2018年12月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)真題完整版第1套

1、2018年12月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)真題完整版（第1套）part i writing (30 minutes)directions: for this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of living in a big city. you should write at least 120 words but no more than180 words.part listening comprehension (25 minutes)section adirections: in thi

2、s section, you will hear three news reports. at the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. both the news report and then questions will be spoken only once. after you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked a），b), c) and d).then mark the

3、corresponding letter on answer sheet 1with a single line through the centre.questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1. a) land a space vehicle on the moon in 2019.b) design a new generation of mobile phones.c) set up a mobile phone network on the moon.d) gather data from t

4、he noon with a tiny device.2. a) it is stable. b) it is durable. c) it is inexpensive. d) it is sophisticated.questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3. a) it lasted more than six hours.b) no injuries were yet reported.c) nobody was in the building when it broke out.d) it

5、had burned for 45 minutes by the time firefighters arrived.4. a) recruit and train more firefighters.b) pull down the deserted shopping mall.c) turn the shopping mall into an amusement park.d) find money to renovate the local neighborhood.questions 5 and 6 are based on the news report you have just

6、heard.5. a) shrinking potato farming.b) heavy reliance on import.c) widespread plant disease.d) insufficient potato supply.6. a) it intends to keep its traditional diet.b) it wants to expand its own farming.c) it is afraid of the spread of disease.d) it is worried about unfair competition.7. a) glob

7、al warning.b) ever-rising prices.c) government regulation.d) diminishing investment.section bdirections: in this section, you will hear two long conversations. at the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. after you h

8、ear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked a），b），c)and d). then mark the corresponding letter on answer sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8. a) informative. b) inspiring. c) dull. d) sha

9、llow.9. a) she types on a keyboard.b) she does recording.c) she take photos.d) she take notes.10. a) it keeps her mind active.b) it makes her stay awake.c) it enables her to think hard.d) it helps her kill time.11. a)it enables her to improve her pronunciation.b) it helps her better remember what sh

10、e learns.c) it turns out to be an enjoyable way of learning.d) it proves to be far more effective than writing.questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. a) to spend her honeymoon.b) to try authentic indian food.c) to take photos of the taj mahal.d) to trace the origin

11、of a love story.13.a) in memory of a princess.b) in honor of a great emperor.c) to mark the death of an emperor of the 1600s.d) to celebrate the birth of a princesss 14th child.14. a) it looks older than expected.b) it is built of wood and bricks.c) it stores lots of priceless antiques.d) it has wal

12、ls decorated with jewels.15. a) their streets are narrow.b) each on has a unique character.c) they are mostly crowded.d) life can be tedious in some places.section cdirections: in this section, you will hear three passages. at the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. both the

13、passage and the questions will be spoken only once. after you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked a), b), c) and d). then mark the corresponding letter on answer sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you ha

14、ve just heard.16. a)they help spread the latest technology.b) they greatly enrich peoples leisure life.c) they provide residents with thed) they allow free access to digital books and videos.17. a) by helping them find jobs.b) by keeping them off the streets.c) by inspiring their creativity.d) by pr

15、oviding a place of relaxation.18. a) their interaction with teenagers proved fruitful.b) they used libraries less often than teenagers.c) they tended to visit libraries regularly.d) their number increased modestly.questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. a) it is the cleve

16、rest cat in the world.b) it is an unusual cross breed.c) it is the largest cat in africa.d) it is a large-sized wild cat.20. a) they are as loyal as doges.b) they are fond of sleeping in cabinets.c) they have unusually long tails.d) they know how to please their owners.21. a) they shake their front

17、paws.b) they shower with them.c) they teach them to dive.d) they shout at them.questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. a) contented and relieved.b) anxious and depressed.c) proud but a bit nervous.d) excited but somewhat sad.23. a) it starts the moment they are born.b) it

18、 depends on their parents for success.c) it is gaining increasing public attention.d) it is becoming parents biggest concern.24. a) choose the right school for them.b) help them to learn by themselves.c) read books and magazines to them.d) set a good example for them to follow.25. a) their intellige

19、nce.b) their home life.c) the quality of their school.d) the effort they put in learning.part reading comprehension ( 40 minutes)section adirections: in this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. you are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank fo

20、llowing the passage. read the passage through carefully before making your choices. each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. please mark the corresponding letter for each item on answer sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. you may not use any of the words in the bank more than on

21、cequestions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.millions die early from air pollution each year. air pollution costs the global economy more than $5 trillion annually in welfare costs, with the most serious 26 occurring in the developing world.the figures include a number of costs 27 with ai

22、r pollution. lost income alone amounts to $225 billion a year.the report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution. indoor pollution, which includes 28 like home heating and cooking, has remained 29 over the past several decades despite advances in the area. levels of outdoor pollution have gro

23、wn rapidly along with rapid growth in industry and transportation.director of institute for health metrics and evaluation chris murray 30 it as an “urgent call to action.”“one of the risk factors for premature deaths is the air we breathe, over which individuals have little 31 ,”he said.the effects

24、of air pollution are worst in the developing world, where in some places lost-labor income 32 nearly 1% of gdp. around 9 in 10 people in low-and middle-income countries live in places where they 33 experience dangerous levels of outdoor air pollution.but the problem is not limited 34 to the developi

25、ng world. thousands die prematurely in the u.s. as a result of related illnesses. in many european countries, where diesel(柴油) 35 have become more common in recent years, that number reaches tens of thousands.a)ability e)control i)exclusively m)sourcesb)associated f)damage j)innovated n)underminec)c

26、onsciously g)described k)regularly o)vehiclesd)constant h)equals l)relatessection bdirections: in this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. identify the paragraph from which the information is der

27、ived. you may choose a paragraph more than once. each paragraph is marked with a letter. answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on answer sheet 2.food-as-medicine movement is witnessing progress a several times a month, you can find a doctor in the aisles of ralphs market in huntin

28、gton beach, california, wearing a white coat and helping people learn about food. on one recent day, this doctor was daniel nadeau, wandering the cereal aisle with allison scott, giving her some idea on how to feed kids who persistently avoid anything that is healthy. “have you thought about trying

29、fresh juices in the morning?” he asks her. “the frozen oranges and apples are a little cheaper, and fruits are really good for the brain. juices are quick and easy to prepare, you can take the frozen fruit out the night before and have it ready the next morning.”b scott is delighted to get food advi

30、ce from a physician who is program director of the nearby mary and dick allen diabetes center, part of the st. joseph hoag health alliance. the centers shop with your doc program sends doctors to the grocery store to meet with any patients who sign up for the service, plus any other shoppers who hap

31、pen to be around with questions.c nadeau notices the pre-made macaroni (通心粉)-and-cheese boxes in scotts shopping cart and suggests she switch to whole grain macaroni and real cheese. “so id have to make it？”she asks, her enthusiasm fading at the thought of how long that might take, just to have her

32、kids reject it. “im not sure theyd eat it. they just wont eat it.”d nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big contributors to the rising diabetes rates among children. “in america, over 50 percent of our food is processed food,” nadeau tells her. “and only 5 percent of our food is plant-based fo

33、od. i think we should try to reverse that.” scott agrees to try more fruit juices for the kids and to make real macaroni and cheese. score one point for the doctor, zero for diabetes.e nadeau is part of a small revolution developing across california. the food-as-medicine movement has been around fo

34、r decades, but its making progress as physicians and medical institutions make food a formal part of treatment, rather than relying solely on medications (藥物). by prescribing nutritional changes or launching programs such as shop with your doc, they are trying to prevent, limit or even reverse disea

35、se by changing what patients eat. “theres no question people can take things a long way toward reversing diabetes, reversing high blood pressure, even preventing cancer by food choices,” nadeau says.f in the big picture, says dr. richard afable, ceo and president of st. joseph hoag health, medical i

36、nstitutions across the state are starting to make a philosophical switch to becoming a health organization, not just a health care organization. that feeling echoes the beliefs of the therapeutic food pantry program at zuckerberg san francisco general hospital, which completed its pilot phase and is

37、 about to expand on an ongoing basis to five clinic sites throughout the city. the program will offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition, along with intensive training in how to cook it. “we really want to link food and medicine, and not just give away food,” says dr. rita

38、nguyen, the hospitals medical director of healthy food initiatives. “we want people to understand what theyre eating, how to prepare it, the role food plays in their lives.”g in southern california, loma linda university school of medicine is offering specialized training for its resident physicians

39、 in lifestyle medicine that is a formal specialty in using food to treat disease. research findings increasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases, but that does not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illness can benefit substantially from dietary changes. n

40、onetheless, physicians say that they look at the collective data and a clear picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the american diet contribute to the nations high rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. according to the world health organization, 80 percent of deat

41、hs from heart disease and stroke are caused by high blood pressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.h “its a different paradigm（范式） of how to treat disease,” says dr. brenda rea, who helps run the family and preventive medicine residency program at loma

42、 linda university school of medicine. the lifestyle medicine specialty is designed to train doctors in how to prevent and treat disease, in part, by changing patients nutritional habits. the medical center and school at loma linda also has a food cupboard and kitchen for patients. this way, patients

43、 not only learn about which foods to buy, but also how to prepare them at home.i many people dont know how to cook, rea says, and they only know how to heat things up. that means depending on packaged food with high salt and sugar content. so teaching people about which foods are healthy and how to

44、prepare them, she says, can actually transform a patients life. and beyond that, it might transform the health and lives of that patients family. “what people eat can be medicine or poison,” rea says. “as a physician, nutrition is one of the most powerful things you can change to reverse the effects

45、 of long-term disease.”j studies have explored evidence that dietary changes can slow inflammation（炎癥）, for example, or make the body inhospitable to cancer cells. in general, many lifestyle medicine physicians recommend a plant-based diet particularly for people with diabetes or other inflammatory

46、conditions.k “as what happened with tobacco, this will require a cultural shift, but that can happen,” says nguyen. “in the same way physicians used to smoke, and then stopped smoking and were able to talk to patients about it, i think physicians can have a bigger voice in it.”36. more than half of

47、the food americans eat is factory-produced.37. there is a special program that assigns doctors to give advice to shoppers in food stores.38. there is growing evidence from research that food helps patients recover from various illnesses.39. a healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.40.

48、training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their life.41. one food-as-medicine program not only prescribes food for treatment but teaches patients how to cook it.42. scott is not keen on cooking food herself, thinking it would simply be a waste of time.43. diabetes patients are advised to

49、 eat more plant-based food.44. using food as medicine is no novel idea, but the movement is making headway these days.45. americans high rates of various illnesses result from the way they eat.section cdirections: there are 2 passages in this section. each passage is followed by some questions or un

50、finished statements. for each of them there are four choices marked a), b), c) and d). you should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on answer sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.passage onequestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage. california has been

51、facing a drought for many years now, with certain areas even having to pump freshwater hundreds of miles to their distribution system. the problem is growing as the population of the state continues to expand. new research has found deep water reserves under the state which could help solve their dr

52、ought crisis. previous drilling of wells could only reach depths of 1,000 feet, but due to new pumping practices, water deeper than this can now be extracted （抽?。? the team at stanford investigated the aquifers（地下蓄水層）below this depth and found that reserves may be triple what was previously thought.

53、it is profitable to drill to depths more than 1,000 feet for oil and gas extraction, but only recently in california has it become profitable to pump water from this depth. the aquifers range from 1,000 to 3,000 feet below the ground, which means that pumping will be expensive and there are other co

54、ncerns. the biggest concern of pumping out water from this deep in the gradual settling down of the land surface. as the water is pumped out, the vacant space left is compacted by the weight of the earth above.even though pumping from these depths is expensive, it is still cheaper than desalinating（

55、脫鹽）the ocean water in the largely coastal state. some desalination plants exist where feasible, but they are costly to run and can need constant repairs. wells are much more reliable sources of freshwater, and california is hoping that these deep wells may be the answer to their severe water shortag

56、e.one problem with these sources is that the deep water also has a higher level of salt than shallower aquifers. this means that some wells may even need to undergo desalination after extraction, thus increasing the cost. research from the exhaustive study of groundwater from over 950 drilling logs

57、has just been published. new estimates of the water reserves now go up to 2,700 billion cubic meters of freshwater.46.how could californias drought crisis be solved according to some researchers?a) by building more reserves of groundwater.b) by drawing water from the depths of the earth.c) by developing more advanced drilling devices.d) by upgrading its water distribution system.47.what can be inferred about extracting water from deep aquifers?a) it was deem