為什么音樂令我們的大腦歌唱(最新整理)

1、why music makes our brain sing為什么音樂令我們的大腦歌唱music is not tangible. you cant eat it, drink it or mate with it. it doesnt protect against the rain, wind or cold. it doesnt vanquish predators or mend broken bones. and yet humans have always prized music or well beyond prized, loved it.音樂是看不見摸不著的東西，不能吃也不

2、能喝，更不能與它發(fā)生肉體的接觸。它不能幫你遮風(fēng)擋雨，保暖御寒。不能幫你擊潰敵人，也不能為你愈合斷骨。但人類卻總是珍視音樂或者比珍視更甚我們熱愛它。in the modern age we spend great sums of money to attend concerts, download music files, play instruments and listen to our favorite artists whether were in a subway or salon. but even in paleolithic times, people invested sign

3、ificant time and effort to create music, as the discovery of flutes carved from animal bones would suggest.現(xiàn)代人花很多錢去聽音樂會、下載音樂、演奏樂器，聆聽心愛藝術(shù)家的作品，不管置身地鐵還是沙龍。但是考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，早在舊石器時代就有由動物骨頭制成的笛子，足以說明那時人們就花費大量時間與努力去創(chuàng)作音樂。so why does this thingless “thing” at its core, a mere sequence of sounds hold such potentially

4、 enormous intrinsic value?音樂的核心無非只是一系列聲音而已，那么，為什么這種沒有形體的事物蘊含著如此巨大的本質(zhì)價值？the quick and easy explanation is that music brings a unique pleasure to humans. of course, that still leaves the question of why. but for that, neuroscience is starting to provide some answers.快速簡單的解釋是，音樂可以為人類帶來獨特的歡愉。當(dāng)然，這仍然不能解釋“

5、為什么”這個問題。但是基于這一點，神經(jīng)科學(xué)可以提供若干答案。more than a decade ago, our research team used brain imaging to show that music that people described as highly emotional engaged the reward system deep in their brains activating subcortical nuclei known to be important in reward, motivation and emotion. subsequently w

6、e found that listening to what might be called “peak emotional moments” in music that moment when you feel a “chill” of pleasure to a musical passage causes the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine, an essential signaling molecule in the brain.十幾年前，我們的研究團隊使用大腦成像技術(shù)，顯示被人們描繪為“非常感人”的音樂如何作用于大腦深處負責(zé)獎賞系

7、統(tǒng)(reward system)的腦區(qū)我們知道， 觸發(fā)皮質(zhì)下核(subcortical nuclei)在獎賞系統(tǒng)，以及行為動機與感情系統(tǒng)中是非常重要的。最后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，聆聽音樂中所謂“情感的高潮時刻”（就是那些 讓你聽到“起雞皮疙瘩”的那些樂段），會導(dǎo)致大腦釋放神經(jīng)傳遞素多巴胺，這 是大腦中一種必不可少的信號傳遞分子。when pleasurable music is heard, dopamine is released in the striatum an ancient part of the brain found in other vertebrates as well which i

8、s known to respond to naturally rewarding stimuli like food and sex and which is artificially targeted by drugs like cocaine and amphetamine.當(dāng)聽到令人愉悅的音樂時，多巴胺便會從紋狀體(striatum)中涌出紋狀體是大腦一個古老的器官，其他脊椎動物也有，它會對滿足本能的刺激（諸如食物和性愛）做出反應(yīng)，可卡因和安非他命這樣的人工藥物也會對它產(chǎn)生效果。but what may be most interesting here is whenthis neur

9、otransmitter is released: not only when the music rises to a peak emotional moment, but also several seconds before, during what we might call the anticipation phase.但最有趣的是神經(jīng)傳遞素釋放的時機不僅是在音樂到達情感高潮的時刻，而是這個時刻到來幾秒前就開始釋放，也就是我們所謂的“期待”階段。the idea that reward is partly related to anticipation (or the predict

10、ion of a desired outcome) has a long history in neuroscience. making good predictions about the outcome of ones actions would seem to be essential in the context of survival, after all. and dopamine neurons, both in humans and other animals, play a role in recording which of our predictions turn out

11、 to be correct.“獎賞”與“期待”（或者說對自己所渴望結(jié)果的預(yù)期）是相聯(lián)系的，這個看法在神經(jīng)科學(xué)史上由來已久。畢竟，對行為的結(jié)果做出正確預(yù)期，對于生存來說似乎至關(guān)重要。而在人類與其他動物大腦中負責(zé)記錄預(yù)期是否正確的系統(tǒng)中， 分泌多巴胺的神經(jīng)細胞扮演著重要角色。to dig deeper into how music engages the brains reward system, we designed a study to mimic online music purchasing. our goal was to determine what goes on in the

12、brain when someone hears a new piece of music and decides he likes it enough to buy it.為了進一步挖掘音樂是如何對大腦的獎賞系統(tǒng)發(fā)生作用，我們設(shè)計了這樣一項模擬在線音樂購買的實驗當(dāng)某人聽到一段新的音樂，認為自己非常喜歡它， 想把它買下來，這個時候，他的大腦里究竟發(fā)生了什么事情呢？這就是我們想 要找出來的。we used music-recommendation programs to customize the selections to our listeners preferences, which tu

13、rned out to be indie and electronic music, matching montreals hip music scene. and we found that neural activity within the striatum the reward-related structure was directly proportional to the amount of money people were willing to spend.我們使用了音樂推薦程序，為接受實驗的聽者定制了他們喜歡的音樂選擇范圍，最后鎖定的是獨立音樂與電子音樂，與蒙特利爾的嬉皮音

14、樂氛圍正好相稱。最后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，紋狀體（也就是與獎賞制度相聯(lián)系的大腦構(gòu)造）內(nèi)的神經(jīng)活動同人們愿意支付的金錢數(shù)目有直接聯(lián)系。but more interesting still was the cross talk between this structure and the auditory cortex, which also increased for songs that wereultimately purchased compared with those that were not.但更有趣的是紋狀體與負責(zé)聽覺的大腦皮層之間的互動，在聽到那些最終買下的歌曲時，二者之間的互動比聽那些沒

15、有買下的歌曲時更多。why the auditory cortex? some 50 years ago, wilder penfield, the famed neurosurgeon and the founder of the montreal neurological institute, reported that when neurosurgical patients received electrical stimulation to the auditory cortex while they were awake, they would sometimes report he

16、aring music. dr. penfields observations, along with those of many others, suggest that musical information is likely to be represented in these brain regions.為什么是負責(zé)聽覺的大腦皮層呢？50年前，著名神經(jīng)外科醫(yī)師與蒙特利爾神經(jīng)學(xué)研究院的創(chuàng)辦者懷爾德潘菲爾德(wilder penfield)發(fā)現(xiàn)，接受神經(jīng)外科手術(shù)的患者在清醒狀態(tài)下，其聽覺大腦皮層受到電擊刺激時會產(chǎn)生聽到音樂的感覺。潘菲爾德醫(yī)生認為，與其他信息相比，音樂信息更容易被傳導(dǎo)到大

17、腦的那些區(qū)域之中。the auditory cortex is also active when we imagine a tune: think of the first four notes of beethovens fifth symphony your cortex is abuzz! this ability allows us not only to experience music even when its physically absent, but also to invent new compositions and to reimagine how a piece m

18、ight sound with a different tempo or instrumentation.在腦海中想象一段旋律也會令負責(zé)聽覺的大腦皮層活躍：試想貝多芬第五交響曲的前四個音符你的大腦皮層頓時熱鬧起來了！這項能力讓我們在身邊沒有音樂的時候也可以感受音樂，而且還可以在腦海里創(chuàng)作新曲，以及想象如何用不同的速度或樂器來重新演繹一段音樂。we also know that these areas of the brain encode the abstract relationships between sounds for instance, the particular sound p

19、attern that makes a major chord major, regardless of the key or instrument. other studies show distinctive neural responses from similar regions when there is an unexpected break in a repetitive pattern of sounds, or in a chord progression. this is akin to what happens if you hear someone play a wro

20、ng note easily noticeable even in an unfamiliar piece of music.我們還知道，大腦的這些區(qū)域可以解析聲音之間的抽象聯(lián)系比如，不管音調(diào)和樂器如何變化，總有某個特定的聲音模式令大三和弦成為大三和弦。其他研究表明，當(dāng)重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的聲音或和弦序列中突然出現(xiàn)意外中斷時，大腦中的類似區(qū)域也會出現(xiàn)特定的神經(jīng)反應(yīng)。這和你聽到某人演奏出錯時的反應(yīng)很類似即便是演奏一首不熟悉的樂曲，人們也會很容易注意到彈錯的地方。these cortical circuits allow us to make predictions about coming events o

21、n the basis of past events. they are thought to accumulate musical information over our lifetime, creating templates of the statistical regularities that are present in the music of our culture and enabling us to understand the music we hear in relation to our stored mental representations of the mu

22、sic weve heard.這些大腦皮層的活動令我們在已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情的基礎(chǔ)上預(yù)測即將發(fā)生的事情。它們在我們的有生之年一直收集音樂信息，根據(jù)我們文化中的音樂所提供的統(tǒng)計規(guī)則制造模版；我們過去所聽過的音樂在大腦中儲存了心理象征，而這些大腦皮層的活動則將我們此時正在聽的音樂與過去聽過的音樂聯(lián)系起來，令我們得以理解此時的音樂。so each act of listening to music may be thought of as both recapitulating the past and predicting the future. when we listen to music, the

23、se brain networks actively create expectations based on our stored knowledge.所以每一個聆聽音樂的行為都可以被視為既是對過去的總結(jié)，又是對未來的預(yù)測。當(dāng)我們聽音樂時，大腦在我們已有知識的基礎(chǔ)上活躍地創(chuàng)造各種期待。composers and performers intuitively understand this: they manipulate these prediction mechanisms to give us what we want or to surprise us, perhaps even wi

24、th something better.作曲家與表演者們本能地理解這個原理：他們操縱這種預(yù)期機制，帶給我們想要的東西，又或許是用更好的東西令我們驚喜。in the cross talk between our cortical systems, which analyze patterns and yield expectations, and our ancient reward and motivational systems, may lie the answer to the question: does a particular piece of music move us?音樂與負責(zé)解析固有模式的大腦皮層、產(chǎn)生期待的大腦皮層，以及古老的、負責(zé)獎賞與動機機制的大腦皮層都有關(guān)系，正是在這些大腦皮層系統(tǒng)的互動之中， 產(chǎn)生了這個問題的答案：某段音樂能感動我們嗎？when that answer is yes