺激距離六方面組成；本文針對(duì)短跑專項(xiàng)速度的構(gòu)成因素（專項(xiàng)反應(yīng)、專項(xiàng)動(dòng)作及專項(xiàng)位移）制定了相應(yīng)的主要訓(xùn)練手段和途徑。關(guān)鍵詞：百米跑 系統(tǒng) 專項(xiàng)速度 模型the theoretical study on the specific speed system of sprints and the technical model

5、for elite male 100m runnersgraduate student: xie -hui songdirecter: pro. yuan- zuo shengabstract the special speed is the speed for completing the particular athletic events, including the ability for completing special movements quickly ,and the special ability to respond to the outside signals qui

6、ckly and the integrating ability for fast special movement. based on a theoretical study on the special velocity-system of sprints, a theory was set up for the special speed system of elite male 100m runners.this research used the fixed position photochronographer and video recorder to record nation

7、al elite male 100m run during the ninth national sports meeting. this paper adopted literature, investigation, questionnaire, analysis of the film, systematic analytic approach, logic and statistical methods etc, and set up the optimal control system model of elite male 100m runner on the basis of t

8、he quantitative and qualitative analysis about 100m run special speed. this dissertation set up national elite male special movement kinematical structure model by kinematical study and gray systematic analysis approach. studies showed that special speed system of sprint possesses distinct character

9、istics.the main conclusions as follows:1. “special speed” is a core among all of special qualities of sports events. all athletic macrostructure of special speed are made up of core layer, foundation layer and environment layer in the track and field. there are differences among the composition elem

10、ents of three subsystems.2. 100m run includes four phases: start and acceleration phase （0-30m）, middle-distance race accelerate phase (30-50m), maximum speed phase ( 50-80 m), speed decrease phase ( 80-100 m). the distance that the world level group can keep the maximum speed for 20m, but for 10m b

11、y b and c groups. 3. the maximum speed is the most important factor that determines male 100m run performance, the second one is acceleration ability. they account for 76% and 16% of 100m run performance respectively. the 100m run speed model is = 19.572 0.503x3 0.440x1.4. the first important factor

12、 that determines 100m run performance is the stride length in 6090m, followed by the stride frequency and the stride length of the first 30m. the regression equation is: =15.7990.503x3（x3: the maximal speed）, =16.1080. 338x1-2.006x2（x1: stride frequency, x2: stride length）, we can know the relation

13、between stride length and stride frequency and speed that sprinter should reach.5. the main technical parameters which decide the movement speed are the ankle angle of the support leg, the horizontal velocity, the hip angle and the support legs hip joint angle, knee angle and the former support dist

14、ance at the moment of contact, and the latter legs hi joint angle, the upper arms movement scope, the support legs knee angle, the support legs hip angle at landing phase, and the ankle angle, the support legs hip angle, the swing velocity of the former leg, the hip angle of the swing leg at the pushing phase. 6. sprints specific speed training loads are composed of intensi