工程管理 業(yè)設(shè)計論文外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯中英文對照目管理的演變

1、工程管理 業(yè)設(shè)計論文外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯中英文對照-目管理的演變 畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯 系別: 管理系 專業(yè): 工程管理 班級: 管081 姓名: 學(xué)號: 外文出處:the evolution of project management附 件:1、外文原文;2、外文資料翻譯譯文。指導(dǎo)教師評語: 簽字: 年 月 日the evolution of project managementby sandro azzopardi importance of project management is an important topic because all organisations, be they sm

2、all or large, at one time or other, are involved in implementing new undertakings. these undertakings may be diverse, such as, the development of a new product or service; theestablishment of a new production line in a manufacturing enterprise; a public relationspromotion campaign; or a major buildi

3、ng programme. whilst the 1980s were about quality and the 1990s were all about globalisation, the 2000s are about velocity. that is, to keep ahead of their competitors, organisations are continually faced with the development of complex products, services and processes with very short time-to-market

4、 windows combined with the need for cross-functional expertise. in this scenario, project management becomes a very important and powerful tool in the hands of organisations that understand its use and have the competencies to apply itthe development of project management capabilities in organisatio

5、ns, simultaneously with the application of information management systems, allow enterprise teams to work in partnership in defining plans and managing take-to-market projects by synchronising team-oriented tasks, schedules, and resource allocations. this allows cross-functional teams to create and

6、share project information. however, this is not sufficient, information management systems have the potential to allow project management practices to take place in a real-time environment. as a consequence of this potential project management proficiency, locally, nationally or globally dispersed u

7、sers are able to concurrently view and interact with the same updated project information immediately, including project schedules, threaded discussions, and other relevant documentation. in this scenario the term dispersed user takes on a wider meaning. it not only includes the cross-functional man

8、agement teams but also experts drawn from the organisations supply chain, and business partners. on a macro level organisations are motivated to implement project management techniques to ensure that their undertakings small or major are delivered on time, within the cost budget and to the stipulate

9、d quality. on a micro level, project management combined with an appropriate information management system has the objectives of: a reducing project overhead costs; b customising the project workplace to fit the operational style of the project teams and respective team members; c proactively inform

10、ing the executive management strata of the strategic projects on a real-time basis; d ensuring that project team members share accurate, meaningful and timely project documents; and e ensuring that critical task deadlines are met. whilst the motivation and objectives to apply project management in o

11、rganisations is commendable, they do not assure project successhowever, before discussing the meaning and achievement of project success it is appropriate at this stage to provide a brief history of project management. brief history of project management project management has been practiced for tho

12、usands of years dating back to the egyptian epoch, but it was in the mid-1950s that organisations commenced applying formal project management tools and techniques to complex projects. modern project management methods had their origins in two parallel but different problems of planning and control

13、in projects in the united states. the first case involved the u.s navy, which at that time was concerned with the control of contracts for its polaris missile project. these contracts consisted of research, development work and manufacturing of parts that were unique and had never been previously un

14、dertakenthis particular project was characterised by high uncertainty, since neither cost nor time could be accurately estimated. hence, completion times were based on probabilities. time estimates were based on optimistic, pessimistic and most likely. these three time scenarios were mathematically

15、assessed to determine the probable completion date. this procedure the evolution of project management 2 was called program evaluation review technique pert. initially, the pert technique did not take into consideration cost. however, the cost feature was later included using the same estimating app

16、roach as with time. due to the three estimation scenarios, pert was found and still is to be best suited for projects with a high degree of uncertainty reflecting their level of uniqueness. the second case, involved the private sector, namely, e.i du pont de nemours company, which had undertaken to

17、construct major chemical plants in u.s. unlike the navy polaris project, these construction undertakings required accurate time and cost estimates. the methodology developed by this company was originally referred to as project planning and scheduling pps. pps required realistic estimates of cost an

18、d time, and is thus a more definitive approach than pert. the pps technique was later developed into the critical path method cpm that became very popular with the construction industry. during the 1960s and 1970s, both pert and cpm increased their popularity within the private and public sectors. d

19、efence departments of various countries, nasa, and large engineering and construction companies world wide applied project management principles and tools to manage large budget, schedule-driven projects. the popularity in the use of these project management tools during this period coincided with t

20、he development of computers and the associated packages that specialised in project management. however, initially these computer packages were very costly and were executed only on mainframe or mini computers. the use of project management techniques in the 1980s was facilitated with the advent of

21、the personal computer and associated low cost project management software. hence, during this period, the manufacturing and software development sectors commenced to adopt and implement sophisticated project management practices as well. by the 1990s, project management theories, tools and technique

22、s were widely received by different industries and organisations. four periods in the development of modern project management. 1 prior to 1958: craft system to human relations. during this time, the evolution of technology, such as, automobiles and telecommunications shortened the project schedule.

23、 for instance, automobiles allowed effective resource allocation and mobility, whilst the telecommunication system increased the speed of communication. furthermore, the job specification which later became the basis of developing the work breakdown structure wbs was widely used and henry gantt inve

24、nted the gantt chart. examples of projects undertaken during this period as supported by documented evidence include: a building the pacific railroad in 1850s; b construction of the hoover dam in 1931-1936, that employed approximately 5,200 workers and is still one of the highest gravity dams in the

25、 u.s. generating about four billion kilowatt hours a year; and c the manhattan project in 1942-1945 that was the pioneer research and development project for producing the atomic bomb, involving 125,000 workers and costing nearly $2 billion. 2 1958-1979: application of management science. significan

26、t technology advancement took place between 1958 and 1979, such as, the first automatic plain-paper copier by xerox in 1959. between 1956 and 1958 several core project management tools including cpm and pert were introduced. however, this period was characterised by the rapid development of computer

27、 technology. the progression from the mainframe to the mini-computer in the 1970s made computers affordable to medium size companies. in 1975, bill gates and paul allen founded microsoft. furthermore, the evolution of computer technology facilitated the emergence of several project management softwa

28、re companies, including, artemis 1977, oracle 1977, and scitor corporation 1979. in the 1970s other project management tools such as material requirements planning mrp were also introduced. examples of projects undertaken during this period and which influenced the development of modem project manag

29、ement as we know it today include: a polaris missile project initiated in 1956 that had the objective of delivering nuclear missiles carried by submarines, known as fleet ballistic missile for the u.s navy. the project successfully launched its first polaris missile in 1961; b apollo project initiat

30、ed in 1960 with the objective of sending man to the moon; and c e.i du pont de nemours chemical plant project commencing in 1958, that had the objective of building major chemical production plants across the u.s. the evolution of project management 3 3 1980-1994: production centre human resources.

31、the 1980s and 1990s are characterised by the revolutionary development in the information management sector with the introduction of the personal computer pc and associated computer communications networking facilities. this development resulted in having low cost multitasking pcs that had high effi

32、ciency in managing and controlling complex project schedules. during this period low cost project management software for pcs became widely available that made project management techniques more easily accessible. examples of major projects undertaken during this period that illustrate the applicati

33、on of high technology, and project management tools and practices include: a england france channel project, 1989 to1991. this project was an international project that involved two governments, several financial institutions, engineering construction companies, and other various organisations from

34、the two countries. the language, use of standard metrics, and other communication differences needed to be closely coordinated; b space shuttle challenger project, 1983 to 1986. the disaster of the challenger space shuttle focused attention on risk management, group dynamics, and quality management;

35、 and c xv calgary winter olympic of 1988, which successfully applied project management practices to event management. 4 1995-present: creating a new environment. this period is dominated by the developments related to the internet that changed dramatically business practices in the mid 1990s. the i

36、nternet has provided fast, interactive, and customised new medium that allows people to browse, purchase, and track products and services online instantly. this has resulted in making firms more productive, more efficient, and more client oriented. furthermore, many of todays project management soft

37、ware have an internet connectivity feature. this allows automatic uploading of data so that anyone around the globe with a standard browser can: a input the most recent status of their assigned tasks; b find out how the overall project is doing; c be informed of any delays or advances in the schedul

38、e, while working independently at a remote site. an example of a major project undertaken during this period is the year 2000 y2k project.the y2k project, known as the millennium bug referred to the problem that computers may not function correctly on january lst, 2000 at 12 am. this was a global ph

39、enomenon and was highly problematic because resolving the problem at ones organisation did not guarantee immunity, since a breakdown in the organisations supply chain could affect the organisations operating capability. many organisations set up a project office to control and comply with their stak

40、eholders regarding the y2k issue. furthermore, use of the internet was common practice that led to the establishment of the virtual project office. the goal of this virtual project office was: a to deliver uninterrupted turn-of-the-century; b monitor y2k project efforts; c provide coordination; d de

41、velop a risk management plan; and e communicate y2k compliance efforts with various stakeholders. thus, the virtual project office was a focal point for all the project works, and it increased the awareness and importance of risk management practices to numerous organisationswhy project managementth

42、ere is no doubt that organisations today face more aggressive competition than in the past and the business environment they operate in is a highly turbulent one. it should be emphasised that the causes for the failure to deliver on time, on budget and to the quality of performance expected could be

43、 addressed by the application of project management practices. furthermore, the failure to deliver on time, on budget and to the quality of performance expected does not necessarily mean that the project was itself a failure. at this stage what is being discussed is the effectiveness and efficiency

44、of project execution and not whether a project is a success or failureconclusion project management should be viewed as a tool that helps organisations to execute designated projects effectively and efficiently. the use of this tool does not automatically guarantee project success. project success w

45、ill be discussed in a subsequent issue. however, in preparation for the next issue, i would like you to think about the distinction between project success and project management success. this distinction will provide further insight to the questions: why are some projects perceived as failures when

46、 they have met all the traditional standards of success, namely, completed on time, completed within budget, and meeting all the technical specifications? why are some projects perceived to be successful when they have failed to meet two important criteria that are traditionally associated with succ

47、ess, namely, not completed on time and not completed within budget? sandro azzopardi is a professional author who writes articles on various subjects on his web site and local newspapers and magazines. you can visit information about this article and others on the info pit 項目管理的演變 桑德羅阿澤帕迪 項目管理的重要性,是

48、一個重要的課題,因為所有的組織,無論是或大或小,在同一時間或其他參與實施新的事業(yè)。這些事業(yè)可能是多種多樣的,例如,開發(fā)一個新產(chǎn)品或服務(wù);建立一個新的生產(chǎn)線;在制造企業(yè)公共關(guān)系推廣活動或重大建設(shè)方案。80年代有關(guān)質(zhì)量; 90年代關(guān)于全球化,二十一世紀(jì)關(guān)于速度。也就是說,要保持領(lǐng)先其競爭對手,組織不斷面臨發(fā)展復(fù)雜的產(chǎn)品,服務(wù)和進(jìn)程在很短的時間與市場的窗口相結(jié)合還有跨職能專業(yè)知識的需要。在這種情況下,項目管理成為在了解它的使用者手中的非常重要和強(qiáng)大的工具。在組織發(fā)展中的項目管理能力,同時與信息管理系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用,使企業(yè)團(tuán)隊工作定義計劃和管理團(tuán)隊同步。考慮到市場項目的合作伙伴面向的任務(wù),時間安排和資源分配

49、。這允許跨職能團(tuán)隊創(chuàng)建和共享項目信息。然而,這是不夠的,信息管理系統(tǒng)有可能使項目管理者根據(jù)地方環(huán)境采取實時管理方案。在當(dāng)?shù)?由于這種潛在的項目管理能力,使國家或分散在全球各地的用戶能夠同時查看和具有相同互動;立即更新的項目信息的能力,包括項目進(jìn)度,主題討論,和其他有關(guān)文件。在這種情況下,長期分散的用戶需要有更廣泛的意義。它不僅僅包括跨職能的管理團(tuán)隊。專家們還定義組織的供應(yīng)鏈和業(yè)務(wù)合作伙伴。在宏觀層面上組織積極實施項目管理技術(shù)以確保他們的事業(yè)(小的或主要的)在成本預(yù)算范圍內(nèi)按時交付,并保證規(guī)定的質(zhì)量。在微觀層面上,與項目管理相結(jié)合信息管理系統(tǒng)的目標(biāo)是:(一)減少項目間接費用;(二)自定義項目的工

50、作場所,以適應(yīng)項目團(tuán)隊和各自的團(tuán)隊成員的運作風(fēng)格;(三)主動通知執(zhí)行管理;(四)確保項目團(tuán)隊成員實時的基礎(chǔ)的戰(zhàn)略項目分享準(zhǔn)確,有意義和及時的項目文件及確保關(guān)鍵任務(wù)完成最后期限。雖然應(yīng)用項目管理的動機(jī)和目標(biāo)組織是值得稱贊的,他們不保證項目的成功。然而,在討論的意義和實現(xiàn)項目的成功,它是適當(dāng)?shù)脑谶@個階段,提供了項目管理的簡要歷史。項目管理簡史:項目管理已實行多年,歷史可以追溯到埃及數(shù)千年前,但它是在1950年中期,某項目組織正式開始申請管理工具和技術(shù)復(fù)雜的項目?，F(xiàn)代項目管理方法有兩個平行的,但不同的問題,在規(guī)劃和控制它們的起源是在美國的項目。第一個案例,當(dāng)時這是美國海軍關(guān)注與控制北極星導(dǎo)彈項目合同

51、。這些合同包括研究,開發(fā)。工作是獨特的部分制造業(yè)和從未進(jìn)行的行業(yè)。這個特定項目的特點是高度的不確定性,因為沒有成本,也沒有準(zhǔn)確時間。因此在概率的基礎(chǔ)上。時間估計是根據(jù)樂觀,悲觀和最有可能。通過這三個方案數(shù)學(xué)評估,以確定可能的完工日期。此過程中的演化出項目管理被稱為“計劃評審技術(shù)(pert)。最初,“pert技術(shù)不考慮到成本。然而,后來包括使用相同的成本功能隨著時間的估算方法。通過三個估計方案,發(fā)現(xiàn)pert是(現(xiàn)在仍然是)最適合項目的,也反映他們的水平高的不確定性程度獨特之處。第二個例子,私營部門的參與,即杜邦的內(nèi)穆爾公司,進(jìn)行了在美國興建大型化工廠,不同海軍北極星項目是這些建設(shè)事業(yè)需要精確的時

52、間和成本估計。由這家公司開發(fā)的方法作為項目最初規(guī)劃和調(diào)度(聚苯硫醚)。 pps的現(xiàn)實估計需要的時間和成本,因而是比pert的更明確的方法。 pps的技術(shù),后來發(fā)展成關(guān)鍵路徑法(cpm)在建造業(yè)成為非常受歡迎的。pert和cpm在20世紀(jì)60年代和70年代,在增加他們的知名度。各個國家,美國宇航局和大型國防部門工程和建筑公司用全球廣泛應(yīng)用的項目管理原則和工具來管理龐大的預(yù)算,時間表驅(qū)動的項目。在使用普及這些項目管理工具,在此期間,在項目管理專業(yè)正值發(fā)展計算機(jī)及相關(guān)包。然而,最初,這些電腦包是非常昂貴的,只在大型機(jī)執(zhí)行或微型計算機(jī)。在20世紀(jì)80年代便利個人電腦和相關(guān)的成本低的項目管理軟件的問世后

53、項目管理技術(shù)才得到廣泛應(yīng)用。因此,在此期間,制造和軟件開發(fā)部門開始采取和實施以及復(fù)雜的項目管理實踐。在20世紀(jì)90年代,項目管理理論,工具和技術(shù)被不同行業(yè)和組織廣泛接受?，F(xiàn)代項目管理的發(fā)展可分為四個時期。1958年之前:工藝系統(tǒng),人與人之間的關(guān)系。在此期間,進(jìn)化技術(shù),如,汽車,電信,縮短項目進(jìn)度。例如,汽車,有效的資源配置和流動,而通信系統(tǒng)增加了通信速度。此外,工作規(guī)范后來做為?發(fā)展工作分解結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)(wbs),被廣泛使用,亨利甘特發(fā)明的甘特圖。(一)建設(shè)建造胡佛水壩,現(xiàn)在仍然是一個在美國最高的重力壩生產(chǎn)能力約40億千瓦小時,及在1942年的曼哈頓計劃 - 1945年是為生產(chǎn)原子彈的先驅(qū)研究和發(fā)展項目,涉及125000工人,耗資近2