高中英語定語從句學(xué)案

1、高中英語定語從句學(xué)案 一、有關(guān)定語從句概念 帶定語從句的復(fù)合句實(shí)際可看作兩個簡單句的重新組合。定語從句定義：定語從句是用來充當(dāng)句中定語的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)；它主要用于修飾句子中的名詞、代詞。被修飾的詞叫先行詞。位置：常常是緊跟在被修飾的名詞、代詞的后面。定語從句和主句的連接：在被修飾的名詞、代詞與定語從句之間往往有一個關(guān)系詞將其前后兩部分聯(lián)系成一個整體，或是構(gòu)成一個名詞短語；或是構(gòu)成一個代詞短語。注意：關(guān)系詞與從句是一個整體，在從句中做成分。 要點(diǎn)提示：1）"關(guān)系詞"指代先行詞，關(guān)系詞的作用就是將先行詞所表達(dá)意義"代到"從句中來起作用。例如： They often

2、 become easily frightened or feel uneasy in situations （先行詞）where (關(guān)系詞)people normally would not be afraid .他們常在人們一般不會感到害怕的情況下卻很容易感到恐懼或是感到不自在。例如： Rude people are those （先行詞） whose (關(guān)系詞)behavior shows little respectfor the rules（先行詞） that(關(guān)系詞) the majority follows . 不講禮貌的人是指（那些）他們的行為對大多數(shù)人所遵從的規(guī)則并不表示尊敬

3、的（人）。2）“關(guān)系詞"的選擇”選擇由1）先行詞自身表達(dá)的意義和2）關(guān)系詞在從句中的所做的成分決定的。 Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields .有些在語言學(xué)習(xí)上很有成就的人,在其他領(lǐng)域常常一無所成。 In our class , we have some students whose families are not in Wuhan.我們班上有些家不在武漢市的同學(xué)。 There are many sounds which have a meaning and yet a

4、re not words .有許多聲音有意義但不是詞。 Tell him to go to the classroom where we often have our English class .(如果把這個復(fù)合句拆成兩個分句，那就是： Tell him to go to the classroom .We often have our English class in the classroom.)告訴他去我們常上英語課的那間教室。試著把上面的含有定語從句復(fù)合句拆成簡單句。(一) 關(guān)系詞定語從句中的關(guān)系詞只有兩類：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞（充當(dāng)從句連接詞的作用）。關(guān)系詞的作用：1）指代先行詞，2

5、）在從句中做成分 3）連接主從句關(guān)系代詞1）關(guān)系代詞：who , whom who用于代替"表示人的意義"的先行詞，并且在從句中作主語；在現(xiàn)代英語里，也可取代whom在從句中作動詞的賓語，但是介詞后必須用whom。Whom 只能做賓語。 I have no idea about the man who wrote the article . 我不認(rèn)識寫這篇文章的那個人。 Who is the girl whom ( who ) you talked to just now ? 剛才和你說話的那個女孩子是誰？ They are looking for the patient

6、on whom doctors just performed an operation . 他 們正在尋找那位醫(yī)生剛剛給他做過手術(shù)的病人。2）關(guān)系代詞：which which 用于代替"表示事物意義"的先行詞，在從句中作主語、賓語。 I've got a novel which you may like to read . 我弄到一本你或許想看的小說。 That was a fault which could not be forgiven . 那是不能饒恕的錯誤。3) 關(guān)系代詞：that 可以代替先行詞“表示事物”或“人”的先行詞,可做主語和賓語和表語，但是介詞后

7、必須用Which或whom。 I've got a novel that/which you may like to read . 我弄到一本你或許想看的小說。 That was a fault that/which could not be forgiven . 那是不能饒恕的錯誤。 I have no idea about the man that/who wrote the article .4) 關(guān)系代詞：whose + n = the +n + of which/ the +n+ of whom, 例如： Do you know the name of that girl w

8、hose brother is your roommate ?2 / 13 (whose brother= _) 你知道她的哥哥與你同寢室的那位女孩的名字嗎？ The house whose windows face south belongs to me.(whose windows= _) 要點(diǎn)提示：如果關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語可以省略。 This is the book ( which ) you were looking for yesterday . 這就是你昨天找的那本書。 Who is the man ( whom ) you're talking about ? 你們

9、談?wù)摰哪莻€人是誰？定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。 Those who are in their forties are required(需要) to have a physical examination this afternoon . 請那些年齡在四十幾歲的人于今天下午去進(jìn)行體檢。 This is the magazine which was sent to me by post . 這是通過郵局寄給我的雜志。關(guān)系代詞that 和which（1）相同點(diǎn)這兩個關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時，都可以指物；在從句中都可作主語或賓語；作賓語時都可省略。 The train that

10、( which ) has just left is for Shanghai.剛開的那列火車是去上海的。(作主語) The film that(which) we saw last night is wonderful.我們昨天晚上看的電影好極了。(作賓語，可省略)（2）區(qū)別：用that，不用which的情況當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞或被它們修飾時。 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little等不定代詞時（something之后也可用which）。 To get the job started, all that I need is y

11、our permission. 要開始工作，我所需要的是你的許可。 He answered few questions that the teacher asked. 他幾乎沒有回答老師的那些問題。 翻譯：有什么要我做的事嗎?_ 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時。This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.這是這家書店售出的最有趣的書之一。完成句子：_（該做的第一件事） is to get some food. 當(dāng)先行詞有the very，the only，the same等修飾時

12、。 Thats the only thing that we can do now.目前我們只能這樣了。 完成句子： Those are _.(他所說的話）。當(dāng)先行詞是一個既指人又指物的并列詞組時。 They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory. 他們在談?wù)撛诠S里看到的人和事。完成句子：They talked of _.(他們所能記得起的學(xué)校里的人和事) 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時。 China is not the country that it was.中國已經(jīng)不是過去的中國了。

13、 當(dāng)要避免與疑問詞which重復(fù)時。 Which is the car that was made in Beijing?哪輛車是北京制造的? 只用which而不用that：引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球，它是一項(xiàng)有趣的運(yùn)動。Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much.卡羅爾說這項(xiàng)工作將在十月前做，對此我個人表示懷疑。Dorothy w

14、as always speaking highly of her role in the play, which ,of course, made the others unhappy.桃樂茜總是吹噓她在戲劇中的角色，這當(dāng)然使別人不高興。直接放在介詞后作賓語時。Language is the most important tool without which people can't communicate with each other.5）關(guān)系代詞：as可以作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句、非限定性定語從句，在從句做主語和賓語。（常用于such as和the same as 等句式中

15、） （1）as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句通常構(gòu)成such.as或the same.as固定搭配，as在從句中可作主語、表語或賓語。 I should like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那種工具。(作賓語)Many of the sports were the same as they are now.過去的許多運(yùn)動項(xiàng)目同現(xiàn)在的一樣。(作表語)Dont read such books as are not worth reading. Read such books as you can understand.不要讀那些不值

16、得讀的書，只去讀那些你能讀懂的書就可以了。He lent me as much money as he had.她把所有的錢借給了我。Repeat this as often as is necessary.根據(jù)需要反復(fù)這樣做。(作主語)（2）suchthat與suchas“suchthat”表示“如此以致”的意思，用來引導(dǎo)一個結(jié)果狀語從句；而“suchas”表“像這樣的”的意思，用來引導(dǎo)定語從句，as在從句中充當(dāng)主、賓或表語等。He is such an honest man that we respect him.他是一個如此誠實(shí)的人以至于我們都尊敬他。He is such an hone

17、st man as we respect.他像我煤泥烘干機(jī)們所尊敬的這種誠實(shí)的人。（3）the samethat與the same as“the samethat”表同一人或物，而“the sameas”表同種類的東西。試比較下列兩個句子：This is the same book that I lost.這就是我丟失那本書。（指同一本書）This is the same book as I lost.這本書跟我丟失那本書一模一樣。（并不是原來的那一本）（4）as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句as作關(guān)系代詞，還可用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可以用來代替一個句子或單詞，as引導(dǎo)的句子可放在句首、句末或句中

18、。The moon, as is known to everybody, travels round the earth once every month.As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to everybody.眾所周知，月球一月繞地球一周土工格柵。介詞+關(guān)系代詞 在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系代詞若是表示人的意義，就只能用whom ；關(guān)系代詞若是表示事物的意義

19、，就只能用which 。如何選擇介詞：1）與先行詞的搭配有關(guān)，2）與從句中的動詞/名詞/形容詞短語搭配有關(guān)動詞與介詞的搭配 They give performances in pubs or clubs, for which they are paid in cash.(pay sb for) The man to whom you talked just now will host the programme tomorrow.（ talk to + 名詞 "與某人談話" ） 名詞與介詞的搭配They are still living in the little hous

20、e in which they've been lived for 15 years . （ in the house "在屋子里" ）他們現(xiàn)在還住在他們已住了15年的那個小房子里。 We've worked out a method by which our production can be raised. ( by a method通過某種方法) 我們已研制出了一個能提高生產(chǎn)的方法。形容詞與介詞的搭配The secretary with whom the boss is not happy will be fired for her inefficie

21、ncy . (happy with "對表示滿意") 老板對其不滿意的那個秘書將由于她沒有工作效率而被解雇。I've found the job for which I've been eager for a long time.（ eager for "渴望得到" ） 我已找到了我渴望已久的那份工作。He is a learned man with whom we are familiar .(be familiar with 熟悉)他是一位我們熟悉的有學(xué)識的人。關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞：when , where , why 等。 在定語從句，

22、關(guān)系副詞 = 介詞 + which 。 when 代替“介詞+先行時間名詞”在從句中充當(dāng)狀語,相當(dāng)于“in/at/on/during which” People will always remember the time when Hong Kong and Macao returned to our motherland .(when=_)人們會永遠(yuǎn)記住香港和澳門回歸祖國的那一時刻。翻譯：這是我參軍的那一天。This is _.where 代替“介詞+先行地點(diǎn)名詞”在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語，相當(dāng)于in/on/at /to which The place where we're to ha

23、ve the Speech Contest has not been decided yet. 我們舉行演講比賽的地點(diǎn)還未定下來。(Where =_)翻譯：這是我去年工作過的那個工廠。_why 代替 “介詞for the reason”表示原因,在從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語狀語。 He didn't tell her the reason why（=for which） he was so happy .他沒有告訴她為什么他那么高興的原因。The reason why she was late is not so acceptable .她遲到的原因不那么令人接受。 定語從句的種類 在英文中，

24、有兩種定語從句：限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句。這兩種定語從句在其功能和形式方面都有明顯的區(qū)別：限定性定語從句限定性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系很緊奏，對其先行詞起限定、修飾的作用。如果將其去掉，會影響句子意思的完整性；有時甚至于引起費(fèi)解、誤解。翻譯時多數(shù)將定語從句翻譯到被修飾名詞的前面，即做名詞的定語。 They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before. 他們向我們解釋為什么他們不喜歡我們的原因。 This is a boy who is loved by anyone.非限定性定語從句 非限定性定語從句在形式上就與主句很松散

25、，它與主句之間有一個逗點(diǎn)"，"隔開；它對其先行詞沒有限定、修飾的作用，只起補(bǔ)充、說明的作用。有時也用它來對全句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。即使將其去掉，也不會影響句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定語從句在表達(dá)意思方面也有別于限定性定語從句。另外，非限定性定語從句在中文譯文里，一般將其作為一個分句處理，而不把它作定語翻譯。The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .（此句中，非限定性定語從句是對全句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明,將全句表達(dá)的意思看成"一件事情）。太陽給予大地?zé)?，這就使植物的生長成為

26、可能。The old man has a son , who is in the army .那位老人有一個兒子，他在部隊(duì)工作。（此句中，非限定性定語從句是對先行詞son進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。本句所傳達(dá)的信息是："這位老人只有一個兒子" 。 如果將此句改寫成限定性定語從句：The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一個在部隊(duì)工作的兒子。 這樣一來，句子所傳達(dá)的信息就變成了："這位老人有一個在部隊(duì)工作的兒子，還有其他的兒子在干別的工作"。） As 引導(dǎo)的特殊非限定性定語從句 （as可以作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)非限定性

27、定語從句時，as是指全句：也就是說，將整個主句看成一件事或是一個事實(shí)；并對其進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。這種非限定性定語從句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。）As I know , she hasn't got married . 如我所知，她還未結(jié)婚。They won the first place in the game, as could be expected.可以預(yù)料，他們在比賽中得了第一。Professor Li is extremely popular among students , as is known to all of us . 如我們大家所知，李教授極受學(xué)生們的歡

28、迎。特殊先行詞 當(dāng)先行詞為the way關(guān)系詞且從句中做狀語是常用that（=in which），但通常被省略。I don't like the way(that)you speak to her.我不喜歡你對她說話的方式。定語從句專練1. Do you still remember the day _ I first came to Beijing? A. which B. that C. when D. where 2. 2 Im going to visit the school _ my mother taught physics ten years ago. A. where

29、 B. that C. which D. what3. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ they could turn for help. A. whom B. who C. to whom D. from whom4. - How do you like the cake? - Its quite different from _ I had last month. A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what5. In the 1950s, _ blacks didnt have

30、equal rights, a lot of marches took place. A. when B. that C. which D. from which6. The scientist and his achievements _you told me about are admired by us all Awhich Bwho Cthat Dwhose7. The retiring teacher made a speech _ she thanked the class for the gift. A. which B. of which C. in which D. that

31、8. He has to work on Sundays, _ he does not like. A. and which B. which C. and when D. when9. He paid the boy US $10 for washing ten windows, most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least year. A. these B. those C. that D. of which10. The boys, _ could not reach the shelf, went to look for something to sta

32、nd on. A. the tall of whom B. the tallest of whom C. the tallest one D. the tallest of them11. Is this the factory _ color TV sets are produced? A. that B. which C. in which D. in that12. This is Mr Smith, _ I think has something interesting to tell you. A. who B. whom C. which D. Whose13. Mother bo

33、ught me a dictionary on my birthday, _made me very happy. A. what B. that C. who D. which14. She wore a heavy fur coat in such a hot day, _ I found quite strange. A. which B. that C. what D. when 15.China has hundreds of islands,_ the largest is Taiwan. A.in which B. at which C. of which D. from whi

34、ch16. We came to a place _ they had never paid a visit before. A. to where B. to which C. that D. which 17. It was twelve oclock _they finished the work. A. since B. which C. that D. when18. He often helps the students _ he thinks are not quick at their studies.A. whom B. who C. when D. because19.Is

35、 there a restaurant around _I have something to eat?A. that B. what C. which D. where20. In the open boat, the four men, _ was a doctor, met with a storm on the sea. A. one of which B. one of who C. one of whom D. one of them21. His glasses, _ he was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke. A

36、. which B. from which C. with which D. without which22. The look, the cover _ is broken, is not mine. A. of it B. for C. whose D. of which23Football is a very interesting game ,_ is played all over the world Athat Bwhich Cit Dwho24Is there anything else_ you need? Awhich Bthat Cwho Dwhat25The last p

37、lace _we visited was the Great Wall Awhich Bthat Cwhere Dit26He talked happily about the men and books _interested him greatly in the school Awhich Bwho Cit Dthat27Ive read all the books _were borrowed from the library Athat B/ Cwhich Dthey28His uncle works in a factory _bicycles are made Athat Bwhich Cwhere Dthere29There is no dictionary _ you can find everything Athat Bwhich Cwhere Din that30Next month, youll spend in your hometo