四級(jí)語(yǔ)法講義

1、四級(jí)語(yǔ)法講義一：時(shí)態(tài)：所謂的時(shí)態(tài)，就是時(shí)間+狀態(tài)。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)見下表：1主動(dòng)形式過去現(xiàn)在將來過去將來一般diddowill/shall doshould/would do進(jìn)行was/were doingam/is/are doingwill/shall be doing/完成had donehave/has donewill/shall have doneshould/would have done用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣完成進(jìn)行had been doinghave/has been doing/2被動(dòng)形式過去現(xiàn)在將來過去將來一般was/were givenam/is/are givenwill/sha

2、ll be givenshould/would be given進(jìn)行was/were being givenam/is/are being given/完成had been givenhave/has been givenwill/shall have been givenshould/would have been given完成進(jìn)行/v cet-4 常考的三種時(shí)態(tài)：過去完成時(shí)；將來完成時(shí)；（現(xiàn)在/過去）完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。v 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)中的時(shí)態(tài)：一般過去時(shí) 所有的過去用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示 現(xiàn)在和將來現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成和將來完成一非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一不定式：一）不定式的常考形式：1) 一般形式：he de

3、cided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被動(dòng)形式: he preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 語(yǔ)法功能： 表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生2) 完成形式：he pretended not to have seen me.被動(dòng)形式：the book is said to have been translated into many languages. 語(yǔ)法功能：表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前 二）不定式常考的考點(diǎn)：1）不定式做定語(yǔ)-將要發(fā)生2）不定式做狀語(yǔ)-目的3）不定式充

4、當(dāng)名詞功能-to see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do 表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性；+ doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性i saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)我看見了這個(gè)事實(shí))i saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我見他正在花園里干活。（強(qiáng)調(diào)我見他正干活這個(gè)動(dòng)作）v 感官動(dòng)詞后面接形容

5、詞而不是副詞：the cake tastes good; it feels comfortable. 2) 使役動(dòng)詞 have bid make let 等詞后不定式要省略但同1)一樣被動(dòng)以后要還原to i d like to have john do it. i have my package weighed.paul doesnt have to be made to learn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pre

6、tend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do 五) 有的時(shí)候to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in

7、addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被動(dòng)的意思。其中，want不太常用。he needs (a lot

8、of) encouraging. 二. 動(dòng)名詞： 具有動(dòng)作性特征的名詞1)是名詞 seeing is believing2)具有動(dòng)詞性特征可以帶賓語(yǔ) starving troops is necessary.一)動(dòng)名詞的形式:一般形式：i dont like you smoking. 完成形式：i regret not having taken your advice.被動(dòng)形式：this question is far from being settled.二) 動(dòng)名詞?？嫉狞c(diǎn)1)動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)2)在動(dòng)名詞和不定式中,做為介詞的賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞3)動(dòng)名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞,通過代

9、詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語(yǔ).i would appreciate_ back this afternoon ayou to call byou call cyou calling dyoure calling（key：c your calling 也對(duì)）i regret not having taken your advice.4)有些詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; e

10、njoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand. 另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說法：its no good;

11、 its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend money/time; theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point.5有些詞后加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意義截然不容。i remembered to post the letters. (指未來/過去未來的

12、動(dòng)作)i remembered posting/having posting the letters (我記得這個(gè)動(dòng)作)forgot與remember的用法類似。i regret to inform you that 我很遺憾地通知你i regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 為了二十年前的離開而遺憾。try to 努力 you really must try to overcome your shyness.try ing 試驗(yàn) try practicing five hours a day. i mean to go, but

13、my father would not allow me to. 打算、想我想去，但我父親不讓我去。to raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 意味著贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買力。prefer的用法：我寧愿在這里等。i prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的話，我就等下去。）i prefer waiting here.（我正在這里等，我就喜歡這么做。）i prefer swimming to cycling. （這個(gè)句子里面就不能用不定式了。） 3 分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞主動(dòng)進(jìn)行,過去分詞被動(dòng)狀態(tài)現(xiàn)在分詞的形式:1)一般式: d

14、o you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同步發(fā)生)2)完成形式：not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (發(fā)生謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前)3)完成被動(dòng)形式：having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 發(fā)生謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前且表示被動(dòng))過去分詞1) 過去分詞表示被動(dòng)：fight no battle unprepared.2)過去分詞的進(jìn)行形式：youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (強(qiáng)

15、調(diào)正在被做)這三種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，都可以構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所修飾的成分是這些非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)。他們之間的一致關(guān)系主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，往往就是考點(diǎn)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，要注意的是分詞與他前面的邏輯主語(yǔ)之間的主動(dòng)被動(dòng)的關(guān)系。二：虛擬三：虛擬語(yǔ)氣情態(tài)動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的可能性程度：must/cant should/shouldnt might/may (not)另外兩個(gè)類情態(tài)詞的形式：need/neednt; have to/dont have tov 最自然的虛擬狀態(tài)：由should/would+原型時(shí)態(tài)（不含時(shí)間只含狀態(tài)）本質(zhì)上是過去將來時(shí)：即，時(shí)間固定在過去將來，狀態(tài)不同：一般、進(jìn)行、完成、完成進(jìn)行。這時(shí)

16、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的產(chǎn)生往往是因?yàn)槲覀円磉_(dá)本來應(yīng)該（而現(xiàn)在卻還沒有）（本來可以，本來能）i should go!( but im still here!)(一般)i should be working now!(進(jìn)行)i should have practiced more (than i did)!(完成)我應(yīng)該多多練習(xí)?。ㄑ韵轮?，現(xiàn)在我練習(xí)得不多。）i shouldnt dream away my time too much! (完成的否定)(actually i did dream away my time too much!)it shouldnt have been leaking for

17、 such a long time!(完成進(jìn)行)i may/might/could have finished!(完成)一些常見的句型中，就會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而處于從句之中，should 常常被省略掉o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;o require, request;o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.由于他們的含義中包含建議，假設(shè)，應(yīng)該這類的含義，所以，由他們引起的從句中，就會(huì)包含有sh

18、ould+原型時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。這些動(dòng)詞（以及他們的名次形式，分詞形式）引起的從句還有其他的變形：主語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句its suggested thatmy suggestion is thatthe only suggestion that.the only suggestion i can give you now is that 一些形容詞引起的表語(yǔ)從句中，也會(huì)有同樣的情況important; necessary; essentialitsnatural; strange; incrediblethata pity; a shame; no wonder 由lest, fo

19、r fear that, in case 引起的從句中多使用shouldv 表達(dá)與事實(shí)相反1. 與現(xiàn)在相反：使用過去時(shí)：i wish i were not here!(一般現(xiàn)在一般過去)suppose we were not here.he loved me as if i were his own son.(一般現(xiàn)在一般過去)hope i werent always losing things!(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行過去進(jìn)行)if only/if i hadnt been there!(現(xiàn)在完成過去完成)what if i hadnt been waiting right here!(現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行過去完

20、成進(jìn)行)常考句型：its (high) time (that); would rather (that) 這兩個(gè)從句，只能表達(dá)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的看法，所以，從句中只有一般過去時(shí)。2. 與過去相反：過去完成時(shí)； how nice it is if i had past the test! how nice it is if i had slept a little more this morning!3. 與將來相反？將來的事情沒有發(fā)生，所以只能推測(cè)。 if it rains tomorrow, well have to stay one day more. 不過，由于可以用be to表示將來；所以，虛擬

21、語(yǔ)氣中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)were to；也是cet-4的?？颊Z(yǔ)法點(diǎn)。v 虛擬條件句o if 部分，做一個(gè)與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)（所以只有一般過去和過去完成）；o 主句部分，這是表示基于這個(gè)假設(shè)的推測(cè)，一般使用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞would，少數(shù)情況下使用could/might/may。o 注意：兩個(gè)部分之間，是有邏輯關(guān)系，而在兩部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)上，沒有必然的聯(lián)系。v 注意，虛擬條件句中的if可以省略，造成were/had提前，產(chǎn)生倒裝。v 隱含的非真實(shí)條件what would you do with 50 thousand dollar?how could i be happy without you?除了條件狀語(yǔ)從句

22、之外，原因狀語(yǔ)從句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)虛擬語(yǔ)氣。o 由in order that, so that引起的從句，肯定的時(shí)候可以使用may/might; can/could; 否定的時(shí)候，多用shouldnt;o whoever, whatever, no matter what引起的從句中，多用may+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別 最近幾年高考試題中常常借助語(yǔ)境來考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法及其區(qū)別，因此在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)確理解和掌握情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法十分重要。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法復(fù)雜多變，在高考試題中，命題者常常利用語(yǔ)境和句子之間意義上的細(xì)微差別來考查學(xué)生對(duì)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的理解和掌握。對(duì)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，除了要求考生能夠準(zhǔn)確掌握它們的

23、基本用法外，還要充分利用高考試題所設(shè)置的語(yǔ)境來分析句子之間所體現(xiàn)的特殊關(guān)系。下面就近幾年來高考試題中出現(xiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行歸納分析，以便同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)掌握。 一、用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞have done”結(jié)構(gòu)表示對(duì)過去動(dòng)作的推測(cè)，高考試題中常用過去時(shí)態(tài)或過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)給以暗示。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的這一用法可以用 “對(duì)立統(tǒng)一”來概括。 1當(dāng)試題的前句和后句在動(dòng)作和意義上相互補(bǔ)充說明，且整個(gè)句意在動(dòng)作和時(shí)間上是一個(gè)整體時(shí)，我們可用“統(tǒng)一”關(guān)系來解決這樣的試題。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有： must have done： 表示對(duì)過去動(dòng)作的肯定推測(cè)，常譯作“一定做了”，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式為cantcouldnt have do

24、ne 疑問式為cancould.have done。 could might have done：表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的可能性推測(cè)，常譯作“可能做了”。如： 1) my sister met him at the grand theater yesterday afternoon, so he your lecture a couldnt have attended b neednt have attended c mustnt have attended d shouldnt have attended 本題選a。 2) jack yet, otherwise he would have t

25、elephoned me a mustnt have arrived b shouldnt have arrived c cant have arrived d need not have arrived （c）2當(dāng)試題的前后句在動(dòng)作和意義上構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系時(shí)，常借助“but, however, instead”等詞來表示過去的動(dòng)作與客觀事實(shí)不符，這時(shí)我們就可以用“對(duì)立”關(guān)系來解決這樣的試題。這種結(jié)構(gòu)常見的有： should have done ought to have done：表示過去本應(yīng)該做某事而實(shí)際上沒有做。 should not have done ought not to have

26、done：表示過去本不應(yīng)該做某事但事實(shí)上卻做了。 need have done：表示過去本來有必要去做某事，但事實(shí)上沒有做。 need not have done：表示過去本來沒有必要做某事，但事實(shí)上卻做了。如：3) i was really anxious about you you home without a word (nmet2001) a mustnt leave b shouldnt have left c couldnt have left d neednt leave“本不應(yīng)該離家出走卻走了”，故本題選b。 4) i told sally how to get here, b

27、ut perhaps i for her (nmet94)a had to write it out b must have written it outc should have written it out d ought to write it out由句中的連詞but可知前后句之間是對(duì)立關(guān)系，分析題意可知本題應(yīng)選c。二、考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法之間的比較和辨析。最近幾年高考試題中常借助具體的語(yǔ)境來考查考生對(duì)那些最常見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法的理解和掌握，因此在做這樣的試題時(shí)應(yīng)認(rèn)真分析語(yǔ)境中所含的實(shí)際意義，并結(jié)合情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本含義和用法做出正確的選擇。5) is john coming by t

28、rain he should, but he not he likes driving his car a must b can c need d may mustnt 表示“禁止、不準(zhǔn)”；cannot 表示“不可能”；need not 表示“不必要”；may not 表示“可能不”。分析語(yǔ)境可知本題應(yīng)選d。 6) i hear youve got a set of valuable australian coins i have a look yes, certainly a do b may c shall d should 分析語(yǔ)境可知這是在征求對(duì)方的許可，may表示“允許、可以”，語(yǔ)氣

29、比較委婉 shall常用于第一、三人稱作主語(yǔ)的疑問句中,表示征求對(duì)方意見和指示，如果此空用shall，則意為“要（我）看一下嗎？”，不符合上下文意思。故本題選b。 7) mr bush is on time for everything how it be that he was late for the opening ceremony a can b should c may d must must be 表示肯定的猜測(cè)，只能用于肯定句中，由題意可知本題應(yīng)選a。 8) are you coming to jeffs party im not sure i go to the concert

30、 instead a must b would c should d might 由題意和下句中的 “im not sure” 可知這段對(duì)話中存在一種可能性推測(cè)，might可以用來表示一種比較委婉的可能性判斷，故本題選d。又如： i should have been there, but i not find the time a would b could c might d should 分析題意可知第二個(gè)分句表示過去的某種能力；c 項(xiàng)只表示語(yǔ)氣上的可能性，與題意不符。故本題選b。 9) johnny, you play with the knife, you hurt yourself

31、a wont; cant b mustnt; may c shouldnt; must d cant; shouldnt mustnt 表示“不可以；禁止”，分析題意可知第二個(gè)空表示某種可能性，故本題選b。 10) will you stay for lunch sorry, my brother is coming to see me a i mustnt b i cant c i neednt d i wont 分析題意可知因?yàn)椤拔业艿芤獊砜次摇保浴安荒芰粝隆?，因此?duì)別人的邀請(qǐng)或要求應(yīng)給予禮貌的拒絕。a 項(xiàng)表示“禁止”；c項(xiàng)表示“不必要”；而d項(xiàng)表示“不會(huì)”，均不符合題意。故本題選b。

32、又如： could i borrow your dictionary yes, of course you a might b will c can d should (c)11)when can i come for the photos i need them tomorrow afternoon they be ready by 1200 a can b should c might d need 該題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should的基本含義，分析句意可知本題應(yīng)選b。又如： 12) the fire spread through the hotel very quickly but every

33、one get outa had to b would c could d was able to 該題考查了could和be able to的區(qū)別，二者都可表示過去時(shí)間的能力，但如果表示過去成功地做了某事只能使用was were able to do，故本題選d。13) shall i tell john about it no, you ive told him already a neednt b wouldnt c mustnt d shouldnt 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞shall在試題中表示征詢對(duì)方意見或請(qǐng)求指示。答句暗示 “沒有必要了”，故本題選a三、一致關(guān)系一)主謂一致1主謂一致（與插入語(yǔ)無

34、關(guān)） 1主謂的分隔原則：主謂之間可以用定語(yǔ)從句或者省略的定語(yǔ)從句分隔。 2定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致： 3隨前一致： n.+togetherwithn2 aswellas including alongwith with/of accompaniedwith/by 4就近原則：n1orn2+v（就近原則） eithern1orn2 5可數(shù)n1and可數(shù)n2+v(pl) 不可數(shù)n1and不可數(shù)n2+v(pl) 例外：warandpeaceiswarandpeace是一個(gè)整體 但是如果主語(yǔ)表示的是同一個(gè)概念，同一人，同一事的時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的特征是and連接的兩個(gè)詞只有一個(gè)冠詞。the i

35、ron and steel industry is very important to our country.the head master and mathematical teacher is coming.the head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.類似的還有：lawandorderbreadand butterblackandwhite toloveandtobelovedis alawyerandateacherare alawyerandteacheris 6隨后原則：notabutb/notonlyabutal

36、sob+v.(與b一致) 7百分比結(jié)構(gòu)：most,half,rest,some,majority,one+persent of+n1+v.（由n1決定）8倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的主謂一致： a）therebe+n由名詞決定動(dòng)詞 b）among,between等介詞位于句首引起倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)： among/between+系動(dòng)詞+n.（由名詞決定動(dòng)詞） 9the+adj的主謂一致： a）當(dāng)表示“一類人”， b）當(dāng)表示某一抽象概念時(shí)thegoodisalwaysattractive. 10 todo/doing/主從+vs *morethanone+n manya+n. adayortwo 二)、倒裝1 全部倒裝是只

37、將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：up went the plane = the plane went up.1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。2) 表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞(back, down, off, up)或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于句首，謂語(yǔ)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。注意：1) 上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)必須是名詞，如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞則不能倒裝。here he comes.away they went. 2) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be的時(shí)候，不能倒裝。 here

38、 it is.here you are.3）形容詞短語(yǔ)/分詞短語(yǔ)位于句首，引起倒裝 *typicalofcharacteristicof *coincidingwith+n 4）表示地點(diǎn)范圍的介詞短語(yǔ)位于句首，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞，一定引起倒裝 in（表語(yǔ)）+系動(dòng)詞+主，主同。*在倒裝句型答案中不能出現(xiàn)there *?？冀樵~要倒裝：amongbetweeninatbeneath ?？嫉南祫?dòng)詞：belieexistremainrest 部分倒裝1否定 adv 位于句首，引起倒裝：notonly,notuntil,hardly,scarcely, seldom,rarely,nosoonerthan

39、1）notuntil+時(shí)間+主謂倒裝，notuntil+句子+主謂倒裝 2）only+狀語(yǔ)位于句首 only+ad.eg:recently prep.短短語(yǔ)eg:inrecentlyyears 從句eg:whenclause only一個(gè)詞本身不倒裝 3）在比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中，than后面可以倒裝，也可以不倒裝。部分倒裝是指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前。如果句中的謂語(yǔ)沒有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。 1) neither, nor, so 表示前面句子的共同否定或者肯定，產(chǎn)生倒裝，一般主動(dòng)詞提前，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的其他部分就4) as / th

40、ough引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前 （形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）。as讓步雖然，盡管詞序倒裝。語(yǔ)氣比 though 強(qiáng)。 successful as he is, he is not proud. 他雖成功，卻不驕傲。women as she is, shes every brave.try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.注意：a) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。b) 句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, 其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ), 隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前。5) 其他部

41、分倒裝 a) so that 句型中的so; such that句型中的such位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。so frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.b)c)d) .在某些表示祝愿的句型中：may you all be happy.e) 在虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語(yǔ)之前，采取部分倒裝。were i you, i would try it again.四、復(fù)合句從句可分為： 名詞性從句 主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從

42、句 形容詞性從句定語(yǔ)從句 副詞性從句狀語(yǔ)從句v ?？嫉年P(guān)系代詞：that; which; who/whom/whose; where; when; what; as。v 常見的同位語(yǔ)從句現(xiàn)行詞（that之前的抽象名詞）：fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding v 常用的引導(dǎo)詞o 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：while; when; before; whenever; as; after; till; until; since; once; ever since; as/so

43、long as; as soon as; no sooner than; hardly when; scarcely/barely when; the moment/minute/instant; on (the point of) doingo 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句：where; wherevero 原因狀語(yǔ)從句：because; since; as; seeing that; considering that; now that; in that; for fear that; lest; owing to the fact that; because of the fact that; due

44、to the fact thato 方式狀語(yǔ)從句：as; as if; as though; how; save thato 比較狀語(yǔ)從句：as; than; as as; not so as; hardly than;o 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句：so that; so that; such that; so as too 條件狀語(yǔ)從句：if; unless; in case; so long as; so far as; provided/providing/that; supposing; granted/granting that; giving that.o 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句：though; alt

45、hough; even if; even though; whether; as; however; no matter (what, how, when); for all that; in spite of the fact that; granted that; regardless of the fact thato 目的狀語(yǔ)從句：that; so that; in order that; lest; for the fear that; in case定語(yǔ)從句: which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)1）which是關(guān)系代詞，which后面應(yīng)該加缺主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)的句子，在這個(gè)句子中，which

46、要作成分，作主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)2）in which+完整的句子which在定語(yǔ)從句中作in的賓語(yǔ)，所以不能作后面句子的主語(yǔ)3）名詞+of which+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞of which來修飾名詞，名詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，所以后面直接跟謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 i have five books three of which are borrowed from mary.4）介詞+ which +to do 其功能相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句。the key with which to open the door is lost.5）定語(yǔ)從句的省略結(jié)構(gòu)： 1如果that/which在定從中作 賓語(yǔ)，可以省略. sub+vt+n+(which

47、/that)+sub+vt s+vt+n+s+v s+vt+n1+n2+vt *當(dāng)做題時(shí)，若發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)名詞在一起，但是似乎連不上，則一定省略that/ which，則動(dòng)詞為vt，做謂語(yǔ)。 6）定從的特殊省略theway(inwhich)+句子 thereason(whythat)+句子均為完整句 thetime(that/when)+句子 idorememberthefirsttime(that省)ieverheardthesweetestvoiceintheworld. bythetime省that+句子，句子。 7）定從的主系省略（主+系可同時(shí)?。?即：whichbe,whobe,thatb

48、e可同時(shí)省狀語(yǔ)從句省略結(jié)構(gòu)這種省略從句主語(yǔ)的方式理論上需要滿足以下兩個(gè)條件： 第一、特定的狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞：althoughthougheventhoughwhenwhile if as第二、從句主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)必須保持一致；第三、從句的謂語(yǔ)必須是be動(dòng)詞，主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞同進(jìn)同出，winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been na

49、med at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the

50、 competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has

51、the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb,

52、the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he fel

53、t and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descen