The Lexical Features of Environmental Engineering English and their Translation 環(huán)境工程專業(yè)詞匯的特點(diǎn)及翻譯策略

1、the lexical features of environmental engineering english and their translation環(huán)境工程專業(yè)詞匯的特點(diǎn)及其翻譯 contents abstract .iv 摘要 v introduction 1 chapter 1 the classification of environment engineering specialized vocabulary.21.1 technical words .21.2 sub/semi-technical words . .21.3 common words chapter 2 t

2、he features of environment engineering specialized vocabulary.42.1 latin or greek origin .42.2 affixation .42.3compounds and shortening .42.3.1 compounds .52.3.2 shortening. 52.4analogy 52.5 coinage of new words .6 chapter 3 environmental engineering english vocabulary translation strategy .73.1 fre

3、e translation 3.2 transliteration .73.3 transliteration and freetranslation .8 chapter 4 word choice and expression in the translation .94.1 the choice of the right meaning. .94.2 the choice of proper expression .94.2.1 derived meaning .94.2.2 conversion of part of speech . 10 chapter 5 the qualific

4、ations of environmental engineering translation115.1 accumulated expertise .115.2 professional knowledge .11 extensive reading .115.4 consult the dictionaries. .12 13 14 15 abstract environmental engineering is part of scientific english, and its high degree of difficulty lies not only in terms of i

5、ts large and growing number of new terms, but also in its unique characteristics. scientific english is a tool different from the ordinary english. as a tool for global communication, the spread of english in the technical aspects of scientific theories play a decisive role. therefore, understanding

6、 the characteristics of english vocabulary and their translation methods are helpful, for teachers and workers in the field. this article covers the environmental engineering classification of its vocabulary, its composition, its translation strategy. key words：environmental engineering vocabulary;

7、translation skills 摘 要 環(huán)境工程專業(yè)詞匯的翻譯屬于科技英語翻譯的范疇，其難度不僅在于其詞匯的數(shù)目龐大和增長速度之快，而且還在于它獨(dú)有的特征?？萍加⒄Z是有別于普通英語的工具性語言，作為全球交流的工具，科技英語在傳播科學(xué)理論技術(shù)方面起著舉足輕重的作用。因此，了解科技英語詞匯的特點(diǎn)，和翻譯方法，對于從事教學(xué)或者是科技翻譯工作者來說是一個必要的能力。1 環(huán)境工程英語詞匯的分類，2 環(huán)境工程英語詞匯的構(gòu)成，3 環(huán)境工程英語詞匯翻譯的策略，4.翻譯時詞義的選擇和表達(dá)，5 環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語翻譯者的基本素質(zhì)。 關(guān)鍵詞：環(huán)境工程詞匯 翻譯技巧 introduction the interp

8、retation of environment engineering specialized vocabulary belongs to the translation of scientific english. it is difficult not only because of the large amount, but also because of its rapid increase. whats more, it has its own characteristics. specialized vocabulary is different from the common e

9、nglish. as the most important media of global communication, specialized vocabulary is rather important in the area of spreading scientific theories and technology. so comprehending the feature of specialized vocabulary and the interpreting skills are very important to the instructors and the transl

10、ators. chapter 1the classification of environment engineering epecializedvocabulary environment engineering specialized vocabulary includes technical words, sub/semi-technical words and common words. the using of technical words are just limited to some specialty; sub/semi-technical words are transf

11、ormed from common words, in addition to their own meaning, they also have other meanings in different subjects. in scientific and technical literatures, technical words are less than technical words or sub/semi-technical words. 1.1 technical wordstechnical words refer to the vocabularies or glossari

12、es which are only subject-based. environment engineering specialized vocabulary have a series of exact and narrow words. the naissance of these words always goes with the development of chemistry, physics, biology or other relevant fields and the naissance of new concepts, new theories, new technolo

13、gies or new products.for example:the word photochemical（光化學(xué)） in the phrase photochemical smog（光化學(xué)煙霧） was created by the scientist after london smog episode. this word is just used to describe a kind of pollution, we can hardly see it in common words. 1.2 sub/semi-technical wordssub/semi-technical wo

14、rds refer to the words which wont be confined to the context. these words frequency of appearance is always very high. these words are common words in useful expression, but have very rigorous meanings when be used in technical fields. for example:we define the word aeration（曝氣）the process of exposi

15、ng to air (so as to purify)in daily life, but as an environment engineering specialize word, it has a very narrow meaning. it just describes the way we throw more oxygen forcibly to the liquid. 1.3 common wordswords in scientific english literature are different from which in common english. in scie

16、ntific english, words tend to be long and big. for example,common words scientific english to agree to concurto send to transmitbetter superiorenough sufficientok satisfactoryget smaller diminishpush down depressfresh hand inexperienced operator by comparison we can find that common english words ar

17、e shorter and often have different meanings; scientific english tend to be longer and always have singleness.in scientific english, the difference is not absolute. with the technology and society developing, some technical have been becoming common words, such as radio, television and so on. in the

18、sight of rhetoric, they are written languages without emotional coloring , appraise or transferred meaning. chapter 2the features of environment engineering specializedvocabulary as a tool to expatiate on scientific judgment used by researchers, the vocabularies are always very formal and exact, and

19、 have powerful function of information. so scientific english appears to a lot of unique features. 2.1 latin or greek origina majority of the specialized vocabularies are made up of or come from greek or latin. for example, the word chlorophyll was made up of the two latin words: chlor and phyl; rec

20、tifier borrow recti from latin. based on the stat of american scientific english expert oscar e nybaken, in ten thousand most common english words,46% words come from latin and 7.2% come from greek. this percentage will be higher when the words become more specialized. so we can say that latin and g

21、reek morpheme is the major base of the modern scientific english and it will also be the most important origin to create new words. latin and greek morpheme are widely used mainly because of the idiosyncracy of greek and latin themselves.above all, scientific vocabularies demand that the meanings ar

22、e exactly and the form are regular. these two languages are both regular and both have the feature that the word morphologies are aptotic and the meanings are exactly. and it is just what the composing of scientific english call for. whats more important, greek and latin is higher all-around, they b

23、oth have abundant affixes and these affixes can create many new words with different etyma. 2.2 affixationthe composing of scientific vocabularies depends on the combination of morphemes.affixation is a very important way to compose new words and a lot of scientific words create in this way. in the

24、scientific words which we often use, about 50 prefixes appear frequently, such as anti-, auto-, contra-, ex-, intra-, mono-, pre-, syn-, semi-, trails-, thermo-, un-, and so on; postfixes are about 30,such as -able, -al, -ic, -ise,-meter and so on.because most scientific words are made up with some

25、morphemes, we can comprehend by analogy to grip the thousands of words if we can deeply grip the meanings of the morphemes and command the over 1100 basing morphemes. for example, if we know the perfix micro, the etyma scop and the postfix ist, we can easily guess the meaning of microscopist. even i

26、f the word is very long, we can also get the meaning if we know the basing morphemes of the word. for example, the word octamethylpy-mphe-phoramide is made up with octa-, methyl-,pyro-, phosphor and ide. 2.3 compounds and shortening2.3.1 compoundscompounds are new words which are made up of two or m

27、ore single words. compounds appear more frequently than others, such as compound nouns: letter bomb, water purification system; compound verbs: airdrop, softhand; and compound adjectives.2.3.2 shorteningthe other flexible word-building of scientific english is shortening. with technology developing,

28、 the amount of shortening is bigger and bigger and has reached 100,000. the advantage of shortening is brevity and informative .scientific shortening mainly includes:(1) acronym, which is made up of the first letter of each word, such as maser (maser-microwave ampliffcation by stimulated emission of

29、 radiation，微波激射器), bradar (biologic radio detection and ranging曲頭釘)and so on.(2) clip-words. several letters in the front words, which is made up out of each word,.this shortening is always used when the original word is very long and hard to be remembered,。for example:bb (1aboratory演講)dir (director

30、y地址簿,電話簿)，chem. (chemistry化學(xué))these words are usually conventionality, so we should not create by our own mean.(3) initials, which are roughly the same with acronyms. the only difference is that initials must be read one by one letter,.for example:hit (health indication test)健康狀況測試 ,bod (biochemical

31、oxygen demand)生化需氧量,cod (chemical oxygen demand)化學(xué)需氧量this shortening can make the long phrase short, but in different fields or rather in the same field, the initial maybe have different meanings.(4) abbreviation shortenings are not always made up of the first letter. some shortening jsut come from

32、one letter and with a . in the end.for example:exp(export)出口max (maximum)最大的、的最大限度的fig, (figure)數(shù)字etc.,(and so on)等the original word maybe is not very long, but very widely used, so people make it shorter. some shortening have been conventional and can be understood by most scientist. on the other h

33、and, for one shortening word can stand for many different words, which brings difficulty to translator. for example, ma can stand for machine account(臺帳), magnetic amplifier(磁放大器),main alarm(主報警信號), manpower administration人力管理署(美), map analysis(地圖分析).maritime administration (海運(yùn)管理署) ,market analysis(

34、市場分析), middle ages(中世紀(jì)), military academy(軍事學(xué)院) ,mixed amplifier(混合放大器) ,modulated amplifier(被調(diào)制放大器),museums association博物館協(xié)會(美,and so on.customarily, longer the shortening word is ,less meanings it will have. whats more, shortening words occur to be abundance in written form: sometimes all using ca

35、pitalization, sometimes all using lowercase, and sometime being mixed. for example: ab can be written by ab, a/b, a&b, ab, ab, ab, ab, a·b, a/b.using blending to compose new words is also common. this kind of words is always composes by one words herder and the others rearward. such as

36、telecen (telephone+conference,電話會議), smog (smoke+fog煙霧), telex (teleprinter+exchange,電報). 2.4 analogyto imitate the original classes of words to create a new corresponding word is analogy. analogy includes synonymy analogy and antonymy analogy. synonymy analogy is mainly used to imitate between syno

37、nyms, and antonymy is mainly used to imitate between antonymies.for example: earthquake(地震)moonquake(月震)cod(chemical oxygen demand化學(xué)需氧量) bod(bio-chemical oxygen demand生物需氧量) 2.5 coinage of new wordsfacing some new words, people have no words to mirror, and then we will coin a new word. for example:t

38、he prozac(抗沮喪劑) is a word to describe a new medicament which can reduce the feeling of depression.se words are usually noun, standing for a new subject. chapter 3environmental engineering english vocabulary translationstrategy the exclusive translation of terminology and vocabularyin general, use th

39、e following methods: 3.1 free translationtranslation method is based on the actual meaning of the original words to the corresponding chinese terms. this method widely used translation of the translation of scientific and technological terms, with the concept of clear, easy to understand and the adv

40、antages of easy to remember. for example: guided missile automobile software barometer input hard-wired modem insulation resistance test insulation resistance and so on. these phrase are used this method to translation.for example:屠宰廢水:slaughtering waste water有機(jī)質(zhì):organic matters可生化性: biodegradabilit

41、y水解酸化:hydrolysis acidification厭氧生物:anaerobic organism濾池工藝: aerated filter氧化工藝:oxidation technology3.2 transliterationtransliteration which is the original english pronunciation of the word corresponding to the chinese. this translation is used for measurementthe place names, company names, abbreviat

42、ions and initials are not yet fully understand the new terminology.for example:gallon(加侖) ,clone(克隆) ,pound(磅) ,coco cola(可口可樂) ,watt（瓦特）franklin（富蘭克林）;benz（奔馳）;aids (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)（艾滋?。?toefl (test of english as a foreign language)(托福) this method is a last resort, which canno

43、t be revealed the true meaning of words. with the new understanding of the terms of a lot of words have been used to replace the translation, for example:engine(引擎)vitamin（維他命）microphone（麥克風(fēng)） 3.3 transliteration and freetranslationthis is a combination of transliteration and translation.for example:

44、einstein equation (愛因斯坦方程)noble prizes(諾貝爾獎)beer（啤酒）card（卡片） chapter 4word choice and expression in the translation 4.1 the choice of the right meaningamong the scientific english, words usually have a lot of meanings.we should choose the most exact one. only in this way can we expatiate the origina

45、l text better.it requirs two points: 4.1.1 choose the best meaning based on the situationin different situation, words always have different meanings. so we should firstly definite which field is our translation about.for example:data bank 數(shù)據(jù)庫 transformer bank 變壓器組transfer bank 橫移臺架 bank slope 路堤邊坡b

46、ank light 聚光燈 skid bank 冷床line bank 接線排 channel bank 信道處理單元green bank 綠色沙洲 stock bank 毛料庫 4.1.2 choose the best meaning based on the contextfor example:major contributors in coatng technology have been in the cleaning process and oven structure涂層技術(shù)起主要作用的是清洗工藝和烤箱構(gòu)造。(此處contfilmtors譯“作用”，不譯“貢獻(xiàn)者”) 4.2 t

47、he choice of proper expressionthe above we discussed is mainly about the true meaning of the words. if we want to translate it to chinese exactly, we should know how to make the proper choice.4.2.1. derived meaningwhen we translate english to chinese, sometimes we will meet some words that we cant f

48、ind in the dictionaries. in this case, if we translate forcedly at will, people can hardly understand it.we can conclude the logic from the context and try to derive.for example：at present，petrol is the in0st comniorl food of various kinds ofcars 目前，汽油是各種小轎車最常用的能源。 4.2.2conversion of part of speechf

49、or there are many differences between english and chinese, especially the grammar, meaning and expression, so when we are translation, we should make some conversion to make the article natural and fluency.for example：the solvent is water soluble這種溶劑是水溶性的。in this sentence, the noun water changes to

50、a adverb to modify the ，adjective word soluble. the desired paint can be static sprayed to set up to,hand wear resistant coatings onto aluminium stock with various specifications所需油漆能利用靜電噴涂到各種規(guī)格的鋁材上，形成堅(jiān)固耐磨的涂層。in this sentence, the noun static is used as an adverb to modify the verb spray. chapter 5t

51、he qualifications of environmental engineering translationas this translator should have some different from the literary quality of the english translation:5.1 accumulated expertise.our translation skills will be improved if we can remember more and more common expressions in environmental engineer

52、ing.for example: mimeograph, red-headed fly, general anesthesia, nitron and so on.5.2 professional knowledge .professional knowledge is essential for the translator to understand the characteristics of english vocabulary, when a completely new term appears, the translator should try to determine the

53、 meaning with the help of professional knowledge, eg: gravisphem translated as "the scope of gravity," because it is combined "gravity (i li)" with "sphere (range), which is a mixture of two words; one more example: teletypesetter should be translated as

54、"telex typesetting machine", through the analysis, we found that it is composed by "teh (fax) + type (type) + setter 5.3 extensive reading.we can make full use of our spare time to get the access to the information age. with growing knowledge and vocabulary by extensive reading in the translation of science and technology can be easier to deal with.for example:light winds and a high m