Australian history

1、History of AustraliaNation-Building from a Convict SettlementBy Prof. Zhou1392877222505/06/2013Week 14Questions Comment on White Australia Policy. What do you know about Australian history? Why did the Australia enter World War I and II? What are the driving forces that have push the development of

2、Australia from a mono-cultural society to a multicultural society?Introduction (1) Smallest continent, but 6th biggest country No part of Australia is more than 600 miles from the ocean or beach When the white settlers asked the Aborigines what the name of the unique animals they saw hopping around,

3、 they replied: Kanguru which means, I dont know what you are askingIntroduction (2) The History of Australia refers to the history of the area and people of Commonwealth of Australia and its preceding Indigenous and colonial societies. Aboriginal Australians are believed to have first arrived on the

4、 Australian mainland by boat from the Indonesian between 40,000 to 60,000 years ago. They established among the longest surviving artistic, musical and spiritual traditions known on earth.l45 000+ years - Aboriginal people arrivel1788 - First Fleet establish colony at Sydney Cove.l1791 on - Free Set

5、tlers arrive in Australia.l1830s - British citizens and skilled workers encouraged to migratel1850s - Gold rush brings migrants from all over the world. 25000 of which are Chinese.Australian ImmigrationEarly explorersDutch explorer, Abel Tasman with his wife and daughter, known for being the first E

6、uropean to reach now Tasmania in 1642-317C Dutch exploration: in 1642 Abel Tasman named Australia “New Holland”James Cook 1770 James Cook annexed east coast territory on behalf of King George III of England, named it “New South Wales”Convict Transportation 1788-1868 1776 Britains North American colo

7、nies declared independence. Britain could no longer send convicts to America, in the 1780s it was suggested that Britain could use New South Wales as a prison.The Australian Penal Colony In January 1788 the first shipload of convicts arrived in Botany Bay Founded settlement named Sydney Cove on Janu

8、ary 26, 1788. Life was very difficult for early convict settlers: soil infertile, food scarce, sickness rife;eventually learned how to survive; convicts who finished their “l(fā)ags” became free settlers.The Founding Fathers of Australia Governor Arthur Phillip should be honoured as the Founding Father

9、of Australia. He was the leader of the first European settlement in Australia, and the first Governor. Governor Phillip is the Columbus of Australia, without whom, Australia wouldnt be what it is today. Through his leadership and example, Arthur Phillip, was the founding father of Sydney, New South

10、Wales and the country of Australia. A Nation is Born The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 through the federation of six states under a single constitution. The founders of the new nation believed they were creating something new and were concerned to avoid the pitfalls of the old world.

11、They wanted Australia to be harmonious, united and egalitarian, and had progressive ideas about human rights, the observance of democratic procedures and the value of a secret ballot.Foundation of the Commonwealth of Australia The Commonwealth of Australia came into being when the Federal Constituti

12、on was proclaimed by the Governor General, Lord Hopetoun, on 1 January 1901. The Father of AustraliaLachlann Macquarie was a British military officer and colonial administrator. He served as the last autocratic Governor of New South Wales, Australia from 1810 to 1821 and had a leading role in the so

13、cial, economic and architectural development of the colony. An inscription on his tomb in Scotland describes him as The Father of Australia. Macquarie changed the colony from one of chaos and hopeless despair into visionary hope and achievement. He was open minded, candid, unprejudiced, favourable t

14、o constitutional change, legal and administrative reforms, tending in the direction of freedom and democracy. A great believer in private enterprise, Macquarie gave people, who showed a willingness to work hard, every opportunity to prove themselves in this new land. Whether a free man or emancipate

15、d convict. Gold Rush in Australia The gold rushes in the second half of the 19th century completely changed the face of Australia economically, politically and demographically. Before 1851, Australias combined white population was approximately 77,000. Most of those had been convicts sent by ship ov

16、er the previous seventy years. The gold rush completely changed that however. Within two years time, Australias population increased to over 540,000. 370,000 immigrants arrived in Australias ports during the year 1852 alone. The flow of convicts to Australias shores stopped. It suddenly seemed like

17、a foolish idea to give a free boat ride to Australias rich gold fields to anyone who had committed a crime.Eureka Rebellion-the Birth of Democracy The Eureka Rebellion has been regarded as the Birth of Democracy in Australia. Mark Twin: By and by there is a result, and I think it may be called the f

18、inest thing in Australasian history. It was a revolution-small in size; but great politically; it was a strike for liberty, a struggle for principle, a stand against injustice and oppression. (p.261)Immigration Restriction Act 1901 and the White Australian Policy P.262Australia in the First World Wa

19、r The outbreak of war in Europe in August 1914 automatically involved all of Britains colonies and dominions.Prime Minister Andrew Fisher expressed the views of most Australians: “ Turn your eyes to the European situation, and give the kindest feelings towards the mother country. But should the wors

20、t happen. Australians will stand beside our own to help and defend her to the last man and the last shilling. ” More than 416,000 Australian men volunteered to fight during the First World War between 1914 and 1918 from a total national population of 4.9 million. Over 60,000 Australians had died dur

21、ing the conflict and 160,000 were wounded. Australia in Inter-war years The consumerism, entertainment culture, and new technologies that characterised the 1920s in the United States were also found in Australia. Australia embraced the new technologies of transport and communication. Australia was d

22、eeply affected by the Great Depression of the 1930s, particularly due to its heavy dependence on exports, especially primary products such as wool and wheat.Australia in Second World War On 3 September 1939, the Prime Minister, Robert Menzies, made a national radio broadcast: “ My fellow Australians

23、. It is my melancholy duty to inform you, officially, that, in consequence of the persistence by Germany in her invasion of Poland, Great Britain has declared war upon her, and that, as a result, Australia is also at war. ” Of Australias wartime population of seven million, almost one million men an

24、d women served in a branch of the services during the six years of warfare. Over 39,700 were killed or died as prisoners of war, about 8,000 of whom died as prisoners of the Japanese.Post War Immigration Following World War II, Minister for Immigration, Arthur Calwell wrote “If the experience of the

25、 Pacific War has taught us one thing, it surely is that seven million Australians cannot hold three million square miles of this earths surface indefinitely.” All political parties shared the view that the country must populate or perish.” Migration brought large numbers of southern and central Euro

26、peans to Australia for the first time. Some 4.2 million immigrants arrived between 1945 and 1985, about 40% of whom came from Britain. Australia enjoyed significant growth in prosperity in the 1950s and 1960s. Post-war prosperity After 1945 Australia entered a boom period. Hundreds of thousands of r

27、efugees and migrants arrived in Australia in the immediate post-war period, many of them young people eager to embrace their new lives with energy and vigour. Modern Australia Emerging 1960s+ From the mid 1960s, evidence of a new and more strident nationalism began to emerge in Australia. The iconic

28、 Sydney Opera House finally opened in 1973 after numerous delays. Hawke, Keating 1983-1996 Hawke stressed the positive role Australia could play as an an activist and independent middle power. A supporter of the US alliance, Hawke committed Australian naval forces to the Gulf War, following the 1990

29、 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. After four successful elections, but amid a deteriorating of Australian economy and rising unemployment, the intense rivalry between Hawke and Keating led the Labor Party to replace Hawke as leader and Paul Keating became Prime Minister in 1991.Howard government, 1996-2007 John Howard with a LiberalNational Party coalition served as Pr