植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)概述

1、植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)第一早：Questi on s-21、How to assess 評(píng)價(jià) an element that is essential to higher plants?(1) A given plant must be unable to complete its life cycle in the absenee of the mineral element;(2) The function of the eleme nt must not be replaceable by ano ther mi neral eleme nt;(3) The eleme nt must be

2、 directly in volved in pla nt metabolism- for example, as a comp onent ofan esse ntial pla nt con stitue nt such as an en zyme- or it must be required for a dist inct metabolic step such as an en zyme react ion.2、 How many kinds of elements are essential for higher plants? 183、What are the general f

3、unctions of the essential elements for higher plants?As the constituents成分 of important compounds in plant;As the con stitue nts or activators of en zymes作為酶的成分或激活劑Stabilize the structure of the cell4、Please describe the general composition of a living plant.Water、Dry matter ( Organic matter and ash

4、es/ minerals )5、Terms:Hyperaccumulation,phytoremediation,Macronutrients,micronutrients,three essentials of fertilizerMacronutrients: C,H,O,N,P,K,Ca,Mg,S。Micronutrients: Cu,Zn,Mn,Fe,B,Mo,CI,Ni， Cc。Questi on s-31、What are the main functions of plant roots?Anchoring 固定 the plant in the soilAbsorptio n

5、and tran slocati on of water and nu trie ntsSynthesis of phytohormones植物激素 and other organic compoundsStorage 存儲(chǔ) of inorganic and organic nutrients2、There are two kinds of roots, what are they?須根系(fibrous root system )、直根系(tap root system)3、 What s root hair? Cluster root?群集根root hair: Root hairs ar

6、e tubular管狀物的 tensions of the root epidermal表皮 cell and occur asa result of lateral cell growth.Cluster root :4、There are many environmental factors that affect root growth. What are they? How they affectthe growth of root?Soil compacti on:土壤容重1.1-1.3 g/cm3 適宜旱地作物生長(zhǎng)。溶液中根系細(xì)長(zhǎng)，土壤中根系粗短。Soil temperature

7、:適宜溫度：20-25 CWater:干長(zhǎng)根，濕長(zhǎng)苗”Nutrie nt :根系具有趨肥性Questi on s-41、How many parts of a root tip could be divided in to?Meristematic zone分生區(qū)、Elongation zone伸長(zhǎng)區(qū)、 Hair zone 根冠。2、Please describe the transverse section截面 of a young rootRoot hairs/ 根毛、Epidermis/ 表皮、Parenchyma/ 皮層薄壁組織、Endodermis/ 內(nèi)皮層、Stele/ 中柱。3、

8、What s free space in a root? Donnan free space and water free space?free space :在根的某些組織或細(xì)胞內(nèi)允許外部溶液通過(guò)自由擴(kuò)散進(jìn)出的那些區(qū)域。水分自由空間：水溶性離子可自由進(jìn)出的那部分空間杜南自由空間：細(xì)胞組織上所帶的負(fù)電荷點(diǎn)位而吸持陽(yáng)離子排斥陽(yáng)離子所占據(jù)的空間。4、What are apoplast and symplast?Symplast : the cytoplasmatic continuum formed by numerous plasmodesmata.共質(zhì)體：指各個(gè)活的細(xì)胞通過(guò)胞間連絲相互連在一起

9、形成的統(tǒng)一體Apoplast : comprises all parts of the tissue open to solutes and water without their having tocross a membra ne.質(zhì)外體：植物組織中細(xì)胞壁的連續(xù)體，包括細(xì)胞壁、細(xì)胞間隙和木質(zhì)部導(dǎo)管等非原生質(zhì) 的部分。5、Please describe the structure of a cell membrane.大約等比例的蛋白質(zhì)和脂質(zhì)分子組成，約7 to 10 nm 厚。Questi on s-51、What is active and passive absorption of e

10、lements by plant root cells?passive uptake:順濃度或電化學(xué)梯度、不消耗能量、無(wú)選擇性。active uptake :逆濃度或電化學(xué)梯度、消耗能量、有選擇性。2、What is ion pumps, ion channels?ion chann els:是細(xì)胞膜上具有選擇性的孔狀跨膜蛋白，可以允許離子迅速透過(guò)質(zhì)膜，能快速開(kāi)啟和關(guān)閉。ion pumps :3、 Why Nernst Equation is useful for interpreting解釋 the ion transport into plasma原生質(zhì)membra ne?4、What,

11、gen erally, is the mecha nism that has bee n proposed to acco unt for the active absorpti onof ions by roots?載體學(xué)說(shuō)(Carrier transport)、離子泵學(xué)說(shuō)(Ion pump)5、 Is the driving force the same for charged nutrientsand uncharged nutrientsacross the membrane?Expla in your an swer.Un charged molecules 不帶電的 move in

12、 response to: differe nces in concen trati on( chemicalgradie nt)Charged molecules move in response to:differences in concentration(chemical gradient) 、differe nces in voltage(electrical gradie nt)= electro-chemical gradie nt6、 Please describe the types of transporters existed in the membranes.主動(dòng)運(yùn)輸、

13、被動(dòng)擴(kuò)散、內(nèi) 吞外排。7、Km, Cmin, ImaxImax: maximal net in flux of ions into roots離子進(jìn)入根的最大量Km: Michaelis-Me nte n con sta nt米氏常數(shù)Cmin: Co ncen tration of nutrie nt in medium養(yǎng)分介質(zhì)中的濃度whe n in flux=efflux當(dāng)進(jìn)出相等Questi on s-61、What is foliar fertilization?The process of nu trie nt uptake by leaves and other aerial pl

14、a nt organs(也稱為根外營(yíng)養(yǎng) ).2、What are the advantages and disadvantages of foliar fertilization?Advantages : Preventing the fixation or transformation of nutrients or plant growth regulators in soils防止養(yǎng)分在土壤中固定和轉(zhuǎn)移。High uptake rate and immediately in volvi ng pla nt metabolism吸收速度快而且立即參與代謝。些養(yǎng)分Disadvantages

15、:補(bǔ)充養(yǎng)分?jǐn)?shù)量有限，不能滿足植物對(duì)大量元素的需要；效果快，但持續(xù)時(shí)間短； 難于從葉片向其他部位運(yùn)輸。3、How to in crease the uptake efficie ncy of nu trie nts applied by foliar spray ing?Nutrient species ； Concentration and pH of nutrients ； Wetting time 潤(rùn)濕時(shí)間； Leaf type ； Mobility of nu trie nt in pla ntQuesti on s-71、Whythe occurrenee of calcium def

16、iciencyis usually observed in some plants grown in calcareoussoil?2、 Whythe earliest visibledeficiencysymptoms of N, P and K appear in the older leaves of plants?Ca, Fe, Zn, et. al deficie ncy symptoms appear in youn ger leaves?N, P and K 在植物體可移動(dòng)；Ca, Fe, Zn,在植物體不可移動(dòng)。3、Why boron toxicity of plant is

17、usually observed in the margins of older leaves when the concen trati on of boron in soil is very high?4、Please compare the short dista nee tran sport and long dista nee tran sport of nu trie nt in pla nt. short distanee transport : Pathway: apoplast（質(zhì)外體）、symplast （共質(zhì)體）ong distanee transport : Pathw

18、ay: xylem zailem木質(zhì)部、phloem fl ?uem 韌皮部。5、Which kinds of nutrientsare mainly transported in apoplastinplant? Which nutrientsin symplast?主動(dòng)吸收的養(yǎng)分以共質(zhì)體運(yùn)輸為主途徑，如K,H2PO4;被動(dòng)吸收的養(yǎng)分如Ca,以及以分子態(tài)吸收的養(yǎng)分如：B, Si等以質(zhì)外體（apoplast）途徑。6、Terms: Short distaneetran sport;long dista nee tran sport ； nu trie ntremobilizatio n; nu

19、 trie ntShort dista nee tran sport 輸。long dista nee tran sport 稱為徑向運(yùn)輸。nu trie nt remobilizati oncycli ng and recycli ng in pla nt:指養(yǎng)分由根表皮細(xì)胞進(jìn)入根內(nèi)經(jīng)皮層組織到達(dá)中柱的遷移過(guò)程，又稱為橫向運(yùn):指養(yǎng)分通過(guò)木質(zhì)部或韌皮部由根部向地上部分或從地上部分向根部的運(yùn)輸，又:器官衰老或外界養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)不足時(shí)養(yǎng)分由其他部位向新生組織轉(zhuǎn)移的現(xiàn)象。cycling : The retranslocation of nutrients in the phloem from the sh

20、oots to the root.養(yǎng)分由根t木質(zhì)部t地上部分t韌皮部t根的循環(huán)過(guò)程。Recycling（再循環(huán)）：The translocation 運(yùn)輸 of cycled nutrients back in the xylem to the shoots.Questi on s-81、In the growth period of a pla nt, there usually have several key periods for nu trie nt uptake, which are very importa nt for pla nt growth. Please n ame t

21、hem.植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)臨界期 （Critical period of pla nt n utritio n）；植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)的最大效率期（Maximum efficie ncy stage of pla nt n utritio n）2、There are many environmen tal factors in flue ncing ion absorpti on of root. What are they?Light 、temperature 、water、 pH、aerati on 通氣性、 nu trie nt concen trati on and compositi on3、Why th

22、e responses of various nutrients to the changes of temperature are different?4、Please expla in the mecha ni sms of water stress or deficit on nu trie nt uptake?5、When nitrate is absorbed by root, how the medium pH will change? What is situation of ammonium absorpti on? Please expla in your an swer.N

23、H4+-N gen erally decrease , NO3-N in crease。3NH+3R.NH2 + 4H+ , 3NO- 3R.NH2 + 2OH-。6、 Why the excess supply of NH4+ ion usually in duces the deficie ncy of K?離子的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)作用。7、What is the ionic antagonisms? And ionic synergism?ionic an tago ni sms （竟?fàn)幾饔茫篛ne ion species prese nt in excess in the nu trie ntme

24、dium may depressthe uptake of other ion species is called ion an tag oni sm.指溶液中某一離子的存在能抑制另一離子吸收的現(xiàn)象。ion ic syn ergism（協(xié)助作用）： One ion species prese nt in excess in the nu trie nt medium may promotethe uptake of other ion species is called ion syn ergism.指溶液中某一離子的存在能促進(jìn)另一離子吸收的現(xiàn)象。第二章：土壤-植物中的營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素Questi o

25、n s-91、Which factors affect the nu trie nt contents in soils?Climate 、 biotic activities 、 topography（ 地形）、pare nt material（母質(zhì)）、time、 ertilizati on（施肥）and cultivation（種植）。2、Explain the forms of nutrients existing in soil.（1）By their physical states: Solid form 、Liquid form 、Gaseous form 。（2）By their

26、 chemical forms : Organic form 、inorganic form 、Ionic form 、Molecular form 。3、Define available nutrients in soilThe porti on of any eleme nt or compo und in the soil that can be readily absorbed and assimilatedby growing pla nts.在作物生長(zhǎng)期間可供作物吸收利用的那一部分土壤養(yǎng)分稱為土壤有效養(yǎng)分。4、What factors in flue nee diffusi on

27、of nu trie nt ions to roots in soil? Describe and explain a practical way of improvi ng the diffusi on of nu trie nt ions.數(shù)量：與土壤水分含量及養(yǎng)分濃度有關(guān)；養(yǎng)分種類：土壤溶液中含量低的養(yǎng)分，如NH4,K+, PO4，Mg等。由于養(yǎng)分濃度差的存在，導(dǎo)致養(yǎng)分由高濃度向低濃度的遷移過(guò)程，稱為擴(kuò)散。提高土壤中的養(yǎng)分濃度可以促進(jìn)擴(kuò)散。5、Explain the mecha ni sms of water stress on nu trie nt availability.6、Wha

28、t is your opinion as to the relative importanee of root interception, simplediffusion, andmass flow in bringing nu trie nt ions into con tact with the absorb ing surface of pla nt roots? Wouldthe importa nee of these three mecha ni sms be altered by soil texture? By pla nt species? Why?7、Define the

29、follow ing terms: nu trie nt availability, mass flow, diffusi on, Q/I curve, buffercapacitynutrie nt availability:土壤全量養(yǎng)分中僅有一部分養(yǎng)分可以為作物吸收利用，這一特性稱為土壤養(yǎng)分有效性。mass flow : Mass flow is the movement of nutrients through the soil to the root in the convective對(duì)流flow of water caused by pla nt water absorpti on.

30、指由于植物根系吸收水分引起的水流攜帶的養(yǎng)分由土體向根表的遷移現(xiàn)象。Diffusion : When a concentration gradient exist, net movement occurs by diffusion from locationsof high concen trati on to locati ons of low concen trati on.由于養(yǎng)分濃度差的存在，導(dǎo)致養(yǎng)分由高濃度向低濃度的遷移過(guò)程，稱為擴(kuò)散。Intensityfactor （I） : Which is directly available and represented 代表 by the

31、concentrationof thesoil solutio n.強(qiáng)度因素：土壤對(duì)養(yǎng)分的保持能力，一般以土壤溶液中養(yǎng)分濃度作為衡量指標(biāo)。Quan tity factor （Q）: Which represe nts the amounts of a pote ntial潛在 available nu trie nt.容量因素：土壤中有效養(yǎng)分的數(shù)量buffer capacity 緩沖力：The ability of the soil to maintain the nu trie ntinten sity,i.e., the nu trie ntconcen trati on in the s

32、oil soluti on.B = Q/AIQuesti on s-101、Define the rhizosphere, root exudation, allelopathy, mycorrhizae菌根Rhizosphere : This part of the soil, which is directlyin flue needby the roots, is called rhizosphereand exte nds about 1 to 2 mm from the root surface into the bulk soil (Me ngel, 1987, pp-86).由于

33、受植物根系活動(dòng)影響在物理、化學(xué)和生物學(xué)性質(zhì)上不同于土體的那一部分微域土壤稱為根際?；蚋H是根系周圍受根系直接影響的那一部分微域土壤。root exudation根系分泌物：根系生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中向生長(zhǎng)介質(zhì)中主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)地釋放不同類型物質(zhì)(包括根系脫落 物)的現(xiàn)象。allelopathy : 一些植物的根系分泌物也會(huì)對(duì)其他植物或其自身產(chǎn)生不良影響，即化學(xué)互感作用(Allelopathy)mycorrhizae 菌根：he association, usually symbiotic 共生,of fungi 真菌 with roots of seed plants.2、What factors result

34、 in the differences between the rhizosphere and bulk soil?Ion concentration、pH、Redox (Eh)、Root exudation (根系分泌物)3、Is the concentrations of the ions in rhizosphere always lower than that in the bulk soil? NO。4、What factors induce the pH change in rhizosphere?mbala nee uptake of catio ns and anion ion

35、s，陽(yáng)離子和陰離子的不平衡吸收N-fixation by leguminous crops( NH4+, H+)，豆科作物 N-固定soil respiration(CO2 , 土壤的呼吸作用exudati on of organic acids，有機(jī)酸的分泌物nu trie nt stresses( Fe H+, Porga nic acids)5、Describe the possible compositions of root exudates.Gas (CO,C2H); Proton and inorganic ions質(zhì)子和無(wú)機(jī)離子；Organic matters 。6、Expla

36、in the potential roles of root exudates in plant nutrition.in flue nee nu trie nt availability in soil by the cha nges of pH, Eh, or chelati ng;通過(guò)改變根際 pHEh、或螯合作用等，影響?zhàn)B分的有效性；root exudates absorbed by other pla nts directly;分泌物可以直接為其他植物吸收利用；root exudates inhibit the growth of other plants(allelopathy )

37、.分泌物的抑制作用，即化學(xué)互感作用7、Explain the necessary to study the rhizosphere.Questio ns-111、Explain the potential gains and losses of the nutrients in agricultural soils.2、Describe the methods of applying the fertilizers. What are the advantages and drawbacks of each method?Soil application、 Foliar application

38、3、What are the con seque nces of in adequate applicati on of fertilizer on the environment?硝酸鹽的淋失(NO3 leaching );水體富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化(Eutrophication);溫室效應(yīng)(Greenhouse effect);臭氧層的破壞(Destruction of stratospheric ozone);生物多樣性的降低( Decrease of biodiversity )。4、Define the fertilizers, straight fertilizers, and compound

39、 or mixed fertilizer, fertilizer grade, eutrophicatio n.ertilizers : Any material, except lime, added to soil to supply one or more essential elements.凡是施入土壤中能夠?yàn)樽魑锕?yīng)養(yǎng)分，改善和提高土壤肥力的物料均可稱為肥料。Eutrophication : Enrichment of waters with nutrients, primarily phosphorus, causing abundant aquatic 水體的 plant gr

40、owth.fertilizer grade 肥料級(jí)：The minimum guaranteed percentage of the available nutrients in a fertilizer（in the forms of N, P2O5 and K2O for N, P and K, respectively）.最小保證肥料中的養(yǎng)分的百分比。第三章：植物氮素營(yíng)養(yǎng)與氮肥Questi on s-121、Why nitrogen is so important for plants?its importa nt role in the growth of pla nt； N defi

41、cie ncy in soil is very com mon- +2、 What are the main forms of nitrogen uptake by plants? Mainly as the forms of NO3-N,NH4-N.3、Describe the basic reduction processes of nitrate in plant.NO 3 NONH+Nitrate reductase（硝酸還原酶）和 Nitrite reductase（亞硝酸還原酶）的作用下。4、What factors affect the contents of nitrate i

42、n plants?Depe nd on pla nt species, growth periods, and parts of pla nt, and fertilizati on, etc.5、Describe the assimilating processes of ammonium in plant.NH 3+Oxo acid （酮酸）宀 Ami no acids （氨基酸）6、Compare the nutrition of nitrate and ammonium for plants.供應(yīng)硝態(tài)氮促進(jìn)了植物體內(nèi)有機(jī)酸累積；供應(yīng)不同形態(tài)氮素對(duì)生長(zhǎng)介質(zhì)pH值的影響：供應(yīng)硝態(tài) N使PH

43、升高，供應(yīng)銨態(tài) N使PH降低，兩者適當(dāng)比例最佳。7、 Describe the symptoms of nitrogendeficiencyof plants, and harmful effects of over-applicationof n itroge n fertilizer.（1）Nitroge n deficie ncy symptomsYellow ingof older leaves （chlorosis） ; Stun ted growth 發(fā)育遲緩；Show ing deficie ncysymptoms inthe older leaves（2）Symptoms of

44、 excessive supply of NWith crops such as cotton, a weakening of the fiber纖維素 may result. With grain crops, lodgingmay occur;Excessive n itroge n fertilizati on will also reduce the sugar contents of sugar beets；may make a plant more susceptible （ 易受影響）to disease or insect attack;Questi on s-131、 Wha

45、t are the main forms of nitrogen existed in soils? Organic N（ 95% ）2、Compare the occurring conditions of ammonification, nitrification, denitrification in soils.Ammoni ficati on: can occur in aerobic 有氧 or an aerobic 厭氧 con diti onsdue to the various microbesin volved in the process.有氧或無(wú)氧、多種微生物。Nitr

46、ificatio n :有氧、硝化細(xì)菌和亞硝化細(xì)菌。Den itrification:厭氧、反硝化細(xì)菌。3、What are the main pathways of nitrogen losses from plant-soil system?NH3-volatilization（氨的揮發(fā)作用）、Leaching（淋溶作用）、Denitrification（反硝化作用）。4、Describe the consequences of nitrogen loss to the quality of environment.N2O是溫室效應(yīng)氣體，可破壞臭氧層5、What conditions fa

47、vor NO 2 accumulation?Alkalinity of soil（堿性土壤）、High ammonium levels （銨的濃度高）。6、Define ammonification, Nitrification, denitrification, reactive N.Ammonification : soil organic N 轉(zhuǎn)化成 NH4+ 的過(guò)程。Nitrificati on:the biological oxidati on of ammonium salts to n itrites and the further oxidati onof nitrites t

48、o ni trates.銨鹽生物氧化生成亞硝酸鹽和亞硝酸鹽進(jìn)一步氧化生成硝酸鹽。Den itrificati on:the biochemical reduct ion of n itrate or n itrite to gaseous n itroge n, either asmolecular nitrogen or as an oxide of nitroge n.硝酸鹽或亞硝酸鹽經(jīng)生化反應(yīng)生成氣態(tài)的N、分子N或氮的氧化物。reactive N : NH3, NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, NO, N 2O, NO2, N 2C5。（易反應(yīng)的 N）Questi on s-141、W

49、hat are the three basic processes for the fixation of elemental nitrogen used in fertilizer manufacture?Direct oxidatio n of n itroge n; The cyan amide process（氰氨法）;The syn thesis ammonia process 銨的合成。2、Classify the various forms of nitrogen fertilizers.Ammoniacal fertilizers（銨態(tài)氮肥）、Nitrate fertilize

50、rs （硝態(tài)氮肥）、Slowly available fertilizers緩釋型N肥、Others。3、 What is the commercialnitrogenfertilizer with the highest percentage of nitrogen? What solidn itroge nous material has the highest perce ntage of n itroge n?An hydrous ammon ia （無(wú)水氨）;Urea （CO（NIH） 2 尿素）4、 What precaution 扌昔施 should be observed in

51、 applying ammoniacal nitrogen fertilizers to calcareous soils?5、Why,specifically,have ammonia forms of nitrogen an acidifying酸化 effect on the soil?碳酸氫銨、碳酸銨，氯化銨。解離成離子，銨離子被作物吸收，殘留酸根離子于土壤。6、Why is it sometime unwise to apply urea to the surface of the soil?農(nóng)藝 effective ness of urea?7、What are the pract

52、ical ways of improving the agronomic8、Describe the ideal sources of fertilizer nitrogen. What are the major approaches used forcon trolli ng n itroge n fertilizer availability?（N2+H2=NH）The technique of application of N fertilizers 、 Develop the suitable form of N fertilizer 。 Coated fertilizers （包裹

53、肥料）9、Define nitrification inhibitor, urease, urease inhibitor, controlled-release fertilizers.第四章：植物磷素營(yíng)養(yǎng)與磷肥Questi on s-15 1、What are the basic functions of P in plants?P and C-metabolism : Photos yn thesis光合作用、Syn thesis of carb on hydrates、Tran slocati on ofphotos yn thates/carbohydrates、 Respirati

54、 on呼吸作用P and N- metabolism :硝酸鹽的轉(zhuǎn)化、 N同化、豆科植物 N的固定P and 脂肪 Lipid-metabolism;（抵抗力）of pla nts（抗旱、抗熱、Other fun cti ons of P in pla nt:lmprovi ng the stress resista nces 抗PH2、What are the major roles of phytin Phyt in is formed duri ng seed formati on is regarded as a P reserve（儲(chǔ)備）（植素）in pla nts?（種子的形成過(guò)程

55、中形成的植素）.During seed germ in atio n（萌芽）.P in phyti n form in seed phyti n P is mobilized（調(diào)動(dòng)）and con verted（改變） into other phosphate forms n eeded in the metabolism of young pla nts.3、Describe the possible role of P in N uptake and metabolic processes of plants.P參與硝酸鹽的轉(zhuǎn)化、N同化、豆科植物 N的固定。P參與了轉(zhuǎn)氨基作用，C架的合成，

56、氨基酸和蛋白質(zhì)的合成。4、 What are the main forms of P uptake by plants?正磷酸鹽5、Describe the symptoms of P deficiency of plants.植株矮小、直立，葉色暗綠或灰綠，癥狀首先從下部老葉表現(xiàn)出來(lái)6、The yield of plant suffering from P deficiency is low, and quality is poor. Why?因?yàn)镻參與了作物的光合作用和蛋白質(zhì)的合成，直接影響了作物的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量。Questi on s-161、Is orga nic P the major

57、form of P existed in mi neral soil?No， mineral soil: Mineral P（ Organic P 占 10%-50% Mineral P 占 50%-90% of total P in soil 。）2、How to divide or group the mineral P in soil? Fe、Al、Ca 的化合物3、What are the various mecha ni sms of phosphate rete nti on or fixati on in acid mi neral soil? andin calcareous min eral soil?acid min eral soil :化學(xué)固定calcareous mineral soil : m