300.F大學(xué)生使用信用卡現(xiàn)狀分析及對策——信用卡消費習(xí)慣調(diào)查 外文

1、draft version please dont quote.tax planning in business: bangladesh perspectiveswapan kumar bala, fcmaassociate professordepartment of accounting & information systemsuniversity of dhaka, dhakaabstract:this paper highlights the tax planning issues in the context of business environment in banglades

2、h. given the complexity and the tax law ambiguity prevailing in bangladesh, this paper encompasses the traditional tax planning devices along with a brief overview of the scholes-wolfson paradigm of tax planning strategies. the fiscal plans are referred to the related tax law provisions (mentioned i

3、n the appendices in a very organized manner), which are expected to be very useful for the existing and potential businessmen.keywords:tax compliance, tax minimization effective tax planning, tax strategy, tax incentives.1draft version please dont quote.tax planning in business: bangladesh perspecti

4、veswapan kumar bala, fcmaassociate professordepartment of accounting & information systemsuniversity of dhaka, dhakaintroductionthe term tax planning in business consists of three main words: tax, planning, and business. tax is “a contribution exacted by the state” chambers english dictionary (1992)

5、. “the term taxes is confined to compulsory, unrequited payments to general government” (oecd, 1988: 37; vide wilkinson, 1992: 2). planning is “the process of determining in advance the factors necessary to achieve a set of goals; designing an effective means of achieving some future goals (ends)” k

6、ohlers dictionary for accountants (cooper and ijiri, 1984: 383). business means “the carrying on of trade or commerce, involving the use of capital and having, as a major objective, income derived from sales of goods or services” kohlers dictionary for accountants (cooper and ijiri, 1984: 78). accor

7、ding to section 2(14) of the income tax ordinance (ito), 1984, “business” includes any trade, commerce or manufacture, or any adventure or concern in the nature of trade, commerce or manufacture.1 thus,tax planning in business means dealing with the tax matters of a business entity with a view to ma

8、ximizing the after-tax rate of return on investments after ensuring voluntary tax compliance. for this purpose, each business entity has to 1.ensure that it keeps proper records;2.deduct tax at source where it is necessary;3.pay advance tax in time, if applicable;4.file returns in time;5.comply with

9、 notices received from the tax authorities; and6.be aware of legal remedies where it does not have its rights under the law recognized.tax function activities of a business entity are those activities which are concerned with fiscal issues. these functions are of two types: (1) tax compliance activi

10、ties, and (2) tax planning activities. tax compliance activities are those activities which include the functions or obligations according to the provisions of various fiscal statutes. tax planning activities means dealing with the tax matters of a taxpayer with a view to maximizing the after-tax ra

11、te of return on investments after ensuring voluntary tax compliance.forms of business vs. tax paying entitya business entity may be of three types: sole-proprietorship, partnership firm and company. “sole- proprietorship” has not been defined by the income tax ordinance.under section 2(32) of the it

12、o, “firm” has the same meaning as assigned to it in the partnership act,1932 (ix of 1932). under section 4 of the partnership act, 1932, “partnership” is the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all. persons who have

13、entered into partnership with one another are called individually “partners” and collectively “a firm”, and the name under which their business is carried on is called the “firm name”.1 section, sub-section, rule, sub-rule, clause or proviso mentioned elsewhere in this paper without referring to any

14、 enactment shall be referred to the income tax ordinance, 1984 (ordinance no. xxxvi of 1984) and the income tax rules, 1984 no. s.r.o. 39/l/85 dated 14.01.1985, vide sec. 185(4) of the income tax ordinance, 1984.2draft version please dont quote.under section 2(20) of the ito, “company” means a compa

15、ny as defined in the companies act, 1913 (vii of 1913) or companies act, 1994 (act no. 18 of 1994)* and includes (a)a body corporate established or constituted by or under any law for the time being in force;(b)any nationalised banking or other financial institution, insurance body and industrial or

16、 business enterprise;(bb)an association or combination of persons, called by whatever name, if any of such persons is a company as defined in the companies act, 1913 or companies act, 1994;(bbb)anyassociationor body incorporated by or under the laws of acountry outsidebangladesh; and;(c)any foreign

17、association or body, not incorporated by or under any law, which the national board of revenue may, by general or special order, declare to be a company for the purposes of the income tax ordinance.for preferential tax purpose, from assessment year (ay) 2002-2003 vide the finance act 2002 to thefina

18、nce act 2006 companies are classified into following groups: (1) company being bank, insurance or financial institution;(2) other companies:(a) company not publicly traded; and(b) publicly traded company.from ay 2002-2003, as per the explanation given in the relevant schedule for income tax rates in

19、 the finance act, “publicly traded company” means a company which fulfills the following conditions:(a) the company is registered in bangladesh under the companies act 1913 or 1994;(b) the company is enlisted with the stock exchange before the end of the concerned income year in which income tax ass

20、essment will be made.taxpayers status: under the income tax ordinance, 1984, a taxpayer has two types of status: personal status and residential status. a sole-proprietorship has no separate tax paying identity and individual owner running the sole-proprietorship will have “individual” status of the

21、 owner and not of the business entity, but both partnership firm and company have distinct personal status “firm” and “company” respectively.residential status may be resident defined u/s 2(55), ito or non- resident defined u/s 2(42), ito. under section 17, resident assessee (taxpayer) has to pay in

22、come tax on total global income including foreign income, but non-resident taxpayer has to pay income tax only on his total domestic (bangladeshi) income as determined u/s 18 (income deemed to accrue or arise in bangladesh). under section 2(55), an individual is to be a resident if his period of sta

23、y in bangladesh is at least 182 days in the concerned income year, or at least 90 days in the concerned income year, and at least 365 days in the preceding 4 income years. a partnership firm is considered as resident, if the control and management of its affairs situated wholly or partly in banglade

24、sh in the concerned income year. a company will be a resident, if control and management of its affairs situated wholly in bangladesh in the concerned income year. otherwise, a taxpayer will be treated as non-resident u/s 2(42).levels of taxation: question regarding whether the entity itself and/or

25、the owner(s) of the entity is(are) taxable is explained on the basis of two concepts: pass-through entity (or flow-through entity) and non-pass-through entity:pass-through entity: this entity is not taxable itself. the income of the entity will pass through the owners and is taxable after its accumu

26、lation with the owners other income. sole- proprietorship is a pass-through entity. the owner of the entity is taxable for the entire income of the business entity (whether withdrawn or not) along with his/her other income.* under section 2(1)(d) of the companies act 1994, “company” means a company

27、formed and registered under this act or an existing company.3draft version please dont quote.non-pass-through entities: this entity is taxable itself. the income of the entity may be distributed to the owners and is usually again taxable in the hands of owners after its accumulation with his/her oth

28、er income. partnership firm and company are non-pass-through entities.a partnership firm is taxable for its income in first instance as a non-pass-through entity. the partners of the firm shall include the share of total income of the firm in the income year to be computed u/s43(3) and but to avoid

29、double taxation, the share of income will be treated as tax-free income subject to “tax rebate at average tax rate (atr)” if the firm has already paid tax on its income paragraph16, part-b, sixth schedule. but where any tax payable by any partner of a firm in respect of his share of income cannot be

30、 recovered from him, then dct (deputy commissioner of taxes) shall collect it from the firm sec. 98. in case of discontinued business of a firm or if the firm is dissolved, the partners are jointly and severally liable to pay due tax, if any sec. 99. see few other statutory issues regarding partners

31、hip firm and partners in appendix-i.a company is taxable for its total income always as a non-pass-through entity. the shareholders of the company are taxable for the income of the entity, only if distributed to them as dividend, which is subject to a source-tax ( 10% (u/s 54). at the time of sale/t

32、ransfer of shares, the shareholder may require to pay tax on capital gain arising from the sale or transfer. thus, shareholder-level of tax (ts) usually includes tax on dividend distributed and tax on capital gain on sale/transfer of shares. however, capital gain on transfer of shares of a company e

33、stablished under the companies act 1994 is subject to a reduced rate of 10% s.r.o. no. 220-ain/aykar/2004 dated 13.07.2004, but the capital gain on transfer of stocks and shares of public companies listed with a stock exchange in bangladesh is fully exempted sec. 32(7).in case of a non-pass-through

34、entity, there is at least double-level taxation. first, a tax is paid by the entity and then a second tax is paid by the owners of the entity (partners of a firm or shareholders of company). in case of firm which has duly paid its tax, double taxation is avoided by considering the share of firms inc

35、ome as tax-free and allowing a tax rebate thereon to the partners. but in case of a company, the company has to pay tax on its income at 30%, 40% or 45% and then the individual shareholders have to pay source-tax at 10%, which will be treated as advance income tax (ait) and then considering the marg

36、inal tax rate of the concerned shareholders, tax rate on dividend may be up to 25% for high-income taxpayers. in case of a company investing in shares of another company, there will be triple taxation. the company of which shares have been purchased has to pay first-level tax on its income at 30%, 4

37、0% or 45%. then the investing company has to pay second-level tax on distributed dividend at 15% and when it will distribute its income as dividend, its individual shareholder has to pay third-level tax (source-tax and possible extra tax).tax evasion, tax avoidance, and tax planningtax reduction str

38、ategies are often tainted with legality. income tax statutes have provisions for charging tax on “any income, profits or gains, from whatever source derived” u/s 2(34)(a) and hence, according to the spirit of this provision, legality of the source may not be questioned if tax is duly paid. suffice i

39、t to say, in the income tax ordinance, there are several sections where investment out of undisclosed income can be legalized by paying tax at a stipulated rate not always on the invested amount and the tax rate is often very low e.g., specific tax rate at taka 300 or taka 500 or taka 200 per square

40、 meter for investment in house property u/s 19b, 7.5% of the deed value in case of investment u/s 19bb, and 10% or 15% of the purchase value in case of investment in motor vehicle. income by way of winnings from “card games and other games of any sort or from gambling or betting” referred to in sect

41、ion 19(13) is subject to source-tax of 20% (u/s 55) and this tax deducted at source is a “final discharge of tax liability” u/s 82c(4). however, given these moral issues, while dealing with any sort of strategy regarding tax, we must be aware about the distinctions among tax evasion, tax avoidance a

42、nd tax planning.4draft version please dont quote.tax evasiontax evasion has the objective of reduction of tax illegally. sometimes, it is referred to as tax cheating” through acts of commission or omission. deceit, concealment, and/or misrepresentation are common elements in most illegal tax plans (

43、sommerfeld et al., 1980: 28/1). as stated by webley et al. (1991: 2-3), “noncompliance is a more neutral term than evasion since it does not assume that an inaccurate tax return is necessarily the result of an intention to defraud the authorities and it recognizes that inaccuracy may actually result

44、 in overpayment of taxes. in evading tax one is knowingly breaking the law. this has social and psychological consequences such as stigma and guilt and involves confronting different costs since there is a risk of being caught and fined or sent to prison.”according to lakhotia and lakhotia (1998: 9)

45、, “the expression tax evasion means illegally hiding income or concealing the particulars of income or concealing the particular source or sources of income or in manipulating the accounts so as to inflate the expenditure and other outgoings with a view to illegally reduce the burden of taxation. he

46、nce, tax evasion is illegal and unethical.”tax avoidancetax avoidance and tax evasion usually both have same objective of reduction of tax, but tax avoidance encompasses only legal means of achieving the objective.justice jagadisan j. has mentioned in the verdict of aruna group of estate v. state of

47、 madras (1965) case, “avoidance of tax is not tax evasion and it carries no ignominy with it, for, it is sound law and, certainly, not bad morality, for anybody to so arrange his affairs as to reduce the brunt of taxation to a minimum.” (palkhivala and palkhivala 1976: 46).avoidance involves every a

48、ttempt by legal means to prevent or reduce tax liability which would otherwise be incurred, by taking advantage of some provision or lack of provision in the law it presupposes the existence of alternatives, one of which would result in less tax than the other (report of the royal commission of taxa

49、tion 1966: 538; vide webley et al. 1991: 2).tax avoidance “is the art of dodging taxes without breaking the law. tax avoidance means of traveling within the framework of the law or acting as per the language of the law only in form, but murdering the very spirit of the law and thus acting against th

50、e intention of the law and defeating the purpose of the particular legal enactment” (lakhotia and lakhotia 1998: 10).perhaps the most celebrated statement made in defense of tax avoidance came from the pen of judgelearned hand. in a dissenting opinion, in commissioner v. newman case, he once said:ov

51、er and over again courts have said that there is nothing sinister in so arranging ones affairs as to keep taxes as low as possible. everybody does so, rich or poor, and all do right, for nobody owes any public duty to pay more than the law demands: taxes are enforced exactions, not voluntary contrib

52、utions. to demand more in the name of morals is mere cant. commissioner v. newman, 159 f.2d 848 (ca-2,1947), vide scholes et al., 2002: 5.tax planningas stated earlier, tax planning is legal, desirable for the fiscal policymakers and ethical. in a narrow sense, tax planning and tax avoidance are use

53、d interchangeably. but for tax avoidance purpose, usual means are the exploiting the tax loopholes, or getting the advantages of tax law ambiguity, and hence it is often distinguished from tax planning. according to lakhotia and lakhotia (1998: 10), “tax planning takes maximum advantage of the exemp

54、tions, deductions, rebates, reliefs and other tax concessions allowed by taxation statutes, leading to the reduction of the tax liability of the tax payer.”however, according to scholes and wolfson (1992: 3), “traditional approaches to tax planning fail to recognize that effective tax planning and t

55、ax minimization are very different things. the reason is that in a world of costly contracting, implementation of tax-minimizing strategies may introduce significant costs along nontax dimensions. therefore, the tax-minimization strategy may be5draft version please dont quote.undesirable. after all,

56、 a particular easy way to avoid paying taxes is to avoid investing in profitable ventures.” thus, effective tax planning means not to minimize tax, but to maximize after-tax rates of return on assets.compliance obligations of a business entity under itofollowing are the tax compliance obligations of

57、 a business entity as per various sections the incometax ordinance 1984:(1) obligations of a business entity as an assessee (taxpayer):(2) obligations of a business entity as a tax collector on behalf of tax authority: (3) obligations of related persons of a business entity.(1) compliance as an assessee (taxpayer):- collection of tin (tax-payers identification number) certificate u/s 184b, 184a- displaying of tin certificate u/s 184c- advance income tax payment u/s 48, 64-73- preparation of tax return u/s 75- payment