大學英語3words+and+expressions+4

1、Words & Expressions of Unit 4in a row: happening a number of times, one after another - Bill Gates lost $6 billion last year, but that didnt stop him from being the richest man in the world for the 8th year in a row. - 這是接連著第三個星期天下雨了。(=This is the third Sunday in a row that rains.)doze off: fall

2、 into a light sleep- Before I had time to doze off again, I was disturbed by a rattling of plates and dishes in the servants hall. - That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen.- 有些學生常在課堂上打瞌睡。(=Some students often doze off in class.)frai

3、l: adj. weak - Mrs. Warner is already 96 and too frail to live by herself. - 自從他病愈之后，就一直很虛弱，但他卻有驚人的耐力。(=Ever since his recovery he has been very frail, yet capable of surprising endurance.)CF: frail, weak, crippled & fragile這四個形容詞均有“虛弱的、乏力的”之意。 frail多指因經(jīng)常生病而身體虛弱，也指某物不耐用，易碎易損。weak是普通用詞，指缺乏應有的力量，可

4、用于身體、意志或精神。crippled指肢體部分傷殘的或無法使用四肢的。fragile語氣比 frail 強，側(cè)重脆弱，指人容易生病。Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.1. She felt weak in the legs when she heard the bad news. 2. He was physically fragile, but spiritually strong. 3. He couldnt walk fast because of his crippled

5、legs. 4. The weak old man totters as he walks. 5. The child is too frail to take part in sports.strain: vt. 1) make a situation or relationship more difficult- Relations between Tokyo and Washington were further strained by the monetary crisis involving the December 1971 revaluation of the Japanese

6、yen.- 該事件使得兩國關系趨于緊張。(=The incident has strained relations between the two countries.)2) stretch tightly by pulling- They strained the wire between two posts.- 負載過重會把繩子拉緊到崩斷的地步。(=Too heavy a load will strain the rope to its breaking point.)Collocation：strain every nerve盡力 strain at the leash渴望掙脫束縛 st

7、rain ones muscles繃住勁 strain ones authority濫用職權 make ends meet: balance ones income and expenditure - It may be difficult at times to make ends meet on your small income.- It was very difficult for Arthur to make ends meet when his factory was put on a three-day week during the recession.- 他們失了業(yè)，還要養(yǎng)活

8、兩個小孩，無法維持起碼的生活。(=Being out of work and having two young children, they found it impossible to make ends meet.)stretch: 1. vt.1) make sth. longer, wider or tighter by pulling- Where can I buy those things that stretch your shoes?- A spiders web can be stretched considerably without weakening.- 你如果拉橡皮

9、帶，它就會伸長。(=If you stretch a piece of elastic, it becomes much longer.)2) extend or thrust out (a limb or part of the body) and tighten the muscles- She went out to stretch her legs after lunch.- 應付抽筋最有效的方法就是輕柔緩和地去伸展肌肉抽筋的部位。(=The most effective treatment for muscle cramps is to gently stretch the cram

10、ped muscle.)2. vi. spread out over an area or a period of time; extend- The ocean stretched as far as they could see on all sides.- 這條道路穿過沙漠伸向遠方。(=The road stretched out across the desert into the distance.)Collocation：stretch ones legs散步 stretch a point 做出讓步 at a stretch 連續(xù)地 at full stretch竭盡全力 bey

11、ond the stretch of 超出范圍 CF: stretch, extend, lengthen & prolong 這四個動詞均有“伸展、伸長”之意。stretch 表示在長寬上增加，意思是“延伸、伸長”。 例如：- I stretched out my arm trying to reach the ball. (=我伸手設法夠到那只球。)extend表示時空的延長，一般指延伸到某一預想的位置。還可以表示某一范圍，如種類、影響、適用度的增加。例如： - The kingdom extended as far as hundreds of miles in every di

12、rection.(=這個王國的領土綿延方圓數(shù)百里。)lengthen 表示時空長度的增加、伸長。例如： - I have to ask the tailor to lengthen this skirt.(=我得要裁縫將這條裙子放長一些。)prolong表示超過通常、普通的限定，使期限延長。 例如：- The meeting may be prolonged into the evening because so many problems have to be solved tonight.(=會議可能要延長到夜里，因為今晚有太多問題要解決。)twist: vt.1) turn round;

13、 revolve- Twist the handle to the right and the box will open.- 我扭過頭去把汽車向后倒。(=I twisted my head round to reverse the car.)2) deliberately give a false meaning to words, etc.- The police tried to twist the mans statement into an admission of guilt.- 報紙把我的話全都歪曲了。(=The papers twisted everything I said.

14、)Pattern: twist sth. round sth.使某物纏繞某物 twist sth. into sth.把某物扭/搓成某物 twist off扭斷；擰開 twist up扭彎；歪曲 outbreak: n. the sudden or violent start of sth. unwelcome, such as disease- The area was struck by an outbreak of cholera.- So violent was his outbreak that they hesitated to intervene.- 由于戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)，這個研究計劃擱

15、淺了。(=The research project fetched up because of the outbreak of the war.)alien: 1. n. anyone who does not belong in the environment in which they are found- Immigrant workers were classed as resident aliens. - 背井離鄉(xiāng)這么久，現(xiàn)在在他自己的國家，他覺得自己像個外人。(=After being away for so long, he feels like an alien in his

16、own country now.)2. adj. 1) very different from what you are used to, especially in a way that is difficult to understand or accept- Their ideas are quite alien to our ways of thinking.- 殘忍完全不合他的本性。(=Cruelty is quite alien to his nature.)2) being or from or characteristic of another place or part of

17、 the world- After the alien spacecraft had hovered over the park for a short time, it vanished.- 我在異國他鄉(xiāng)遇到故知。(=I ran into an old friend in the alien land.)CF: alien, foreign & extrinsic 這三個形容詞均有“外來的”之意。alien 表示無關聯(lián)的、外來的，不能成為事物固有的組成部分，常帶有厭惡之意，至少有不可兼容、不可調(diào)和之意。foreign 是正式用法，表示在本國以外的，涉及到國外的。還表示因沒有共同特性、

18、關聯(lián)而與其他事物有所不同的，不相干的。extrinsic 表示明顯在某物之外的，或從其他事物中得來的。 Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.1. I cant understand what he says; he must be foreign. 2. Failure, like pain, is alien to my life. 3. A mans courage and talent are intrinsic advantages; his wealth and family

19、 influence are extrinsic advantages. 4. The swelling on her finger was caused by a foreign body in it. remarkable: adj.1) striking- He showed remarkable courage when he faced the danger.- 他生病的整個階段都表現(xiàn)出非凡的忍耐力。(=He showed remarkable endurance throughout his illness.)2) worthy of attention- The social c

20、hanges which occurred in China are remarkable.- 唐朝是一段以開明著稱的時期。(=The Tang Dynasty is a period remarkable for its liberality.)CF: remarkable, noticeable, outstanding & conspicuous這四個形容詞均含有“突出的、值得注意的”之意。remarkable 指所描寫的事物或特征因與眾不同或非同尋常而顯得突出，含有需要大家評論、注意或關注的意味。noticeable 指某事物或某特征太明顯而不可避免地引起人們的注意，可作定語或

21、表語。outstanding 為普通用詞，指人或物在同類比較中顯得出類拔萃或具有顯著的特征。conspicuous 指某事物或某特征太顯眼太突出而刺激感官或頭腦并立即為感官或頭腦所感覺到。Fill in the blanks with the words above.1. The actress red dress was very conspicuous on the stage. 2. Improvement is noticeable in the factory. 3. He took a conspicuous seat near the entrance to wait for h

22、is girlfriend. 4. The economy of our country is developing with a remarkable speed. 5. Our arts and crafts are enjoying fast sales for their outstanding workmanship. original: adj. 1) being or productive of something fresh and unusual; being as first made or thought of - I dont think George is capab

23、le of having original ideas!- 評論家們稱贊該作品獨樹一幟。(=Critics praised the work as highly original.)2) preceding all others in time or being as first made or performed- His original enthusiasm has turned sour.- He excluded certain passages from the original book in the new edition.- 房子原先的主人搬出去了。(=The origina

24、l owner of the house moved out.)loose: adj. not firmly fastened in place- I tied the boat to the tree but it has come loose. - 他的褲子太短，外套和背心又太肥大。(=His trousers were too short and his coat and vest too loose.)Collocation：hang loose放松，自在 come loose放松，解開 break loose掙脫，逃脫 at a loose end無事可做 have a loose

25、tongue嘴不緊 CF: loose, lax & slack這三個形容詞均有“松的、松懈的”之意。loose 意為“寬松的，不緊的”，通常指事物因未固定牢或安裝得不緊而松動或移動。也可以指事物處于未控制或限制的狀態(tài)，即自由狀態(tài)。例如： - The dog is too dangerous to be left loose.(=這條狗太危險了，不可放開。)lax 指對人或事物給予不足夠的重視或?qū)ζ湟蟛粐溃嗫芍感袨樗尚?、懶散，常含有放縱、漠不關心之意。例如：- The teacher is too lax with his students, no wonder they are

26、so undisciplined.(=老師對學生們管理松懈，怪不得他們這么缺乏紀律性。)slack 指繩子、線等沒有拉緊或繃緊而顯得松弛下垂。還可指人疏忽職守、懈怠或無力氣。例如： - The workmen have been very slack in their work recently.(=工人們最近工作一直很懈怠。)unify: vt. bring together- His music unifies traditional and modern themes.- 我們決意將這兩島聯(lián)合起來創(chuàng)立一個國家。(=Its our firm determination to unify t

27、he two islands into one country.)beyond any doubt: allowing no uncertainty- The authenticity of the manuscript is beyond any doubt.- The prosecution must prove beyond any doubt that the accused is guilty of the crime.- 她使我深信，保羅確實是清白無辜的。(=She convinced me that Paul was, beyond any doubt, innocent.)Co

28、llocation：beyond all doubt毫無疑問 beyond the shadow of doubt毫無疑問 without doubt無疑地 cast doubt on 對產(chǎn)生懷疑 hang in doubt懸而未決 not give a fig for: not be at all concerned about or interested in sth. or sb.- He didnt give a fig for his mistake.- 對鄰居們的閑言碎語她絲毫不放在心上。(=She wouldnt give a fig for her neighbors goss

29、ip.)Collocation：not care a fig for毫不重視 not worth a fig一文不值 undermine: vt. gradually or insidiously make sb. or sth. less strong or effective- Badgers had undermined the foundations of the church.- The constant criticism was beginning to undermine her confidence.- 足球教練的主要競爭對手在散布謠言以逐漸破壞他的威信。(=The foot

30、ball coachs major opponent is spreading rumors to undermine his authority.)Collocation：undermine confidence破壞信心 undermine authority損害權威 undermine credibility破壞名譽 undermine health損害健康 predict: vt. tell in advance- It is virtually impossible to predict the future accurately.- It is difficult to predic

31、t what the long-term effects of the accident will be.- 預言這次對話可能有什么結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在還為時過早。(=Its yet premature to predict the possible outcome of the dialogue.)CF: predict, forecast, foretell & promise這四個動詞均有“預言、預示、預告”之意。predict 較為正式，指從已知事實推斷或者根據(jù)自然定律斷定未來的事情，其準確度不一，主語只能是人。例如： - Who can predict how the election

32、s will turn out?(=誰能預測選舉的結(jié)果將會怎樣？)forecast 指根據(jù)已知可能的發(fā)展進程或?qū)淼那闆r做出大概的預測，尤其適用于天氣預報。例如：- The weatherman was unable to forecast the weather more than three days in advance. (=氣象員不能預報出3天以后的天氣情況。)foretell 普通用語，原帶有迷信色彩，表示預言注定的命運，但現(xiàn)在這種色彩逐漸消失，主語可以是人或物。例如：- He foretells events from the flights of birds.(=他能從鳥的飛行

33、來預測事件。)promise 表示通過某種事實預示著給人以希望，有發(fā)生的可能，但主語只能是物。例如：- Early mist promises fair weather.(=晨霧預示著晴朗天氣。)never get anywhere: not be successful- You will never get anywhere unless you have set your goal. - We shall never get anywhere with all this criticism and fault finding. I believe in the principle “l(fā)iv

34、e and let live”.- 除非我們立即采取行動，否則我們就不會成功。(=We shall never get anywhere unless we take immediate actions ourselves.)ingredient: n.1) any of the foods that are combined to make a particular dish- Get all the ingredients together before you start cooking.- 她能用簡單配料烹調(diào)出美味的飯菜。(=She can produce delicious meal

35、 from very simple ingredients.)2) any of the qualities of which sth. is made- John has all the ingredients of a great basketball player. - Investment in new product development is an essential ingredient of corporate success.- 想象力和勤奮工作是成功的要素。(=Imagination and hard work are the ingredients of success

36、.)CF: ingredient, element & component這三個名詞均有“成分、要素”之意。ingredient 指混合物中的一部分，既可指混在一起而本身沒有變化的物質(zhì)，如配料，又可指與別的物質(zhì)混在一起，發(fā)生了變化的成分。有時用于比喻。element指一個整體必不可少或固有的部分，強調(diào)一個復雜整體中最基本、最簡單的元件、元素或成分等。component 指在混合物或化合物中的單個物質(zhì)。Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.1. The food is home-c

37、ooked using fresh ingredients. 2. All material things in the universe known to our senses are composed of one or more chemical elements.3. Each component is carefully checked before assembly. 4. You must understand the elements of mathematics before we can proceed further. accordingly: adv.1) conseq

38、uently, therefore - Some of the laws were contradictory; accordingly, measures were taken to clarify them.- 人家叫她說話簡短, 于是她就長話短說了。(=She was told to speak briefly; accordingly she cut short her remarks.)2) in a suitable manner- Just tell us the color and design you have in mind. Well change them accord

39、ingly.- 請將你的合同文本進行相應的修正。 (=Please amend your copy of the contract accordingly.)disdain: vt. have no respect for sb. or sth.- Childcare was seen as womens work, and men disdained it.- The soldier disdained shooting an unarmed enemy.- 他鄙視那個勢利小人，不愿和他說話。(=He disdained that man for snobbishness and was u

40、nwilling to talk to him.)Pattern: disdain to do / doing sth. 不屑于做某事 caution:1. n. great care and attention- 他小心翼翼地爬上墻頭。(=With much caution he climbed to the top of the wall.)2. vt. warn sb. to be careful- Officials were quick to caution that these remarks did not mean an end to the peace process.- 我必須告誡你謹防危險。(=I must caution you against the danger.)Pattern: caution sb. against sth. 警告某人防止某事物 caution sb. (not) to do sth.提醒某人（不要）做某事Collocation:throw caution to the winds魯莽行事 Caution is the parent