英語高考專題復(fù)習講與練[1]名詞與冠詞

1、英語高考專題復(fù)習講與練1 名詞與冠詞| 文章作者：佚名 | 文章來源：網(wǎng)絡(luò) | 收集整理：嘉興英語網(wǎng) | 更新時間：2007-4-28 | 字體：小 大 |英語高考專題復(fù)習講與練（1）名詞與冠詞名詞一、考點聚焦1.可數(shù)名詞單、復(fù)數(shù)變化形式    （1）規(guī)則變化。單數(shù)名詞詞尾直接加-s。如：boy boys, pen pens。以s、x 、ch 、sh結(jié)尾的單詞一般加-es。如：glass glasses,box boxes, watch watches, brush brushes。特例：stomach stomaches。以“輔音字母 + y”結(jié)尾的變

2、“y”為“i”再加“-es”。如：baby babies, lady ladies, fly flies。以“o”結(jié)尾的多數(shù)加-es。如：tomato tomatoes, potato potatoes, hero heroes。但以兩個元音字母結(jié)尾的名詞和部分外來詞中以o結(jié)尾的詞只加-s。 如：radio radios, zoo zoos, photo photos, piano pianos, kilo kilos, tobacco tobaccos。  以“f”或“fe”結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式變“f”或“fe”為“v”，之后再加-es。如：wife wives, life live

3、s, knife knives, wolf wolves, self selves, leaf leaves等。特例：handkerchief handkerchiefs, roof roofs, chief chiefs, gulf gulfs, belief beliefs, cliff cliffs。改變元音字母的。如：man men, mouse mice, foot feet,woman women, tooth teeth, goose geese, ox oxen。特例：child children。復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。（A）在復(fù)合詞中最后名詞尾加-s。如：armchair ar

4、mchairs, bookcase bookcases, bookstore book-stores。（B）man和woman作定語修飾另一個名詞時，前后兩個名詞都要變成復(fù)數(shù)。如：man doctor men doctors, woman driver women dri-vers。（C）與介詞或副詞一起構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞應(yīng)在主體名詞部分加-s。如：brother-in-law brothers-in-law, passer-by passers-by。  有的名詞有兩種復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：zero zeros 、zeroes, deer deers 、deer。penny的兩種復(fù)數(shù)形式含義有

5、所不同。如：pence（便士的錢數(shù)），pennies(便士的枚數(shù))。（2）不規(guī)則變化。單、復(fù)數(shù)同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese,Japanese, sheep, works（工廠）,cattle。合成名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。如：boy-friend boy-friends, go-between go-betweens(中間人)，grown-up grown-ups。有些名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：glasses眼鏡，clothes衣服，goods貨物，trousers褲子，belongings所有物,wages工資，riches財富, surrounding

6、s環(huán)境，ashes灰塵, campasses圓規(guī)，cattle家畜，congratulations祝賀，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高熱情地，give ones regards to sb.向某人問侯，in rags衣衫破爛，It is good manners to do sth.有禮貌做某事。集體名詞的數(shù)。有些集體名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)，如：people, cattle, police; 有些名詞只用作單數(shù)，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名詞既可用作單數(shù)又可用作復(fù)數(shù)，單數(shù)看做整

7、體，復(fù)數(shù)看做集體的各個成員。如：The crew is large.船員人數(shù)很多（指整體）；The crew are all tired.船員們都累壞了（個體）。2、不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)（1）一般說來抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但當抽象名詞表示具體的東西時，可用作可數(shù)名詞且詞義發(fā)生變化，主要類型如下：抽象名詞表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情情緒的人或事。如：抽象名詞（不可數(shù)）           具體化（個體名詞，可數(shù)名詞）in surprise驚訝地     

8、       a surprise一件令人驚訝的事win success獲得成功          a success一個(件)成功的人(事)win honor贏得榮譽             an honor一個(件)引以為榮的(事)Failure(失敗)is the mother of success  

9、    a failure失敗者失敗是成功之母。by experience靠經(jīng)驗           an experience一次經(jīng)歷youth青春                     a youth一個青年人have pity on sb.憐憫某人 &

10、#160;     a pity可惜的事情with pleasure樂意             a pleasure樂事抽象名詞與a(an)連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉(zhuǎn)化為似乎可以體驗到的動作、行為或類別。如：A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk(swim, bath, talk)with me?It is

11、 waste of time reading such a novel.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.(2)物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，但表示數(shù)量或種類之多時，可以用作可數(shù)名詞。如：物質(zhì)名詞有形或數(shù)的相應(yīng)物體，有單、復(fù)數(shù)。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些飲料, a drink一杯飲料，three drinks三杯飲料，his hair他的頭發(fā)，a few grey hairs幾根白發(fā)，glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。物質(zhì)名

12、詞有前置后置修飾時，前面要使用不定冠詞。have breakfast                The road is covered with snow.have a wonderful breakfast    They have a heavy snow every year.Time and tide wait for no man.We had a wonderful time last night.(

13、3)有復(fù)數(shù)形式的不可數(shù)名詞有些抽象名詞往往以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，起到一種豐富語言感情色彩或強調(diào)某種特殊狀態(tài)的作用。如：Use your brains, please.They have smoothed away the difficulties.Have you made preparations for tomorrows meeting?Many thanks for your kindness.No pains, no gains.After many failures, they finally succeeded.有些物質(zhì)名詞以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，表示數(shù)量之多，范圍之廣。如：The boy b

14、urst into tears at the bad news.The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains.3.名詞所有格（1）“s”所有格的特殊表示形式有： 用于表示時間、距離、價格、重量等的名詞后，如：todays newspaper,five minuteswalk(drive),five poundsweight, tendollarsworth of coffee。用于表示國家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后。如：the earths pla

15、net, the words population, Chinas industry, New Yorks parks。（2）“of”所有格的特殊表示方式有：表示“部分”時，一般在所修飾的名詞前有一個表示數(shù)量的詞（a、two、several、some、no、many等），如：Some students of Mister Zhangs have gone to college.張老師的一些學(xué)生已經(jīng)上大學(xué)了。表示“其中之一，其中一部分”的意思時，用：a friend of Toms湯姆的一個朋友（許多朋友中的一位）。表示贊揚、批評或厭惡等感情色彩時，應(yīng)該用：that/this/these/tho

16、se + 名詞（單、復(fù)數(shù)）of Marys/yours/his/hers。如：That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那項發(fā)明是屬于全世界的（表贊賞）。4、名詞作定語英語中有些名詞沒有其對應(yīng)的同根形容詞，這些名詞可以直接用來作定語修飾另一個名詞。（1）分類意義。air pollution 空氣污染         boy friend 男朋友coffee cup咖啡杯        

17、      income tax所得稅tennis ball網(wǎng)球               song writer歌曲作家body language身體語言         road accident交通事故Nobel Prize諾貝爾獎       

18、60; （2）時間、地點、稱呼等。Doctor Jack杰克醫(yī)生            Professor Li李教授evening school夜校             winter sleep冬眠street dance 街舞           &#

19、160;  country music鄉(xiāng)村音樂village people村民            school education學(xué)校教育 China problem中國問題（3）表目的、手段、來源，所屬意義。reception desk接待臺          sports field田徑場stone table石桌     

20、60;           color TV彩電weather report天氣預(yù)報二、精典名題導(dǎo)解選擇填空1. It is generally believed that teaching is _it is a science.(NMET  2001)A.an art much as             B.much an art asC.as an art

21、much as           D.as much an art as解析：答案為D。當名詞前有what、so、as、too、quite等詞修飾時，其形容詞被這些詞修飾，組成下列結(jié)構(gòu)，如：What a nice book! This is too heavy a box for me to carry. He is not as honest a boy as Mike.等，應(yīng)采取too/how + 形容詞（副詞）+ a(an) + 名詞的形式。要記住一些類似的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)，并加以分析。2. T

22、he police are offering a _to anyone who can give information about the lost key.（NMET  1999）A.price         B.prize         C.reward         D.money解析：答案為C。price 價格，價錢；prize獎金

23、。項是錢，屬不可數(shù)名詞，題中所要填的是“酬金，報酬”。注意正確理解名詞的含義及其搭配是活用語言的基礎(chǔ)，在復(fù)習備考中要熟練掌握考綱中一些名詞的詞義、搭配、習慣等，才能更好辨析名詞，從而選擇最符合句意的選項。3.Youll find this map of great _in helping you to get round London.（NMET  1998）A.price          B.cost       

24、0; C.value          D.usefulness解析：答案為C。本題考查特定語境中名詞的詞義及“be of + 抽象名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。Price (價格)，cost（價錢，費用，成本）不符合題意，value作“quality of being useful or desirable”解時，常與of搭配，在句中作表語或補語，意為“有用，有價值”。故選擇value。注意名詞詞義辨異及慣用法表達，題中“of + 抽象名詞”相當于該名詞的形容詞形式。冠詞一、考點聚焦1.不用冠詞的情況（1）專有名詞、物質(zhì)

25、名詞、抽象名詞、人名、地名等名詞前，一般不加冠詞。China , America, SmithAir is matter.（2）可數(shù)名詞前有物主代詞、指示代詞、名詞所有格等限制時，不加冠詞。This dictionary is mine.（3）季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐名稱前一般不加冠詞。March, May Day, National Day, Childrens Day, Womens Day Have you had supper?Spring is the best season of the year.（4）稱呼語或指家用雇用的nurse、cook等名詞前及表示頭銜職務(wù)的

26、名詞作賓語、補語及同位語時，一般不加冠詞。Whats this, Father?    We made him our chairman.Ask nurse to put the child to bed.    Professor Li.（5）學(xué)科名稱、球類、棋類名稱前不加冠詞。Do you study physics?He likes playing football/chess.（6）復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示泛指一類人或事物時前不用冠詞。They are peasants/ workers.（7）在與by連用的交通工具名稱前不加冠詞。by

27、car, by bus,by bike, by train, by air/ water/ land但：take a bus, come in a boat, on the train/ bus需注意。（8）某些固定詞組中不用冠詞。名詞詞組中： husband and wife, brother and sister, body and soul, day and night, knife and fork介詞詞組中：to(at, from) school, in (to)class, in (to,at, from)university（college）,to（in, into, from）

28、church, to(in,into, out of)prison(hospital, bed), to(at, from, out of)work, to(in, from) town,at (from)home, to(at)sea, at night(noon, midnight), by car (bus, bicycle, plane), on foot注意：在有些詞組中，有無冠詞含義不同。in hospital 住院（因?。?#160;        in the hospital在醫(yī)院（工作、參觀等） in f

29、ront of在前面，指某物體之外in the front of在前部，指某物之內(nèi)in charge負責，主管         out of question沒問題in the charge由負責     out of the question不可能（9）as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，作表語的名詞不帶冠詞。Child as she is, she knows a lot of French.（10）系動詞turn（作“變成”解）后作表語的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前習慣不用冠詞。The you

30、ng girl has turned writer.= The young girl has become a writer.（11）在單數(shù)名詞 + after + 同一單數(shù)名詞（表示“一個接一個”）結(jié)構(gòu)中，單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前不加冠詞。She did experiment after experiment.類似的還有：shop after shop, mistake after mistake（12）形容詞的最高級前、序數(shù)詞前也有不用定冠詞的情況?！癿ost + 形容詞原級”作“十分、非常、極”解時，前面不用定冠詞。Oh, its most beautiful.當兩個形容詞最高級并列修飾同一個名詞

31、時，第二個形容詞前通常不用定冠詞。She is the tallest and fattest girl in our school.當形容詞最高級作表語，不表示與其他人或物相比時，其前不用定冠詞。The market in the country is busiest in winter.形容詞最高級前有名詞所有格或物主代詞時，不能用定冠詞。A wolf in a sheeps  skin is our most dangerous enemy.序數(shù)詞前面一般加定冠詞表示“第”之意，但在second、third等詞前加不定冠詞表示“又一，再一”之意。why you took a s

32、econd arrow注意：下句中“a first”表示“第一名、冠軍”。He is a top student in our class, he often gets a first in maths.（13）no與such連用時應(yīng)放在such之前，such后面的名詞不用冠詞。No such thing has ever happened in this village.（14）never、ever置于作主語的名詞前，這些名詞前不用冠詞。Never did student study so hard.這個學(xué)生從未學(xué)得這么認真。（15）有時為了節(jié)省空間、時間、金錢和精力，或為了引起注意力，省去

33、a(n)或the,這主要用于新聞標題、工商業(yè)文件、廣告、電報、公告、提綱、書名等。Conference opens.會議召開了。2.定冠詞的使用情況（1）使用定冠詞的一般情況。特指或第二次提到。序數(shù)詞前、最高級前、獨一無二的東西前。用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前或某些專有名詞前。（2）定冠詞使用特殊的場合。 He hit him in the face.beat sb. on the nose, take sb. by the arm, pat sb. on the head the rich, the poor, the wounded 富人，窮人，傷員 the elder of the two

34、, he more beautiful of the two兩者中較年長的一位，較漂亮的一個 The sooner, the better.越快越好。 He got paid by the hour.他是按小時付工錢的。by the yard/the dozen/the month/the year但：by weight按重量 in the 50s /in the 1870s（表示年代） the Smiths/the Whites（表示一家人或夫婦倆） in the water/field/light/shade/distance/middle/country/rain tell the tr

35、uth/on the other hand/on the way home 當抽象名詞表示某一特定內(nèi)容，特別是當它有一限定性修飾語時，它與定冠詞連用：She is fond of music.He is playing the music written by Beethoven.Good advice is beyond price.Im sorry not to have taken the advice he gave.3.不定冠詞常用的幾種情況（1）表示“一”相當于“one”。Ill return in a day or two.（2）表示“每”相當于“per”。We have thr

36、ee meals a day.（3）表示“同一性”相當于“the same”。The children are of an age. （4）表示類指，表示“某類”。He wants to he a doctor.（5）表示泛指，相當于“any”。A horse is a useful animal.（6）表示某一個，相當于“a certain”。A Mr. Smith is asking to see you. （7）與抽象名詞連用，可以表示“一場、一次、一件”，如：a pleasure一件樂事，a surprise一件令人驚訝的事，a joy一件高興的事，a pity一件遺憾的事，an ho

37、nour一個（件）經(jīng)以為榮的人(事)。（8）與物質(zhì)名詞連用，表示“一種，一陣、一份”。What a heavy rain!What a good supper!Please give me a black coffee!4.冠詞表類別的常見方式（1）定冠詞 + 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，表示一個，代表一類。The computer was invented in 1945.The TV set was invented by Joan Baird.The horse is a useful animal.（2）不定冠詞 + 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞（表示任意一個，某一個）。A pen is a tool for wr

38、iting.A square has four sides.A horse is a useful animal.注意：man, woman表示泛指時，不用冠詞，且常用單數(shù)。如：Man is fighting a battle against pollution.Man tries to be the protector of woman.（3）可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，指類別（考慮到同類中的各個情況）。Horses are useful animals.Rice is a kind of food.5.冠詞位置問題（1）不定冠詞 + 副詞 + 形容詞 + 名詞。This is a very in

39、teresting story.（2）such、what、both、all、quite、rather +不定冠詞+形容詞+名詞。Ive never seen such a film!Half a pound of pork,please!What a good idea it is!（3）as、so、too、how、however、enough+形容詞+不定冠詞+名詞。It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.I cant finish the task in so short a time.This seems not too long a d

40、istance.We wonder how difficult a problem he worked out.However low te price you paid,you waste your money.He is brave enough a hunter to kill the bear.（4）定冠詞位置。half、twice、three times + the + 名詞He paid twice the price for it.Their house is three times the size of yours.all、both、double + the + 名詞Both

41、 the blind men were mistaken.All the students in our class are eager to know the secret.I offered him double the amount, but he still refused.1 2 下一頁 英語高考專題復(fù)習講與練1 名詞與冠詞| 文章作者：佚名 | 文章來源：網(wǎng)絡(luò) | 收集整理：嘉興英語網(wǎng) | 更新時間：2007-4-28 | 字體：小 大 |二、精典名題導(dǎo)解選擇填空1.The  warmth of _sweater will of course

42、 be determined by the sort of _wool used.（NMET 2001）AThe ; the        Bthe ; /      C/; the       D/; /解析：答案為B。第一空格為特指，交待the warmth的內(nèi)容，第二空格為泛指，the sort of wool used所用羊毛的種類。此題有三點需注意：正確理解sweater 這一句詞在句中的類別。掌握dete

43、rmine在句中作“決定”、“取決于”這個意思。掌握定冠詞表特指的基本用法。2.Most animals have little connection with_animals of_different kind unless they kill them for food.（NMET  2000）Athe a     B/ a      Cthe the      D/ the解析：答案為B。名詞復(fù)數(shù)表類別，其前不用冠詞，故第一個空格不填冠詞，

44、表不定概念的“一種”，“某種”要用不定冠詞a。要準確掌握冠詞表類別的三種表達方式和不定冠詞常用的幾種情況，見前面要點考點聚焦內(nèi)容。3.Paper money was in_use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _thirteenth century.（NMET1999）Athe /     Bthe the  C/ the       D/ /解析：答案為C。題中in use是固定搭配，意為“在使用”，use為抽象名詞，

45、其前不用冠詞。后者是序數(shù)詞前用定冠詞the。要牢記一些固定搭配如in use、under construction（在建設(shè)中）、in debt（欠債）、come to power（執(zhí)政）、on fire（著火）、at table（用餐）、out of work（失業(yè)）等。source:    （一）名詞1To the sea captains surprise，he found that       travel could also be quite pieasant   Aearth

46、0;         B1and         Cground         Dplain2Some famous singers live on the       from their record sales   Asalary   

47、60;     Bvalue        Cbill           Dincome3Many countries are increasing their use of nature gas，wind and other forms of          Aenergy  

48、60;      Bsource       Cpower          Dmaterial4You can take as many as you like because they are free of       Afare        

49、0;   Bcharge       Cmoney          Dpay5George always wants things done quicklyHes got to       .   Aidea           Bmeans

50、60;       Cpatience       Ddecision6Do you know the      of the saying I just quoted?   Asource         Bresource     Ccourse   &#

51、160;     Dcause7Why did you refuse to move in the house?Because it was really in a poor and dirty       Aform           Bkind         Cshape   &#

52、160;      Dstate8His name was on the       of my tongue，but I just couldnt remember it   Aend            Bedge         Ctip   

53、;         Dside9You shouldnt let children play with       Its dangerous!   Afootball       Bwatches      Cmatches        Dchess10W

54、ell have PE this afternoon but I forgot to bring my       .   Asports clothes    Bsport clothes  Cclothes of sports  Dsports clothes11Dark clouds are a       of rain while a smile is a   

55、60;   of friendshipAgesture；sign     B.mark；sign      C.sign；gesture       D.sign；mark12Is the house very expensive，Dick?    I dont think its worth the       they are ask

56、ing   Aprice            Bcost            Cvalue              Dmoney13These days I hire two    &

57、#160;  in my house    Aman servants    Bmen servant    Cman servant    Dmen servants14The editor to1d the newsman to write       report    Aa two-thousand-words     

58、     Ba two-thousands-words    Ca two thousand Word           Da two-thousand-word15The brook lies within       of the train stationAten-minute-ride      &

59、#160;        Bten minutes rideCten minutes ride            Dten minutesride16Though I spoke to him many times，he never took any       of what I said    Aremark 

60、         Bobservation      Cattention     Dnotice17       came that his       should be kept secret    AA word；words    BThe

61、word；word   CWord：words    DWords；Word18Weve missed the last busIm aftaid we have no       but to take a taxi    Away              Bchoice    

62、60;      Cpossibility    Dselection19How was your recent Visit to Qingdao?    It was greatWe visited some friends，and spent the       days at the seaside    Afew 1ast sunny    B1ast few

63、 sunny    Cfew sunny list    D1ast sunny few20We climbed higher up the mountain so that We could get a better           Aview              Bidea  

64、0;        Cpoint        Dopinion21We have worked out a planBut Im not sure whether it will do in           Afact            &

65、#160; Bpractice       Cdeed         Dtime22Ive got an“A”in the examination    T11ats a good     .Youll surely win a sec-ond    Aresult       

66、0;    Bstart          Cnews         Didea23The       makes me feel sick    Asign            

67、60; Bsight          Cscene        Dlook24 What a pleasant      these trees give us!    Why not stop here and have a rest in it?    Ashade    

68、0;        Bshadow         Cpeace        Dscene25They can never make good nurses，not having the necessary        .    Apractice  &#

69、160;       Beducation      Cexercise     Dtraining26Mr Tong couldnt keep pace with the others as they    marched alongHe often stood out of           Aorder 

70、60;           Bsight          Cmind         Dline27Im afraid that there is no      for you in my car,because there are already five people&#

71、160;   Aplace             Broom           Cneed         Dposition28       it is to go swimming on sueh a hot d

72、ay!    AWhat fun          BHow fun        CWhat a fun   DHow a fun29Heavy trucks which run day and night are doing damage to our houses and shops of historical      

73、            Ascene              Bperiod         Cinterest     Dsense30The dress is nice but she doesnt like the  &#

74、160;     on the material   Asharp              Bsize           Cmodel        Dpattern31It is foolish to go to the &

75、#160;    of taking music lessons if you never practice   Aexpense            Bsense          Cpay          Dmoney32For twenty year

76、s Gandhi p1ayed an important       in working for equal rights fbr Indians   Aaction             Bro1e           Cfigure     

77、  Dposition33Last night the president made a speech on TV to the           .   A.country            B.state            C.1and

78、          D.nation34The old house belongs to                  AJacks and his brother             BJacks and his bro

79、thers CJack and his brothers             DJack and his brother35       will make a trip to China during the summer holidays   AThe Evens         BThe Evens

80、     CThe Evenses  DThe Evenses'36Id like you to meet Davida     cowboy   Adark，handsome and tall    Btall，handsome and dark   Cdark，tall and handsome    Dtall，dark and handsome37.The young student is&

81、#160;          as a writerIts          to all his teachers   Asuccess；surprise                Ba success；sorprise  

82、 Csuccess；a surprise              Da success；a surprise38.My mothers    is getting grey，but my father has only a few grey             Ahairs；hair    B

83、hair：hair     Chair；hairs    Dhair：hairs39.      unicle is going to pick them up at the airport this afternoon   AJacks and Joans             BJacks and Joan  

84、CJack and Joans                DJack and Joan40.Many old houses are being pulled down to make    for the apartment buildings  Aroom            Bground

85、        Cspace           Darea41.Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are say       ing hould make any        Aexcuse     

86、60;    Bsense         Cuse             Dvalue名詞1-5 BDABC  6-10 ADCCA  11-15 CADDD  16-20 DCBBA  21-25 BABAD  26-30 DBAC31-35 ABDDC  36-40 DDCCA  41 B冠

87、詞與數(shù)詞1He has       great interest in history，especially in      history of Tang Dynasty    Aa；the           Ba；不填          C不填；the        D不填；a2The party last night was       successwe sang and danced until it came to       end at twelve   Aa；th