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1、Grammar and usagePresent perfect tense現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時 1;.結(jié)構(gòu):肯定:結(jié)構(gòu):肯定:have / has done 否定:否定:have / has not done 疑問:疑問:Has /Have + 主語主語 + done 簡略答語簡略答語: Yes, 主語主語 + have/has.(肯定肯定) No, 主語主語 + havent/hasnt.(否定否定) 被動:被動:has / have been done2;.注意:注意: 1)現(xiàn)在完成時不能單獨(dú)與過去的時間狀語連用現(xiàn)在完成時不能單獨(dú)與過去的時間狀語連用, 如如yesterday,last
2、week, three years ago 等等; 2)不能與不能與when連用連用 3).現(xiàn)在完成時往往同表示不確定的過去時間狀語連用現(xiàn)在完成時往往同表示不確定的過去時間狀語連用3;.用法一:表示用法一:表示 ( 不確定的不確定的) 過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響或造成結(jié)果。過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響或造成結(jié)果。 I have already lost the key. (我現(xiàn)在沒有鑰匙我現(xiàn)在沒有鑰匙)I havent read that book yet . (不了解書的內(nèi)容不了解書的內(nèi)容)I have just cleaned my hands. (手是干凈的手是干凈的)常與常與alre
3、ady(已經(jīng)已經(jīng)), yet(已經(jīng)已經(jīng)), just(剛剛剛剛),ever(曾經(jīng)曾經(jīng)) never(從不從不) ,recently(最近最近), lately(近來近來) 等詞連用等詞連用. already: 常用于肯定句中常用于肯定句中. yet: 常用于否定句常用于否定句,疑問句尾疑問句尾. 4;.注意:注意:just: just: 剛剛,與現(xiàn)在完成時連用剛剛,與現(xiàn)在完成時連用just now: just now: 剛才,與一般過去時連用剛才,與一般過去時連用e.g. I have just bought a pen I bought a pen just now.5;.用法二用法二:表示
4、從過去開始并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài),也可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去,只能用表示從過去開始并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài),也可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去,只能用于某些延續(xù)性動詞,常與于某些延續(xù)性動詞,常與for,since,for,since,或和表示從過去某時到現(xiàn)在這段時間的時間或和表示從過去某時到現(xiàn)在這段時間的時間狀語(如狀語(如: so far, up to now, in the last few years/days: so far, up to now, in the last few years/days等)連用。等)連用。She has learned English for 5 years.He has l
5、ived in Beijing since he was born .Has he lived in Shenzhen for 4 years?6;.since: (自自以來以來)1)since+時間點(diǎn)時間點(diǎn)He has stayed here since 5 oclock.2)since+ 時間段時間段+ agoHe has stayed here since 5 hours ago.3)since+ 從句從句She has taught English since he came here. for: (長達(dá))長達(dá))for+ 時間段時間段He has kept the book for 2
6、 weeks.since , for 的用法的用法: Take notes 7;.用for 或since填空Mr. Brown has had his TV _ 15 years. Ive taken driving lessons _last month. My sister has had her cell phone _a month . My friends havent visited me _my birthday. We havent used our car _ a long time . She hasnt had a good cup of coffee _years. T
7、om has worn glasses _he was 7 years old. forsinceforsinceforforsince8;.注意:瞬間動詞在肯定句中不能與注意:瞬間動詞在肯定句中不能與forfor,sincesince等表示一段時間的時間狀語連用等表示一段時間的時間狀語連用延續(xù)性動詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動作,這種動作可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久影響。如:延續(xù)性動詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動作,這種動作可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久影響。如:learn,work,stand,lie,know,walk,keep,have,wait,watch,sing,read,sleep,live,stay等。等。瞬間動
8、詞也稱非延續(xù)性動詞、終止性動詞或短暫性動詞,表示不能延續(xù)的動作,這種動作瞬間動詞也稱非延續(xù)性動詞、終止性動詞或短暫性動詞,表示不能延續(xù)的動作,這種動作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。如:發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。如:open,close,finish,begin,come,go,arrive,reach,getto,leave,die,borrow, buy等。等。9;.當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時 + + 一段時間一段時間注意:注意:1)Tom has studied Russian for three years.=Tom began to study Russian three years ago,and is st
9、ill studying it now.2)(錯錯) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.改為改為: Harry got married six years ago.或或 Harry has been married for six years.10;.誤誤I have received his letter for two days.正正I received his letter two days ag
10、o.I have had his letter for two days.It is two days since I received his letter.*瞬間動詞在瞬間動詞在否定句中否定句中則可以與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。則可以與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。I havent received his letter for a long time.He hasnt married since he broke up with his girlfriend.11;.動作動作狀態(tài)狀態(tài)die be over leave arrive begin end/finish join marry
11、be away be here be on(上演) be married be in be dead由非延續(xù)性動詞到延續(xù)性動詞的轉(zhuǎn)換由非延續(xù)性動詞到延續(xù)性動詞的轉(zhuǎn)換12;.1.have代替代替buy My brother has had(不能用不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用、用keep或或have代替代替borrow I have kept(不能用不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用、用be替代替代become How long has your sist
12、er been a teacher? 4、用、用have a cold代替代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用、用wear代替代替put on 13;.b)用用“be形容詞形容詞”代終止性動詞代終止性動詞 1、bemarried代代marry 2、beill代代fall (get) ill 4、beasleep代代fall (get) asleep 5、beawake代代wake/wake up 7、beopen代代open 8、be closed代代close/shut 9、bemissin
13、g (gone, lost) 代代lose 14;.用法三:表示一個過去發(fā)生的動作到現(xiàn)在為止已完成或剛剛完成。用法三:表示一個過去發(fā)生的動作到現(xiàn)在為止已完成或剛剛完成。Now we have planted all the trees. He has turned off the light.Up to now, the program has saved thousands of children. A: “ Would you like something to eat ? ” B: “ No, thanks. Ive just had lunch.”15;.All of us have
14、heard this many times.I have visited Beijing three times.You dont need to describe her; I have met her several times.用法四:表示過去發(fā)生的一次或多次的動作,一般漢語譯為用法四:表示過去發(fā)生的一次或多次的動作,一般漢語譯為“過過”,常帶有,常帶有once,twice, threetimes等頻度時間狀語等頻度時間狀語 16;.特殊句型:特殊句型: 1.It is + 時間段 since +一般過去時的句子.他的爺爺已經(jīng)去世他的爺爺已經(jīng)去世2年了。年了。 Nick 參軍參軍3年了年
15、了.他離開深圳好長時間了。他離開深圳好長時間了。這本書我已借了這本書我已借了4個月了個月了. It is 2 years since his grandpa died. It is 3 years since Nick joined the army. It is a long time since he left Shenzhen. It is 4 months since I borrowed the book . 17;.句型二句型二: This/It is : This/It is the first/second 等序數(shù)詞等序數(shù)詞 time + that time + that 從句
16、從句( (謂語動詞用現(xiàn)謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時在完成時) )Its the first time that Miss Liu has been to Taojiang.句型三:句型三:It/This/That is It/This/That is the the 最高級最高級 + + 名詞名詞 that that 從句(謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成從句(謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時)時)Its the best film that I have ever seen. 18;.have / has gone to & have / has been to 1. have / has been (to)表示表示
17、“去過某地去過某地 (現(xiàn)在已回來)(現(xiàn)在已回來)” 2. have / has gone to 表示表示“去某地了去某地了 (說話時某人不在當(dāng)?shù)兀ㄕf話時某人不在當(dāng)?shù)兀?“前者可與前者可與once, never, severaltimes等連用等連用,后者則不能后者則不能我曾經(jīng)去過三次意大利。我曾經(jīng)去過三次意大利。 I have been to Italy three times. 他去哈爾濱了。他去哈爾濱了。 He has gone to Harbin.Have/has been in:呆了多久(還在所呆的地方):呆了多久(還在所呆的地方)My father has been in Shan
18、ghai for two months. /since two months ago.19;.Summary:用法一:用法一: ( ( 不確定的不確定的) ) 過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影 響或造成結(jié)果。響或造成結(jié)果。用法二用法二: :表示從過去開始并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài),表示從過去開始并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài), 也可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。也可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。用法三:過去發(fā)生的動作到現(xiàn)在為止已完成或剛完成。用法三:過去發(fā)生的動作到現(xiàn)在為止已完成或剛完成。用法四:過去發(fā)生的一次或多次的動作。用法四:過去發(fā)生的一次或多次的動作。用法五:用于某些特殊句型用法五:用于某些特殊句型2
19、0;.Practice:1. Can you give me the right answer? Sorry, I _ Would you please repeat that question? A. havent listened B. hadnt listenedC. dont listen D. wasnt listening 21;.2. When you get the paper back, pay special attention to what _ . have marked B. have been markedC. had marked D. had been mark
20、ed3.It seems that she is thinking about something. Yes, she can not remember what key she _ to her computer.set B. has set C. had set D. sets22;.4.Danny _ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.works B. is workingC. has worked D. worked5. He didnt give up the plan though he _many t
21、imes.would fail B. was failing C. had failed D. has failed23;.True or False: He has been to the shop. Hell be back soon.2. I havent received his letter for a long time.3. I have received his letter for two days.4. This is the most interesting book that I had read.5. He has bought the car last Friday
22、.gonehadhave 24;.現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時的區(qū)別:現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時的區(qū)別:現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時: : 強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這一動作強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這一動作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系, ,對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響等對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響等, ,不能與表不能與表過去的時間狀語連用。過去的時間狀語連用。一般過去時一般過去時: : 只著重說明動作發(fā)生在過去,與現(xiàn)在無關(guān),只著重說明動作發(fā)生在過去,與現(xiàn)在無關(guān),常與具體的過去時間狀語連常與具體的過去時間狀語連用。用。25;.Exercises:We _(study) English for about five years. We_ (begin) to st
23、udy it five years ago.2. They _(move) to the south in 1990 and _(live) there since then.3. Eric _(leave) home last year but now he _ (come) back.have studiedbeganmovedhave livedhas comeleft26;.1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _whats happened to him . . knew . have known . must know .will kno
24、w2、He has _ been to Shanghai , has he ? . already .never .ever . still27;. 3、Have you met Mr Li _?. just . ago .before . a moment ago4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two years . is writing .was writing .wrote .has written28;.5、How long have you _ here ?About two months . been . gone .
25、come . arrived6、Hurry up! The play _ for ten minutes . . has begun . had begun . has been on . began29;.7、 It _ ten years since he left the army . is . has . will . was8、 Miss Green isnt in the office . she_ to the library .has gone . went .will go . has been30;.9、My parents _ Shandong for ten years
26、 . have been in . have been to. have gone to . have been10、The students have cleaned the classroom, _?A. so they B. dont they C. have they D. havent they31;.過去完成時32;.一、過去完成時的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)一、過去完成時的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) 概念:概念:過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作,即過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作,即“過去的過去的過去過去” 那時以前那時以前 那時那時 現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在33
27、;.構(gòu)成:過去完成時由構(gòu)成:過去完成時由“助動詞助動詞had +過去分詞過去分詞”構(gòu)成,其中構(gòu)成,其中had通用于各種人稱。通用于各種人稱。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 :00 this morning. 34;.二、過去完成時的判斷依據(jù)二、過去完成時的判斷依據(jù) 1. 由時間狀語來判定由時間狀語來判定 一般說來,各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有:一般說來,各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間
28、狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有: ( 1 ) by + 過去的時間點(diǎn)。過去的時間點(diǎn)。 如:如: I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. (2 )by the end of + 過去的時間點(diǎn)。過去的時間點(diǎn)。 如:如:We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. (3 )before +過去的時間點(diǎn)。過去的時間點(diǎn)。 如:如:They had planted six hundred trees before last W
29、ednesday35;.2. 由由“過去的過去過去的過去”來判定。來判定。 過去完成時表示過去完成時表示“過去的過去過去的過去”,是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動,是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作,即動作有先后關(guān)系,動作在前的用過去完成時,在后的用一般過去時。這種作,即動作有先后關(guān)系,動作在前的用過去完成時,在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在:用法常出現(xiàn)在: 1)表示意向的動詞,如)表示意向的動詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時表示等,用過去完成時表示原本原本,未能,未能 We had hope
30、d that you would come, but you didnt. 36;.2 )賓語從句中 當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時,且從句的動作先于主句的動作時,從句要用過去完成時。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。 1.She said that she had seen the film before2.After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意:before, after 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中,由于before 和 after本身已表達(dá)了動作的先后關(guān)系,若主、從句表示的動
31、作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過去時。如: 1.Where did you study before you came here? 2.After he closed the door, he left the classroom. 37;. 3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定。根據(jù)上、下文來判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.三、過去完成時的主要用法三、過去完成時的主要用法1. 過去完成時表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束,過去完
32、成時表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束,即發(fā)生在即發(fā)生在“過去的過去過去的過去”。如:。如: When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒來時,雨已經(jīng)停了。(主句的動作發(fā)生在我醒來時,雨已經(jīng)停了。(主句的動作發(fā)生在“過去的過去過去的過去”)38;.2. 過去完成時是一個相對的時態(tài),表示的是過去完成時是一個相對的時態(tài),表示的是“過去的過去過去的過去”,只有和過去某一時間或,只有和過去某一時間或某一動作相比較時才使用它。如:某一動作相比較時才使用它。如: He told me that he had written a new book
33、. (had written 發(fā)生在發(fā)生在told 之前之前)3. 過去完成時需要與一個表示過去的時間狀語連用,它不能離開過去時間而獨(dú)立存在。過去完成時需要與一個表示過去的時間狀語連用,它不能離開過去時間而獨(dú)立存在。此時多與此時多與already,yet ,still , just , before , never 等時間副詞及等時間副詞及 by ,before ,until 等引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用。如:等引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用。如:Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about fi
34、ve years. 39;.4. 過去完成時表示某一動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時之前已經(jīng)開始,過去完成時表示某一動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時之前已經(jīng)開始,一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間,而且動作尚未結(jié)束,仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。如:一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間,而且動作尚未結(jié)束,仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。如: By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. ( had worked 已有了已有了 20 年,還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能)年,還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能)40;.5. 過去完成時也用于過去完成時也用于hardly.when.(剛(剛
35、就就) no sooner.than. (剛(剛就就), It was the first time + that等一些固定句型中。等一些固定句型中。 He had no sooner left the room than they began to talk about him. 他剛離開房間,他們就議論起他來。他剛離開房間,他們就議論起他來。 We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.我們剛開始就被叫停。我們剛開始就被叫停。 It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me in suc
36、h a tune.他用這樣的語調(diào)跟我講話,這是第一次。他用這樣的語調(diào)跟我講話,這是第一次。41;.四、過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別四、過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在完成時表示的動作發(fā)生在過去,但側(cè)重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響,與現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在完成時表示的動作發(fā)生在過去,但側(cè)重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響,與現(xiàn)在有關(guān),其結(jié)構(gòu)為有關(guān),其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動詞助動詞have (has) + 過去分詞過去分詞”;過去完成時則是一個相對的時態(tài),;過去完成時則是一個相對的時態(tài),它所表示的動作不僅發(fā)生在過去,更強(qiáng)調(diào)它所表示的動作不僅發(fā)生在過去,更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去過去的過去”,只有和過去某時或某動作,只有和過去某時或
37、某動作相比較時,才用到它。試比較:相比較時,才用到它。試比較:I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了1000 個英語單詞。個英語單詞。 I had learned 1000 English words till then. 到那時為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了到那時為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了1000 個英語單詞。個英語單詞。42;.五、過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別五、過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別 雖然這兩種時態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),但在使用時應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):雖然這兩種時態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),但在使用時應(yīng)
38、注意以下幾點(diǎn): 1. 時間狀語不同:過去完成時在時間上強(qiáng)調(diào)時間狀語不同:過去完成時在時間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去過去的過去”;而一般過去時只強(qiáng)調(diào)過;而一般過去時只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時間。試比較:去某一特定的時間。試比較: They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 43;.2. 在沒有明確的過去時間狀語作標(biāo)志時,謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的時間先后須依據(jù)在沒有明確的過去時間狀語作標(biāo)志時,謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的時間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷:先發(fā)生的用過去完成時,后發(fā)生的則
39、用一般過去時。如:上下文來判斷:先發(fā)生的用過去完成時,后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時。如: She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 44;.Present perfect continuous tense現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時45;. 1.The telephone has been ringing for almost a minute. Why doesnt someone answer
40、 it?電話響了差不多一分鐘電話響了差不多一分鐘, , 為什么沒人接為什么沒人接? ? 2. The weather has been changeable lately; Ive been having a lot of colds.最近天氣變化無常最近天氣變化無常, , 我時常感冒。我時常感冒。46;.n用法一:用法一:從以前到現(xiàn)在這一段時間里一直在進(jìn)行的動作,可能仍在進(jìn)行,也可能從以前到現(xiàn)在這一段時間里一直在進(jìn)行的動作,可能仍在進(jìn)行,也可能已停止。已停止。47;.用法二:表示一個從過去某時開始的動作一直延續(xù)到說話時剛結(jié)束。用法二:表示一個從過去某時開始的動作一直延續(xù)到說話時剛結(jié)束。Whe
41、re have you been?We have been looking for you everywhere.48;.用法三:表示過去剛剛完成的動作,對現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系或影響。用法三:表示過去剛剛完成的動作,對現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系或影響。1. Ive been typing letters all day. (I am very tired. ) 一整天都在打信件。(我太累了。)一整天都在打信件。(我太累了。)2. Susan has been crying. (Susans eyes are red.) 蘇姍一直在哭。(眼睛都哭紅了。)蘇姍一直在哭。(眼睛都哭紅了。)49;.Practice:How I wish I could bring some laughter to my students who _ so hard.will work B. had worked C. have been wor
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