英語重要知識點

1、(1) 、形近詞辨析(2) 、近義詞的辨析（難）?？?3) 、短語辨析（動詞+介詞搭配）一、短語breakbreak away(from) 脫離，逃跑break down 損壞，分離，瓦解break in/into 強行進入，沖入break off 斷絕，結(jié)束，中斷，絕交break out 爆發(fā)，突然發(fā)生（戰(zhàn)爭.事故等），脫逃break through突破（障礙）等break up 中止，結(jié)束，打破，拆散，（身體）變?nèi)?，衰弱bringbring about 帶來，造成，引起（造成）=（lead to，result to ,give rise to ,on account of/to due

2、tobe virtue of 因為）bring down 打倒，挫傷，降低bring forth 產(chǎn)生，提出bring forward 提出 come up withbring up 教育，培養(yǎng)（?？迹?，使成長/was brought up in/by sbcall(經(jīng)?？?call off 取消，放棄（cancel）call on sb（upon）拜訪某人，要求做.,請求call on sb to do/ask 號召某人做某事call up 召集,動員,使人想起call in 召集,召來call for 要求,需要,提倡,邀請,為.叫喊call at 拜訪，訪問，?？?車站)call by

3、順道訪問side effect/by effect 副作用by 都有附屬的/旁邊的意思carry（常考）carry off 奪去，度過，完成，勇敢的面對，堅持carry on 繼續(xù)下去，堅持下去carry out 貫徹，執(zhí)行，實現(xiàn)（?？迹ヽatchcatch on理解，明白，受歡迎，流行catch upwith 追上，趕上catch sight of 看到（很重要）come (年年考)come on 請，進展，發(fā)展，開始，來臨（?？迹ヽome out 出版，刊出，結(jié)果是，結(jié)局是=turn out to become round /around 來訪，前來，蘇醒，復(fù)原come through 經(jīng)

4、歷，脫險，（?？迹嗤吹慕?jīng)歷）through 一般指艱辛的過程come to 蘇醒，復(fù)蘇，共計 ，達到come up with 提出，追趕上，come into 得到，繼承come across 偶然，碰到（?？迹ヽome up for air喘口氣come down with （?。└跺X，染上（病） 壞習慣come down to 屈尊做某事，歸結(jié)起來count on 依賴，依靠（The whole team count on Cristiano Ronaldo ,and he seldom lets them down .)整個wait on 伺候，服侍call on 號召drawdra

5、w in (火車，汽車) 到達draw on 吸收，利用draw up 寫出，畫出，草擬 draw out 拉長，拔出draw off 放干，消除draw a conclusion 得出結(jié)論考試中遇到就選他們withdraw 撤走，拿走entitle（使.具備做某事的資格）overwhelming 占主導位置deny拒絕 否認 由于Due to /owing to /thanks to(多虧）相當于because of / as a result of /in virtue of /because of 導致Result in導致的原因Her sense of inferiority（自卑情緒

6、） result in her unfortunate family background.(真題）Resut from 導致的結(jié)果Bring about Lead to dropdrop by/in 順便走訪drop off 減弱，減少，打瞌睡=doze off drop out 退出，離隊，不參與，棄權(quán)=abandon ，進展，相處，融洽getget along on /with get on well with somebodyget round /around (消息)傳開 =Word/rumor 謠言rumor get around 謠言滿天飛get away 離開，逃脫get by

7、 通過，經(jīng)過get down 從.下來，寫下get down to 開始著手做某事=set about，take upget rid of 除掉，去掉，革除，摒除=disposeget through 接通電話，度過（時間）（常考）give（當心）give away 分送，泄露，出賣give back 送還，恢復(fù) =returngive in 投降，屈服=yiled to give off 釋放，放出，發(fā)出=hand out,distribute分配，散布，分發(fā)，把分類give up 放棄，停止，投降 surrender vi 屈服，投降hand in/out 一般互為一對反義詞hand do

8、wn 把傳下去（指從上一代傳到下一代）hand in 上交，遞交hand on 把傳下去（依次傳遞）hand out 發(fā)給，分發(fā)，散發(fā)（反義詞hand in/distribute）hand over 交出，交付，移交，讓與（反義詞 take over 接管，接替）look 不及物動詞 look系動詞 smell聞，sound聽taste嘗，feel 感覺look after照料，照顧，注意look down upon/on 看不起，輕視look for 期待，盼望，尋找，搜求look forward to 盼望，期待=expect look in 順便看望=drop in ,call inlo

9、ok into 調(diào)查，觀察look through 仔細察看，瀏覽，溫習look up 查閱，查詢，查字典search 尋找putput down 拆毀=tear down（拆信封），take down ，拉倒put in （車）停下，進站，（船）到岸put out 拔出，抽出，取出，（車，船）駛出put up （使）停下，舉起，張貼，建造，提高He put up as a candidate .他作為候選人參選。Anna put up a mild protest.(n抗議，反對，申明,Vi 抗議，斷言 vt 抗議，聲明，反對）安娜提出溫和抗議。put up with 容忍，忍受put ov

10、er （車）靠邊停setset about 開始，著手（doing）set aside擱在一邊，留出，挑出（setaside） set back推遲，延緩，阻礙（?？迹?set fire to 放火，點著了，激起，燃點set out 動身，啟程，開始，制定（to do）set out to 打算，開始，著手（=set about doing ）set up 創(chuàng)立，建立，樹立taketake after 與相像，效仿take apart 拆開，拆卸，（機器）takeapart take away 消除，消耗take down 記下，寫下take in 接受，吸收，了解，理解take off 起飛

11、，脫下take on（sb） 呈現(xiàn)，接納，開始雇傭(?？?take over 接管，接辦take up 采取，接納，占據(jù)take apart in 參與，參加=participate in take place發(fā)生take for example 用為例takefor granted 把認為是理所應(yīng)當?shù)膖urn（?？迹﹖urn down 關(guān)小，調(diào)低，拒絕turn in 交還，上交 hand in turn off 關(guān)掉，斷開turn on 接通，打開turn out （to be ）結(jié)果是，（最后）證明是turn over 移交，轉(zhuǎn)交(=hand over ),翻過來，翻到turn to （s

12、b） 變成，求助于，借助于turn up 到來，出現(xiàn)joinjoin in 參加join the army，join up 參軍enlist He decide to enlist.他決定參軍。He enlisted in the army.他參軍了。in relation to 與有關(guān)I have a lot say in relation to that affair.關(guān)于那件事，我有很多話要講。in response to 對做出反應(yīng)in favor of 贊成 反義詞 oppose ,be opposed to ,object to,be against,argue againstin

13、 prossession of 擁有(人做主語)，占有 in the prossession of （物做主語）in contrast to 和相反二、詞匯詞匯題?？碱}型 com/con很重要的字段1、 形近詞辨析deceive 欺騙conceive構(gòu)思，懷孕conceal 隱瞞，隱藏 concept 觀念，觀點，思想If you conceal your friends ,you may lose them.2、senseless 麻木,無知的，愚昧的 sensitive 敏感的，易受影響的 sensible 明智的，合符情理的 insensible 無疼痛感覺的，不知道的 An autho

14、r must not be too sensitive to criticism.(批評) 3.近義詞辨析三、語法1.考倍數(shù)只考兩倍（twice）twice as much as/twice as much2.考分數(shù)two-thirds(1.基數(shù)詞+序數(shù)詞（2.分子大于1，分母用復(fù)數(shù)3.比較級the morethe more ,as much an art as,as qualified as 和一樣優(yōu)秀越來越（1. It is generally believed that the more exercise you do,the healthier you will become.(2.I

15、 thought his speech would be interesting,but it turned out that the more he talked,the more I became bored. 4.非謂語動詞to do（考的幾率?。?v-ing(進行時)/v-ed（過去分詞）（句首）1 -（1）、（2）-，×××1 v-ing(主語發(fā)出)Judging by Davids expression ,wed say he is not good mood today. （2）v-ed (被做)Seen from the hill-top ,the

16、 lake scenery is beyond description.（難以言表）（真題）×（1）、（2）××-××××，獨立主格（1） 自己做The decision having been made ,the next problem was how to make a good plan.(真題)（2） 被做5、情態(tài)動詞（虛擬語氣 過去猜測 情態(tài)動詞+完成時）-“Have you seen Mary today?”-“No ,I think she must have been away on her vacatio

17、n.”(有否定所以只能用must have done)6、虛擬語氣（過去，將來，現(xiàn)在） 、與過去事實相反結(jié)構(gòu)從句 had+過去分詞主句用 should(would/could/might)have+動詞原形例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday,we could have played tennis.如果昨天沒下雨嗎，我們就能打網(wǎng)球了。If we had known that she had planned to arrive today,we might have met her at the bus station.(真題)（2）、與現(xiàn)在事實相反

18、從句were、動詞用過去式主句用should（would、could、might）+v原形例如：If I were in your position,I would marry her.(3)、與將來事實相反的結(jié)構(gòu)從句 should（were to）+動詞原形主句 should(would/could/might)+動詞原形If you should miss the chance,you would feel sorry for it.如果你錯過這次機會，你會難過的。2.賓語從句中的虛擬語氣（1）.wish后接賓語從句的虛擬語氣：根據(jù)句子意思判斷。A:表示與現(xiàn)在和將來事實相反的愿望，從句用謂

19、語動詞的過去時態(tài)。例如：I wish they were not so late.要是他們來得不是這么晚就好了。B：表示與過去事實相反的愿望，從句謂語動詞用過去完成時。I wished he hadnt done that.我真希望那件事不是他做的。I wish I were a spaceman like yang liwei and could stay in the spaceship for a few days.(真題)（2） 表堅持、建議、命令、要求賓語從句虛擬語氣一個：堅持 insist 兩個：命令 order、command三個：建議 advise、suggest、propos

20、e四個：要求 demand、require、request、askdirect(、agree、decide、desire、prefer從句的謂語動詞用should+動詞原形，should可以省略I insist that he (should)go with us .我堅持讓他和我們一起去。注意：insist表示堅持認為，suggest表示表明、暗示時，不用虛擬語氣,使用正常語序。He insisted that she was honest.3、 主語從句的虛擬語氣（1） 、It be+adj+that.(should).。（寫作文用）用于該句的形容詞有：necessary/good/imp

21、ort/right/wrong/better/natural/proper/funny/strange/surprising/significant等。It is natural that he (should)feel hurt.他感到疼是很正常的。（2） 、It be+過去分詞+that.(should).。用于該句結(jié)構(gòu)的過去分詞有：表示（建議、命令、要求等詞。（與B:(2)相同）It is desired that the building of the house be completed next month.真希望這所房子在下個月前就能竣工。（3) It is time(bout

22、time/high time)that.+(過去時或should+v原形）.。例如：It is high time I went home now.=It is high time I should go home .我該回家了。（4） 、表語從句、同位語從句中的虛擬語氣。在suggestion,proposal,order,plan,idea,advice,decision等詞需要具體的解釋的名詞后要使用虛擬語氣，其謂語動詞為：should+v原形，連接從句的that不能省略My suggestion is that we should go there at once.我的建議是我們應(yīng)該馬

23、上去那兒。4、 省略形式。有時可以把含有助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、be 或have 的虛擬條件句中的連詞if省去，而將had/should/were等詞提到主語前面，即用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。這時，如果出現(xiàn)not等否定詞需放在主語后面。例如：If she had been here five minutes earlier, she would have seen her old friend.Had she been here five minutes earlier,she would have seen her old friend.(與6、虛擬語氣（1）、（2）、（3）歸為一類）7、 倒裝（只考部分倒裝）

24、Only 修飾的狀語（副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句句首時：Only after three operations was he able to walk without sticks.做過三次手術(shù)后，他才能不用拐杖走路。Only with more practice can you pass the driving test.只有多練習你才能通過駕駛考試。only修飾主語時不用倒裝only that girl knew how to work out the problem.只有那位女生知道怎么解釋這道題。l Only to doAfter 15 years abroad , his brothe

25、r came back only to find his hometown severely damaged in the earthquake.(真題)不料（卻），出乎意料的結(jié)果² 特殊“where is the girl we talked about yesterday ?”“l(fā)ook ,Here she comes(主語代詞不倒裝it/she/he)當主語是名詞時倒裝(真題)Here comes the bus（完全倒裝）2、 含有否定意義的副詞（never,seldom,little,few,not,nowhere，nor等位于句首時）Never before were s

26、o much free information available for quick and easy access in so many different filed of study.(真題)3、 Not until 位于句首（主句倒裝）Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.直到19世紀初，人們才知道熱是何物。Feeling something wrong with our car ,we pulled over. Not until then did we find it had

27、 been badly damaged.Not until he loses his health will he give up drinking.4、 在no soonerthan,hardly/scarcly/barelywhen結(jié)構(gòu)中，前面部分位于句首時，其后部分要部分倒裝（謂語用過去完成時）No sooner had he begun to speak than some noise arose from the audience.(真題)Hardly had the speaker finished making the speech when the people stood u

28、p applauding.（真題）5、 not only(but also)位于句首引導兩個分句時，前一個分句中的主謂要采用部分倒裝，第二個句不用倒裝。Not only does he teach in school,but (also)（可省略）the writes novels.6、 so/neither/nor 開頭的句子，說明 前面的內(nèi)容也適用于后者時，用倒裝句“so/neither/nor+be/have/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語。She has been to Dalian and so have I.她去過大連，我也去過。-Maggine had a wonderful time

29、at the pany.- so she did ,and so did I .So+主語+be/have/助動詞、情態(tài)動詞，表確實、是的意思，不倒裝7、as/though引導的詞等提到句首，采用部分倒裝。如果位于句首的是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，其前不加冠詞。Brave as they were ,the danger made them afraid.盡管他們很勇敢，但在危險面前他們感到害怕。Wounded as he was ,he refused to come back from the front.8、 在so/such.that.結(jié)構(gòu)中，so/such修飾部分位于句首時，主句部分倒裝。例如：

30、so beautiful was the girl that she won the championship in the beauty contest.那女孩那么漂亮，她在選美比賽中獲得了冠軍。So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.(真題）Such an instructive（教育性的） speech did he make that all the listeners were moved.他發(fā)表的演說那么有教育意義，以至于所有的聽眾都很感動。特殊：so lovely a d

31、ay /such a lovely day It is so lovely a day that wed like to go out for a walk.(真題）8、 主謂一致 語法一致v 就近原則 單數(shù)重點考has/is例如：1)、Dr .Green ,together with his wife and two daughters ,is to arrive in Nanjing tonight.2） 、Air pollution ,together with overpopulation,is caused many problems in big cities today.3） N

32、either the teacher nor her students have been asked to attend to attend the meeting by the headmaster. 1） 、謂語動詞用單數(shù)的情況1、 不定式、動名詞、名詞性從句作主語時2、 事件、國名、書名、作品名稱作主語時3、 表示時間、金錢、距離、體積、數(shù)字等的名詞詞組作主語表示總量時。4、 定語從句中，先行詞是the only one (of).時；He is the only of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for thre

33、e years.(真題）先行詞在前不受主語影響 One of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)+關(guān)系代詞+謂語動詞的復(fù)數(shù)He is one of the students who have been a winner of scholarship for three years.Mary is one of the brightest students who have graduate from New York University.（真題）5、 以-ics 或-s 結(jié)尾的表示學科、疾病之類的名詞作主語時；6、 A quantity of 其后接名詞作主語時；7、 Every/each+單數(shù)名詞，each.

34、and each.,every.and every.,many a.,more than one .等作主語時。 8. the number of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時；9. each, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something 等不定代詞作主語時?！究祭?】 As you can see, the number of cars on our roads _ rising these days. （2006全國卷II）A. was keeping     

35、0;    B. keepC. keeps                D. were keeping解析： 答案C。the number of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，表示“的數(shù)量”，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。根據(jù)題意，應(yīng)選C?！究祭?】 A poet and artist _ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow aftern

36、oon. （2006江蘇）A. is        B. are      C. was    D. were解析： 答案A。當“名詞 and 名詞”前面只有一個冠詞時，表示“一人 / 物”，作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。根據(jù)題意，應(yīng)選A。（the/a)要點二、謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)的情況：1. 由and或both. and. 連接兩個名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；例：The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth

37、 as are （its soil and the water of its lakes,rivers and oceans.）主語 (真題）2. clothes, trousers, shoes, glasses等詞作主語時，謂語動詞常用復(fù)數(shù)；3. quantities of無論其后接單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞都用復(fù)數(shù)；4. a number of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；5. people （指人時）, police, cattle等詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)?！究祭?】 With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities o

38、f good earth _ each year. （2005山東）A. is washing away      B. is being washed awayC. are washing away     D. are being washed away解析：答案 D。本題考查了兩個知識點。其一是主謂一致：quantities of 之后無論接單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞都用復(fù)數(shù)，故排除 A、B項；其二考查了語態(tài)，土壤是被沖走的，故選擇D。【考例2】 Nowadays, a large number of women, e

39、specially those from the countryside, _ in the clothing industry. (2005遼寧)A. is working  B. worksC. work        D. worked解析：答案C。a number of 后接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。nowadays表明應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時。要點三、鄰近原則：1. 由連詞or, either. or., neither. nor., not only. but （also）. 等連接兩個名詞作主

40、語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)由鄰近的名詞或代詞來決定；2. 以there 或here開頭的句子，謂語動詞的數(shù)由鄰近的名詞或代詞來決定。【考例】 Either you or the headmaster _ the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting. （1994上海）A. is handing out          B. are to hand outC. are handing out       &#

41、160; D. is to hand out解析：答案D。句子的主語部分含有either. or.，其謂語動詞的形式應(yīng)采用就近原則。又因be to do sth.表將來，因此答案為D。要點四、依照情況而定：1. 量詞后加名詞，謂語動詞的數(shù)由量詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定；2. lots of, plenty of等詞表示“許多”等概念時，謂語動詞的數(shù)由of后的名詞決定；3. 集體名詞作主語，若表示整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；若表示整體中的各個成員，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。常見的集體名詞有：team, class, army, family, group等；例如：The number of employees（ 集體名詞）

42、at the factory has been cut to a minimum(最低限度） so as to （為了）lower production cost. 4. 當主語中心詞是all, some, any, enough, most, half, the rest等時，謂語動詞要視情況而定；5. 由下列介詞及詞組引起的短語作主語的后置定語時，不影響主語的數(shù)，如 as well as, with, together with, along with, rather than, including, except, but, besides 等?！究祭?】 Most of what ha

43、s been said about the Smiths _ also true of the Johnsons. (2006安徽)A. are       B. is  C. being     D. to be解析：答案 B。句子的主語是most, of后是一個what引導的從句，指的是事情，應(yīng)該看作是不可數(shù)的，所以謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式?！究祭?】 The father as well as his three children _ skating on the

44、frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter. (2006遼寧)A. is going      B. go     C. goes          D. are going解析：答案C。主語部分是含有as well as的詞組構(gòu)成的，前面是the father，后面是his three children，決定謂語動詞形式的應(yīng)該是the father，所以謂語用單數(shù)形式

45、，再根據(jù)時間狀語確定用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。 考例3、The League secretary and monitor_asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. isB. wasC. areD. were 答案：B. 注：先從時態(tài)上考慮。這是過去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過去時，先排除A、C本題易誤選D，因為The League secretary and monitor 好象是兩個人，但仔細辨別，monitor前沒有the，在英語中，當一人兼數(shù)職時只在第一個職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用and相連。這樣本題主語為一個人，所以應(yīng)選BT

46、he owner and editor of the newspaper is to attend the conference.(真題）解析同上考例四：Air pollution ,together with overpopulation,is causing many problems in big cities today.(真題）跟蹤練習：1. When and why Jack came to China _ not known.   When and where to build the new library _ not been decided.A. is;

47、 has            B. are; hasC. is; have           D. are; have2. Each solider and sailor _ a gun.A. are given          B. was given C. were given&

48、#160;        D. have been given3. _ ten dollars (度量衡作主語用單數(shù)）a big sum to him?   I suppose so.A. Is                 B. Will be C. Are         

49、       D. Were4. _ Jack and Mary who mended the broken chair yesterday?A. Is it              B. Were it  C. Was it  （強調(diào)句）           D. Are it4）、I

50、t was John and Peter who helped me with my work the other day.(強調(diào)句 真題）5. It seemed to me that what she saw and heard _ very interesting.A. was                B. were C. is          

51、;       D. are6. There be manager or his secretary _ to give you an interview.A. is                 B. are C. were               D. have7. _ good exercise.A. Climbing hills