章振邦《新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》Lecture 4PPT課件

1、Classification of NounsNumber Forms of Nouns ( (名詞的數(shù)名詞的數(shù)) )Unit Noun (Partitive) ( (單位名詞單位名詞) )Function of Noun Phrases第1頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)Classification of NounsClassification of NounsWord formationLexical meaningGrammatical formSimple nounsSimple nounsCompound nounsCompound nounsDerivative nounsDerivative nou

2、nsCommon nounsCommon nounsProper nounsProper nounsCountable nounsCountable nounsUncountable Uncountable nounsnouns第2頁(yè)/共38頁(yè) Simple nouns: a noun that contains only one free morpheme. man, chair, land, ship, water, gas, faith Compound nouns: a noun that is composed of two or more morphemes. armchair,

3、farmland, seaside, forget-me-not Derivative nouns: a noun that comes from a verb, an adjective or a simple noun with affix. arrangement, greatness, ability, expectationP41 Ex.4A第3頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)Common Noun個(gè)體名詞個(gè)體名詞 Individual Noun(boy, house, tiger, insect)集體名詞集體名詞 Collective Noun(family, team, cattle, police

4、)物質(zhì)名詞物質(zhì)名詞 Material Noun(air, snow, bread, rice)抽象名詞抽象名詞 Abstract Noun(glory, honesty, failure, education)第4頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)P(yáng)roper NounA proper noun is a name used for a particular person, place or thing, and spelt with a A proper noun is a name used for a particular person, place or thing, and spelt with a ca

5、pital initial letter.capital initial letter.Anderson, China, San Francisco, British Airways, National Peoples Congress, the Democratic Party, The New York Times, the State Council, Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference,the 12th Five-Year Plan第5頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)Count and non-count nouns A count noun

6、 (or countable noun) is a noun that has A count noun (or countable noun) is a noun that has a plural and which can collocate with numbers and a plural and which can collocate with numbers and with such determiners as a(n), many, few, these, those, with such determiners as a(n), many, few, these, tho

7、se, several, etc. A non-count noun (or uncountable noun) several, etc. A non-count noun (or uncountable noun) is a noun that cannot go with the above-mentioned is a noun that cannot go with the above-mentioned words.words.第6頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)Function of noun phrases The noun phrase can function as all the eleme

8、nts in the sentence except the predicate verb.As Subject:Children at play seldom remember what time it is. The boys quarrelling over the game each insisted that the other was unfair. 第7頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)Function of noun phrasesAs Subject Complement:That was an attractive little black chair.My grandfather died a

9、 martyr to his revolutionary ideal.As Object:They gave him a first-rate education.In the hall, I saw some extremely valuable pictures.第8頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)Function of noun phrasesAs Object Complement:They elected him chairman of the board.The School Board have appointed her superintendent of the citys schools.As

10、 Appositive:Mr. Brown, director of the coal mine, should be responsible for the accident.Alice, a professor of the department, will be invited to our English Evening.第9頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)Function of noun phrasesAs Prepositional Complement, (or Prepositional Object):We teachers should be concerned about the stude

11、nts moral culture.Within the house nothing stirs. In the garden I can hear the singing of birds. I can hear the rustle of their wings.第10頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)Function of noun phrasesAs Adverbial and Conjunction:He returned last night.A photo is taken each time (=whenever) this button is pushed.She phoned her paren

12、ts the moment (=as soon as) she reached the hotel.第11頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)Number forms of nounsRegular and irregular pluralIndividual nouns are all countable and therefore Individual nouns are all countable and therefore have singular and plural forms. The regular have singular and plural forms. The regular plural

13、 is formed by adding plural is formed by adding ss or or eses to the base to the base (e.g., photos, tomatoes, boxes, wives, etc.), (e.g., photos, tomatoes, boxes, wives, etc.), while the irregular plural is not formed in the while the irregular plural is not formed in the above way but by other mea

14、ns such as by above way but by other means such as by changing the internal vowelchanging the internal vowel or by or by changing the changing the ending of the nounending of the noun (e.g., tooth teeth, man (e.g., tooth teeth, man men, mouse mice, child children, ox oxen).men, mouse mice, child chi

15、ldren, ox oxen).P42-44第12頁(yè)/共38頁(yè) Irregular plurals also include some words of Irregular plurals also include some words of foreign origin, borrowed from Greek, Latin or foreign origin, borrowed from Greek, Latin or French (known as “French (known as “foreign pluralsforeign plurals”).”). Some borrowed

16、 words have Some borrowed words have two plural formstwo plural forms: a : a foreign plural and an English plural.foreign plural and an English plural. For some nouns, their For some nouns, their singular and pluralsingular and plural number share number share the samethe same form. form.P44P45P45第1

17、3頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)Number forms of the collective, material, abstract and proper nouna)Number forms of the collective noun: Some collective nouns are countable, some are not. Some collective nouns are countable, some are not. Countable collective nouns behave just like individual Countable collective nouns beha

18、ve just like individual nouns. An uncountable collective noun has no plural nouns. An uncountable collective noun has no plural form. If we want to count the number, we have to use form. If we want to count the number, we have to use a kind of a kind of individual noun related semantically to the in

19、dividual noun related semantically to the collectivecollective. . Some collective nouns have both singular and plural Some collective nouns have both singular and plural forms:forms: (Please refer to 2.3.3 on P27.) (Please refer to 2.3.3 on P27.)P46第14頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)b) Number forms of the material noun: Mate

20、rial nouns are generally uncountable and have no plural forms. Material nouns are generally uncountable and have no plural forms. But there are some such items that can be used either But there are some such items that can be used either uncountablyuncountably when when used to mean the used to mean

21、 the material itselfmaterial itself, or , or countablycountably when used in when used in other sensesother senses: : sand sands; water waters; food foods; fruit fruits; coffee coffees;rubber rubbers; stone stones; egg eggs; lamb lambs; onion onions;P51第15頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)c) Number forms of the abstract noun:

22、Abstract nouns are mostly uncountable, e.g.: Abstract nouns are mostly uncountable, e.g.:Honesty is the best policy.Knowledge is power. But there are some abstract nouns that are countable But there are some abstract nouns that are countable like individual nouns, e.g.:like individual nouns, e.g.:vi

23、ctory / a victory / two victories There are also abstract nouns that have plural There are also abstract nouns that have plural endings but are uncountable. For instance, endings but are uncountable. For instance, He is in financial difficulties. He is in several difficulties.第16頁(yè)/共38頁(yè) In the case o

24、f some abstract nouns, the plural ending has the effect of In the case of some abstract nouns, the plural ending has the effect of changing the meaning of the base, e.g.:changing the meaning of the base, e.g.: The teachers met once a year to exchange experience.Have you had much experience in teachi

25、ng English?Please tell us about your experiences in Africa.My life in China was an unforgettable experience.We told each other our experiences abroad.第17頁(yè)/共38頁(yè) More examples of abstract nouns that have both More examples of abstract nouns that have both singular and plural forms:singular and plural

26、forms: relation relations; youth youths; worry worries; distraction distractions; business businesses; kindness kindnesses; Some abstract noncount nouns have semantically related Some abstract noncount nouns have semantically related individual nouns as their countable equivalents:individual nouns a

27、s their countable equivalents:laughter laughs; work jobs; correspondence letter, notes, etc.photography photos; permission permit; music songs; fun joy; homework exercises;P51第18頁(yè)/共38頁(yè) Some English nouns such as Some English nouns such as family, room, mouth, ear,family, room, mouth, ear, etc. seem

28、to be etc. seem to be only countable nouns. However, they can express only countable nouns. However, they can express abstract sensesabstract senses in in certain collocations:certain collocations: to have too much family(= too heavy family burden)(= too heavy family burden)to have too much winter(=

29、 a too long spell of cold weather)(= a too long spell of cold weather)to have too much mouth(= to talk too much)(= to talk too much)to have too little ear(= to be not inclined to listen to others)(= to be not inclined to listen to others)to have room for(= to have a need for)(= to have a need for)to

30、 feel the patriot rise(= to feel the patriotic feelings rise)(= to feel the patriotic feelings rise)第19頁(yè)/共38頁(yè) Some English nouns (fool, Some English nouns (fool, man, coward, coquette, scholar, poet, man, coward, coquette, scholar, poet, politician, sportsmanpolitician, sportsman, etc.) that are usu

31、ally countable can become , etc.) that are usually countable can become uncountable when referring to peoples features:uncountable when referring to peoples features:to be fool enough (= to be foolish enough);more of a fool (= more foolish);less of a fool (= less foolish);as much of a fool as (= as

32、foolish as);too much of a fool (= too foolish);He was enough of a man to tell the truth.P51第20頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)d) Number forms of the proper noun:Proper nouns are unique in reference and therefore have no plural forms, Proper nouns are unique in reference and therefore have no plural forms, except for such pro

33、per names as except for such proper names as the United States, the Philippines, the the United States, the Philippines, the Netherlands,Netherlands, etc. which are themselves plural in form. When a proper etc. which are themselves plural in form. When a proper noun takes a plural ending, it takes o

34、n some characteristics of a common noun takes a plural ending, it takes on some characteristics of a common noun, e.g.:noun, e.g.:Have you invited the Browns?There are two Miss Smiths / Misses Smith in the class.P48 Ex4B,4C第21頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)P(yáng)artitivesPartitives are also called Partitives are also called unit

35、 nounsunit nouns. .General partitivesPartitives related to the shape of thingsParitives related to volumeParitives related to the state of actionPartitives denoting pairs, groups, flocks, etc第22頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)General partitives 這類單位詞包括這類單位詞包括piece, bit, item, article, 它們的搭配能力很它們的搭配能力很強(qiáng)。特別是強(qiáng)。特別是piece, bit a p

36、iece ofa piece of advice / armor / bacon / bread / cake / chalk / cloth / coal / coke (cf. Coke = Coca-Cola) / evidence / furniture / ice / information / land / meat / music / news / paper / research / sugar / work;a bit ofa bit of advice / bread / grass / news / trouble / wood, etc.an item ofan ite

37、m of news; an article ofan article of furniture;第23頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)P(yáng)artitives related to the shape of thingsa cakecake of soap; a bar bar of chocolate; a dropdrop of water;a grain grain （顆粒）of sand; an earear（穗）of corn; a flight flight of stairs; ten headhead of cattle / cabbage / lettuce;a bundle bundle of k

38、eys / sticks / firewood; a loaf loaf of bread; a lumplump of sugar; a spiral spiral of incense; a sliceslice (cf. filletfillet) of meat;第24頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)P(yáng)artitives related to volumea bottlebottle of ink;a bowlbowl of rice (cf. a toilet bowltoilet bowl); a pailpail of water; a bucketbucket of water / milk;a

39、glassglass of beer;a cupcup of tea / coffee; a handfulhandful of clay; two spoonfulspoonfuls of hot water; a truckloadtruckload of steel; four lorryloadlorryloads of sand;第25頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)P(yáng)artitives related tothe state of actiona fitfit of anger / temper / coughing / laughter / fever; a pealpeal of applause / laughter / thunder; a flashflash of light / lightning / hope; a displaydisplay of courage / force / power / skill;第26頁(yè)/共38頁(yè)P(yáng)artitives denoting pairs, gro