英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)資料1

1、1. 外來(lái)詞分為四類(lèi)：1 Denizens ,cup from cuppa , port form portus 2) Aliens garage , décor 3) Translation loans e.g. long time no see 4) Semantic- loans.e.g. dream. 2.Motivation 分類(lèi)：onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation, etymological motivation. Types of meaning: grammati

2、cal & lexical ; conceptual & associative (connotative, stylistic, affective , collocative ,) 多義關(guān)系及兩種研究方法:Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural language that one word has two or more senses or meanings. Diachronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies how a word der

3、ived its different meanings from its primary meaning in the course of time. 3. Synchronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time. 4. Primary meaning is the only meaning that a word had when it was

4、first created. 5. Derived meanings are the meanings that a word gets from the primary meaning at different stages of its development in the course of time. 6. 同形同音異義關(guān)系 Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning from another, but either identical both in sound and sp

5、elling or identical only in sound or spelling with the other Homonyms generally fall into three classes: perfect homonyms (same name); homographs (same spelling) and homophones （some sound）. Perfect homonyms are those words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, e.g. bear /b

6、ea/ (n) a large heavy animal; bear /bea/ (v) to put up with. Homographs are the words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. saw / / (v) to scatter seeds; sow /sau/ (n) female adult pig. Homophones refer to the words identical only in sound but different in spelling and

7、meaning, e.g. dear /dia/ (n) a loved person; deer /dia/ (n) a kind of animal. 7. 同形同音異義詞與多義詞的區(qū)別 Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lie

8、s in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the

9、 same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree, e. g. neck (See 6.1 Polysemy) . On the

10、other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries. 8. 同義關(guān)系Synonyms are words which share the same or nearly the same meaning with each other but

11、different in sound and spelling. There are absolute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from borrowing, dialects and regional English, figurative and euphemistic use of words, coincidence with idiomatic expressions. There exists the difference between or among synonyms in terms of their deno

12、tation, connotation or application. Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.9.

13、Sources of Synonyms 1) Borrowing 2)Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions 10. 如何區(qū)分同義詞？1Difference in denotation2 Difference in connotation 3 Difference in application11. What are the characteristics of antonyms?12. 1) Antony

14、ms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. 4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite. 13. 上下義關(guān)系:H

15、yponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Superordinates refer to some general words; subordinates denote those more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs,

16、 with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog, pig are subordinates in relation to animal, but superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomes a subordinate of

17、creature. And creature in turn becomes 14. 詞義變化的種類(lèi)There are five types of meaning, changes: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, and transfer among which extension and narrowing are the most common. Changes in meaning can be accounted for from extra-linguistic factors (historical reason, cl

18、ass reason, and psychological reason) and intra-linguistic factors (shortening, the influx of borrowing, and analogy).15. 詞義的擴(kuò)大 Extension is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less 16. definite concept. Compare the following；詞義的縮小Narrowing is a pr

19、ocess by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense；詞義的升華Elevation is a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciative sense；詞義的降格Degradation is a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,；詞義的轉(zhuǎn)移Transfer is a

20、 process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing. Paper serves as an example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which was once used to make paper. In modern times, paper is made from rags, wood, straw and the like, but the product has r

21、etained the same name. There is associated transfer. There are other kinds of transfer, such as, concrete to abstract, abstract to concrete and transfer of sensation. 17. 語(yǔ)境的種類(lèi):非語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)境。語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)境：詞匯語(yǔ)境和語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)境。There are two types of contexts: linguistic context and extra-linguistic (or non-linguistic context).

22、Extra-linguistic context refers to those situations and features which are not directly a part of the language in use but which either contribute in conveying a message or have an influence on language use. Linguistic or Intra-linguistic context is further subdivided into lexical context and grammat

23、ical context. By lexical context we mean the words that occur together with the word in question. By grammatical context we mean that the meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. 18. 語(yǔ)境的作用：Three major functions of context: elimination of ambiguity, indication of refe

24、rents, provision of clues for inferring word-meaning. Context an be summed up as follows:1) definition 2) explanation 3) example 4) synonymy 5) Antonymy 6)hyponymy 7) relevant details 8) word structure 19. 英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)The characteristics of idioms include semantic unity and structural stability. 20. 英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)

25、的分類(lèi)According to the criterion of their grammatical functions, we classify them into idioms nominal in nature, idioms adjectival in nature, idioms verbal in nature, idioms adverbial in nature, and sentence idioms. The stylistic features are characterized with colloquialisms, slang, and literary expre

26、ssions. 21. 英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)的使用The use of idioms involves their stylistic features, rhetorical features , and variations of idioms. 22. 英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)的修辭色彩The rhetorical features of idioms are represented with phonetic manipulation ( alliteration 頭韻法and rhyme疊韻) , lexical manipulation ( reiteration復(fù)用, repetition重復(fù)and jux

27、taposition反義詞疊用), figures of speech ( simile明喻, metaphor暗喻, metonymy轉(zhuǎn)喻, synecdoche借代, personification擬人, euphemism委婉) 23. 英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)的變異形式In the variations, addition, deletion, replacement, position-shifting and dismembering are involved in the changes in idioms constituents . 24. Associative meaning : 1)

28、associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. 2)It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminated. 3)It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture , experience, religion, geographical region, class background,educatio

29、n, etc. 4)Associative meaning comprises four types : connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative. 25. Metonymy 和Synecdoche ,修飾有何區(qū)別? Both metonymy and synecdoche involve substitution of names, yet they differ in that the former is a case of using the name of one thing for another closely assoc

30、iated with it and the latter is that of substituting part for the whole and vice versa. 26. 詞典的種類(lèi)There are four types of dictionaries with their features mentioned in this parts: (1) monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, (2) linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries, (3) unabridged, desk and pocket

31、 dictionaries, (4) specialized dictionaries. A monolingual dictionary is a dictionary which is written in one language. 27. A bilingual dictionary is one in which two languages are involved. 28. A linguistic dictionary is a dictionary which aims at defining words and explaining their usages in the l

32、anguage.29. An encyclopedic dictionary is one in which encyclopedic information is provided along with the general information as in a linguistic dictionary . 30. An encyclopedia is a dictionary which only provide encyclopedic information concerning each headword. 31. An unabridged dictionary is an

33、unshortened dictionary with at least 200,000 headwords that can supply a great quantity of basic, information about a word. 32. A desk dictionary is a medium-sized dictionary containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000.33. A pocket dictionary is a dictionary which has about 50,000 entries or few

34、er. 七、分析綜合1、對(duì)句子進(jìn)行理論分析，并改進(jìn)：ambiguous原因cause可以如何理解？如何改進(jìn)？improve 2、對(duì)單詞進(jìn)行分析：re-collect-ion歸屬free morpheme, bound morpheme解釋 3、構(gòu)詞法進(jìn)行分析：word formation: 例如：VIP=very important person 屬于aronym 4、分析idiom:屬于什么短語(yǔ)作用 注：重點(diǎn)有 1、idioms相關(guān)知識(shí)； 2、一些名詞解釋，如術(shù)語(yǔ)等； 3、types of meaning；2. 串講內(nèi)容 Introduction 部分： 34.Lexicology 這門(mén)課算

35、哪一種學(xué)科的分支:Lexicology is a branch of linguistics. 35.Lexicology和那些重要的學(xué)科建立了聯(lián)系: 1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography 36.研究lexicology 的兩大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)2) Synchronic approach : 共時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)e.g. wife縱觀歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)的方法論，woman 詞義的變化算是詞義變化的哪一種模式？ Woman 的詞義的變化算Narrowing or s

36、pecialization 第一章 37.What is word ?詞具有哪些特點(diǎn)？詞的特點(diǎn)也就是對(duì)詞的名詞解釋。1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上詞的四個(gè)特點(diǎn)也就是詞的名詞解釋 38.詞的分類(lèi)（classification of a word）詞根據(jù)發(fā)音可以分為哪兩種詞？或者說(shuō)詞根據(jù)拼寫(xiě)可以分為哪兩類(lèi)詞1) simple

37、words 2) complex words單音節(jié)詞例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音節(jié)詞例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmailmanagement 可以次劃分為manage 和 ment misfortune 可以次劃分為mis- 和 fortuneblackmail 次劃分為black 和 mail 39.What is the relationship between sound and meaning? 1)There is no logical relationship between the sound a

38、nd actual thing.e.g. dog. Cat 2)The relationship between them is conventional. 3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. 40.What is relationship between sound and form?1) The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally

39、 the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.2) This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3) With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two. 41.What are the great changes that causes illogical relationsh

40、ip or irregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter tore present each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason

41、 is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn farapart.3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English v

42、ocabulary. 要記住以上四句話中的關(guān)鍵詞： 1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing 42.你能不能舉出外來(lái)語(yǔ)對(duì)英語(yǔ)發(fā)音,拼寫(xiě)造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外來(lái)語(yǔ)對(duì)英語(yǔ)造成的最大的影響就是sound and form 不一致。 43.What is vocabulary? Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words

43、 in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. 44.Classification of Words45.What is the classification of words? How

44、 to classify words in linguistics? Three criteria :1) By use of frequency 2) By notion 3) By origin By use of frequency 可劃分為：1) The basic word stock 2) Nonbasic word vocabulary By notion 可劃分為：1) Content word2) Functional word Content words are also known as notional words . (Content words 的別稱)Functi

45、onal words are also known as empty words, or form words. (Functional words 的別稱)Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e. stability 46.According to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),* the nine function words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,you 47.What a

46、re the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character2) Stability3) Productivity4) Polysemy5) Collocability要把握住All national character詞,就是和我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钕⑾⑾嚓P(guān)的，最普通詞48.穩(wěn)定性是基本詞的一個(gè)很大特點(diǎn)，請(qǐng)你舉例說(shuō)明？e.g. man, woman , fire, water e.g. machine, video, telephone e.g. bow, chariot , knight Stability is relat

47、ive, not absolute. 49.根據(jù)詞的use frequency 劃分出的基本詞之外，還有一類(lèi)詞叫作None basic vocabulary, 非基本詞有幾大特點(diǎn)？或者是幾大分類(lèi)？1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 4) Argot e.g. persuader5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE= blood)

48、6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will)7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms )beaver 是girl 的slang 表達(dá)方式，但是二者之間存在著Stylistic difference 50.Which constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary, content or functional words ? Answer : Content words What is native words? Answer : (1) By origin, English words

49、 can be classified into native words and borrowed words.(2) Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus know asAnglo-Saxon words. (3) Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number ,amounting to roughly 50,000 to 6

50、0,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language 51.什么叫borrowed words?Answer: (1) words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.(2) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80

51、percent of the modern English vocabulary (3) The English language has vast debts .In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed. 52什么叫Denizens?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to th

52、e English way of pronunciation and spelling, such as port from portus (L).Denizens的例子都要記：Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L),shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier (F), pork from porc (F). 53什么叫Translation-loans ?Translation-loans are words and expressions formed f

53、orm the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as long time no see from haojiumeijian (Ch) 54什么叫Semantic-loans ?words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, Englis

54、h has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant joy and music , and its modern meaning was borrowed later from the Norse. The development of the English vocabulary The Indo-European Language Family It is assumed that the world has app

55、roximately 3,000(some put it5,000)languages ,which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar . 55.(語(yǔ)系劃分的標(biāo)準(zhǔn))What is the criteria to divide language families ?The answer : 1. the basis of similarities in their basic word stock

56、2. grammar. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as(選擇題內(nèi)容：)Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgarian ,Slovenian and Russian. 56.Indo-European 兩大分支：1.Eastern set 2.Western set Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian Western set : Celtic, Italic , Hellenic, Ger

57、manic. In the western Set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. Celtic ：Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton The five Romance languages, namely ,Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Roumanian all belong to the Italic. The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages: N

58、orwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish ,which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch ,Flemish and English.With Vikings invasion, many Scandinavian words came into the English language. It is estimated that at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived i

59、n modern English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German. 57. Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England 古英語(yǔ)最大的模糊性的概念來(lái)自于 (scripts )古英語(yǔ)正因?yàn)槌霈F(xiàn)印刷術(shù)才打破了 ( early scripts)Sound and form 真正達(dá)到統(tǒng)一是在什么時(shí)期？.Sound and form reached their concord in ( Modern English pe