高中語法第六講從句學(xué)習(xí)

1、More Better English - MBE學(xué)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)課案 - 11 -高中語法第六講 從句學(xué)習(xí)前面的話：從句是高中語法學(xué)習(xí)中的重要組成部分，也是提高我們使用這門語言能力的有力工具；當(dāng)然，凡是重要的東西總有自己的小脾氣，從句學(xué)習(xí)也不例外，所以在我們正式和他交鋒之前，還是給大家一點獨家秘笈吧。從句學(xué)習(xí)的難點主要集中在以下幾個方面：1. 用句子代替了原來用單詞或短語承擔(dān)的成分，這就需要我們必須很了解句子的基本組成成分，以及每種成分的特點；2. 所有從句都需要連接詞或者是關(guān)聯(lián)詞，因此了解不同的從句到底需要怎樣的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，每個關(guān)聯(lián)詞之間有什么聯(lián)系或者區(qū)別就成為決定我們是否可以正確選擇和使用他們的關(guān)鍵

2、所在；3. 擁有從句的句子通常稱為復(fù)合句，相對簡單句來講，復(fù)合句有了兩個甚至更多的動作主體（主語），這樣就必定會產(chǎn)生不同的動作，它們所對應(yīng)的各個不同動詞都有自己獨立的時態(tài)，所以怎樣使用正確的時態(tài)來表達(dá)并且還要使得我們的主句和從句在時態(tài)上可以保持一致也是學(xué)習(xí)的重點和關(guān)鍵；4. 通過從句的學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)一步了解英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，提高自己的分析能力和表達(dá)能力是我們在這一個板塊學(xué)習(xí)的終極目標(biāo)。歡迎來到復(fù)合句的世界！Its time to fight to them!Part 名詞性從句1. 概述名詞性從句主要包括主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同位語從句，另外直接引語和間接引語在結(jié)構(gòu)和句法作用上都比較接近名詞性從

3、句，所以我們通常把他們放在一起學(xué)習(xí)。2. 名詞性從句的連接詞學(xué)習(xí)連接詞用法舉例that從屬連詞在句中沒有實際的意思，同時也不充當(dāng)任何成分，僅僅作為連接的功能存在，因此在很多時候，它往往會被省略。He told me (that) he had been fallen love with Laura.(That) the price for the gold will go up is certain.if/whether從屬連詞二者都表示是否的意思，基本用法和that一樣的，二者在名詞性從句中大多數(shù)是可以互換使用的，但是以下三種情況，后者是不可以被前者代替的：1. whether引導(dǎo)主語從句并

4、置于句首時；Whether he can come to your party is unsure.In fact, if/whether he can come to your party is unsure.2. whether引導(dǎo)表語從句時；The question is whether we can get in touch with her.3. whether從句位于介詞后面或者動詞不定式前面的時候；a. 介詞后作賓語：I am thinking about whether he can come here on time.b. 后面緊跟動詞不定式I dont know wheth

5、er or not to tell her the news.wh-這里主要包括兩個部分，連接代詞和連接副詞，它們在句中不僅有自己的意思，更重要的是它們擔(dān)任了句中的特定成份，所以是不可以被省略的。1. 連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which, whicheverWhat we should do is undecided.What worries us most is who let out the secret.2. 連接副詞：when, whenever, where, wherever, how, however, wh

6、yWhen we shall meet again is unknown.This is where the accident happened.3. 主要的名詞性從句學(xué)習(xí)從句名稱特點及用法舉例主語從句1. that引導(dǎo)的主語從句；a. 置于句首，可省略；That you dont like her is none of my business.That he is the winner for the race is real.b. It在句中作形式主語，that引導(dǎo)的從句作為句子真正的主語，此時最好不去省略，即使它仍然是可以被省略的；結(jié)構(gòu)一：It + be /系動詞 + adj. + th

7、at從句(should + v.)常用形容詞：necessary, right, (un)likely, wrong, important, clear, obvious, strange, certain, naturalIt is obvious that youve make a big mistake.It is necessary that a college student (should) master one foreign language.結(jié)構(gòu)二：It + 指定動詞+ that從句.常用動詞：seem, appear, happen, matter, find out, t

8、urn out, work outIt seems to me that you object to the plan.It turns out that our team has won the game.結(jié)構(gòu)三：It + be /系動詞+ n. + that從句常用名詞：a pity, an honor, a shame, a/no wonder, good news, a factIt is a pity that he lost the chance to get a better job.It is an honor that we can help each other like

9、that.結(jié)構(gòu)四：It + be /系動詞+ v. ed + that從句(should + v.)常用動詞過去式：said, told, heard, reported, decided, suggested, advised, ordered, remembered, thought, considered, well-known, hoped, announcedIt is said that he will take part in our team.It is heard that the final exam will be had next weekend.2. if/wheth

10、er引導(dǎo)的主語從句Whether the work can be completed on time is unknown. = It is unknown if/whether the work can be completed on time.3. wh-引導(dǎo)的主語從句：例子詳見連接詞的學(xué)習(xí)表。4. 主語從句的時態(tài)說明：主語從句在時態(tài)使用上沒有具體或強(qiáng)制的要求，主要根據(jù)句子實際需要調(diào)整，通常情況下，多用現(xiàn)在時；同時主語從句有很多的結(jié)構(gòu)可以直接套用，這些結(jié)構(gòu)的時態(tài)一般也相對固定。賓語從句1. 動詞的賓語從句類型一：普通動詞后I hope (that) you can come and see

11、 me sometime.He said (that) he had found the way to the town.類型二：部分動詞 + 副詞結(jié)構(gòu)后，如find out, point out, work out, turn outCan you point out what the poet really means in the poem?Please find out when the ship sails for New York.類型三：動詞短語后，常見的短語包括make sure/certain, make up ones mind, keep/bear in mind等Mak

12、e sure that there are no mistakes in your paper before you hand them in.類型四：有形式賓語it的賓語從句a. 帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞需要用it作形式賓語而將that引導(dǎo)的真正賓語從句后置，此點用法同主語從句中的形式主語it的用法非常類似，請比較學(xué)習(xí)；常帶賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞有find, feel, think, consider, make, believe, guess, suppose, assume等I think it necessary that we take plenty hot water everyday.I

13、have made it a rule that I keep diaries.b. 某些動詞在賓語從句前需要加上it，比如，hate, like, take, owe, have, see to等，另外還要注意那些短語和習(xí)慣用法中本生就帶有it的，像take it for granted。I hate it when talk with their mouths full of food.He must like it what you have done for him.類型五：表示認(rèn)為，建議，猜測等意思的動詞，在遇上wh-引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時，通常會把引導(dǎo)詞置于句首，如think, say,

14、 guess, suppose, suggest, believe, feel, consider等。Who do you thing we might choose as our new leader?2. 介詞的賓語從句通常情況下介詞后的賓語從句是由wh-來引導(dǎo)的(包括whether)，少數(shù)介詞后會出現(xiàn)that從句，如except.Martha is always thinking of how she could more for others.We are talking bout whether we admit students into our club.They look ve

15、ry similar (that) one is a little taller.3. 形容詞后的賓語從句可以帶賓語從句的形容詞常見的有sure, certain, glad, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied, sorry等；Im so sorry that you must face all of these along.Its sure that we have to change minds for the new plan.4. 不省略that的賓語從句a. 在learn, suggest, explain, agree, wo

16、nder, prove, mean, state, feel, hold后的that從句不省略；We agreed that the project can be kept on in three days.b. 賓語從句比較長；We all think that what the public is badly in need of is nothing but the development of economy.c. 主句的狀語部分在主句句尾在賓語從句之前；I realized at once that what I had done hurt her.d. 賓語從句的狀語或狀語從句位于

17、句首；He told me that if I can go and see Jimmies he will be more thankful.e. 主句謂語動詞包括非謂語動詞和賓語從句中有插入語或本身是固定詞組；When she got to England, she found, that everything was not what she thought about.We had made up our mind that nothing can stop us to beat them down.f. 一個動詞帶兩個賓語從句時，第二個的that不要省略；The teacher to

18、ld us (that) French is the most beautiful tongue in the world and that we must keep it among us forever.g. 賓語從句中的主語是this, that或主語的定語是this, that；We think that this news must bring the hope for us all.h. 賓語從句充當(dāng)雙賓語中的直接賓語；i. Palmer told me that he would do with it by himself.j. 賓語從句的主語時非謂語動詞或主語從句；Many p

19、eople simply couldnt believe that what he had written was true.k. 有it作形式賓語We think it important that children should take plenty of milk as they grow.l. 直接引語中用轉(zhuǎn)述分句把賓語從句隔開；“Im sorry to tell you,” the man said, “that you miss the last train.”5. 賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移Think, believe, suppose, imagine, guess, expect,

20、 feel等動詞后的賓語從句需要將從句中的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到主句完成。但是口語中為加強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果或是希望更加迅速的引起他人的注意，又往往不做這樣的轉(zhuǎn)移。I dont think that he is a good man.I dont imagine you are interested in politics.請記錄否定不轉(zhuǎn)移的情況：6. 賓語從句的時態(tài)說明主句時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在一般時或者將來一般時的時候，從句可以使用任何需要的時態(tài)；主句是過去一般時，從句需要用過去的某種時態(tài)。I know that you have gone to Paris twice.He told us that he had bee

21、n married with Nikki for two years.The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measure to put down the to-do.表語從句1. 連接詞a. if之外的所有名詞性從句的連接詞都可以作為表語從句的連接詞；This place isnt what it used to be.The doubt is who has got away with the document.That was where we camped last time.b. because, as i

22、f, as though, as, like等也可以作為從句的連接詞（本條舉例見表語從句學(xué)習(xí)第二點）2. seem/look/appear/sound/taste/remain + 表語從句It sounds as if/as though Laura has been really ill.It looks like it is going to rain.It smells as if/as though the meat has gone off.3. 表語從句學(xué)習(xí)中注意的問題a. 關(guān)于連接詞what, where, when具備兩種不同的表述語氣，一種是疑問，一種是陳述；表陳述時，通常

23、解釋為。的人/事，。的地方，。的時間。The gym is where we often keep our feel. = The gym is the place where web. 關(guān)于虛擬語氣如果主句的主語是idea, advice, proposal, recommendation, suggestion, order, command, request, requirement的時候，從句的主語無論是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞都采用動詞原形或should+動詞原形來表達(dá)，這是表語從句中的虛擬語氣；The proposal of our parents is that we should

24、 come back before 12 every night.The idea of mine is that he go there along.c. 關(guān)于reasonThe only reason is that we must get rid of the bad habits all.同位語從句1. 連接詞：if之外的所有名詞性從句的連接詞都可以作為同位語從句的連接詞，同時注意同位語從句中的連接詞一般不省略。The report that he was going to resign was false.I have no idea why she quit her present

25、 job.Theres some doubt whether John will come on time.We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our vacation.2. 可跟同位語從句的名詞或短語舉例同位語從句一般都是接在名詞后面，但不是所有的名詞都可以接同位語從句，所以距離那些可以帶同位語從句的名詞短語或名詞：believe- doubt- explanation- hope-idea- news- opinion- possibility-statement- thought- wish- tr

26、uth-fact- question- promise- problem-reply- report- suggestion- advice-fear- warning- understanding- feeling-rumor- certainty- probability- on condition- on the understanding-with the exception- in spite of the fact3. 虛擬語氣：適用于虛擬語氣的名詞包括有advice, recommendation, suggestion, order, command, request, req

27、uirement，表示建議，命令，要求，具體用法要求和表語從句的虛擬語氣的學(xué)習(xí)是一致的。The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule should be adopted.4. 直接引語和間接引語的學(xué)習(xí)為方便陳述以下內(nèi)容，將直接引語簡稱為直引，將間接引語簡稱為間引。變化項目變化規(guī)則人稱變化人稱變化要根據(jù)具體的情況具體分析，不可以生搬硬套！1. 直引中的第一人稱在原話中如果針對第三人稱說的-間引的第三人稱He said, “I am very sorry.”-He said that he was very sorry.She sa

28、id to her son, “Ill check your homework tonight.”-She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.2. 直引中的第二人稱在原話中如果針對第二人稱說的-間引的第一人稱My father told me, “You should be more careful next time.”-My father told me that I should be more careful next time.He asked me, “Will you go to the st

29、ation with me this afternoon?”-He asked me whether I would go to the station with him that afternoon.3. 其他變化He said, “You told me so yourself.”-He said that I had told him so myself.時態(tài)變化當(dāng)主句的時態(tài)為過去一般時的時候，間引的時態(tài)要做相應(yīng)的變化，具體如下：（左邊為直引的時態(tài)，右邊為間引的時態(tài)）現(xiàn)在一般時-過去一般時 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時-過去進(jìn)行時現(xiàn)在完成時-過去完成時 過去一般時-過去完成時將來一般時-過去將來時 過去完

30、成時-過去完成時現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時-過去完成進(jìn)行時She said, “I am very glad to visit your school”-Tom said, “We are listening the pop music.”-Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV.”-He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No.3 bus?”-The teacher asked, “Why did she refuse to g

31、o there?”-He said, “I havent heard from my parents these days.”-時態(tài)不變化1. 直接引語有確定的過去時間；Tom said, “We were having a football match this time yesterday.”-2. 直接引語強(qiáng)調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)述事實，而不是強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的時間順序；The boy said, “I found the dog just at the edge of the wood.”-3. 直接引語強(qiáng)調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)述事實仍在繼續(xù)；The reporter said, “The war about the hungr

32、y is now still on in Africa.”-4. 直接引語轉(zhuǎn)述的是自然現(xiàn)象，科學(xué)真理，名言名句等；Our teacher said. “All work no play makes Jack a dull boy.”-5. when, while, since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中；He said, “It is many years since he came to live here.”-6. 直接引語中帶有沒有過去形式的情態(tài)動詞的時候；He said, “You must be very found of art.”-7. 直接引語是習(xí)慣性行為；He said, “I us

33、ually get up at 5:30 and go to school at 7:00.”-8. 直接引語中的時間狀語days ago是從說話的時間算起；He said, “I met her three days ago.”-9. 直接引語中的動作或狀態(tài)還沒有發(fā)生（行為動詞）；She said, “Ill coming tomorrow.”-10. 直接引語中的謂語動詞是虛擬語氣；I insisted, “You should give up smoking and drinking.”-指示代詞，時間狀語，地點狀語，方向性動詞以及情態(tài)動詞的變化1. 指示代詞：this-that these-those2. 時間狀語：now-then today-that day this evening-that evening yesterday-the day before/the previous d