英式辯論規(guī)則

1、module 1 Academic British parliamentary Debate Parliament（議會(huì)）權(quán)力和立法機(jī)關(guān) 監(jiān)督政府The House of common（ 下議院 ）650 名議員組成，每名有當(dāng)?shù)厝诉x 出代表國(guó)家的每個(gè)地區(qū)。The house of lord （上議院 ）The government and opposition 政府負(fù)責(zé)安排兩院的事務(wù)，執(zhí)行兩院的政策。 反對(duì)黨批評(píng)政府， 希望對(duì)政策的制定以及立法工作提出建設(shè)性意 見，以便下次選舉時(shí)，獲得有利的選票Motion （議案）1.motions of value focus on abstract mo

2、ral and philosophical principal For example：自由比平等更有價(jià)值仁慈的專制是最好的政府模式 用一條無(wú)辜的性命去拯救 10 人是道德的。2.Motions of policy are plans of action to solve an extra problem。For example：本院主張廢除禁止虐待動(dòng)物的法律 本院主張禁止發(fā)布錯(cuò)誤言論的演講 本院相信歐盟應(yīng)該為獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)父母生孩子 本院將會(huì)禁止平民使用核能我們的辯論主要是 policy motionsA closed motion （封閉）在議會(huì)制辯論中， PM（prime minister 首相）

3、被賦予（ set the ground for the debate）劃定辯論范圍的權(quán)力，通過定義和解釋 motion ， 換句話就是說(shuō)， PM 可以縮小或者擴(kuò)大辯論的范圍。一個(gè) closed motion 解釋和定義的范圍是固定的。 但是 semi motion（半封閉） 和 open motion 卻相對(duì)可以自由的定義。我們不用定義所有的 term（概念），當(dāng)這些概念被觀眾所知道的。 但這個(gè) motion 的 term 大家都清楚的明白時(shí)，我們就 describe statue qu（o 現(xiàn)象和背景） 或者說(shuō)存在的問題。如本院將廢除國(guó)際婦女節(jié)。這個(gè) motion 我 們就不要 interp

4、ret（解釋）， just describe the statue quo as follow： International Women s Day is aimed at providing the opportunity to celebrate the progress made to advance equality,justice,peacea nd development. It is evidence that women in the urban area in china have achieved equal rights and enjoy their lives as

5、men do.this indeed is worth celebrating.but what about the majority of women in rural area? They are still suffering from poverty. While their might be worried about food for their children,not to stay for themselves.W e have to remember that more than 30 million people in china is under the poverty

6、 line, of which more than half are women. Ladies and gentlemen, having this in your mind, do you still want to celebrate international women s day? We are pleased to have this opportunity to address this problem that is faced by thousands of women.相同的像：本院將廢除獨(dú)生子女制度。大家都明白就不用interpret。An Semi-closed mo

7、tion半 封閉的 motions 有相對(duì)更大范圍用來(lái)定義， 所以我們需要定義 重要的概念（ key term）或者縮小和界定重要概念的范圍，使辯 論的方向朝有利于 government 的方向來(lái)定義。例如 the house would intervene in Syria 其中的 intervention（干涉 ） 到底干涉什么方面呢？我們可以理解為經(jīng)濟(jì)，軍事，外交等等， 這時(shí)就可以界定一個(gè)具體的范圍來(lái)辯論，這也是 prime minister 的重要策略。 for exampleFirstly, we might focus on diplomatic intervention and

8、interpret the motion as followsWe are here to debate the motion, this house would intervene in syria, it is evident that this resolution is referring to the ongoing controversy in syria. That is the basis for today s debate. Our model is simple:requesting countries like russia to issue pressures on

9、the assad administration （指敘利亞的阿薩德政府 ）to negotiate with protesters.Secondly,we might interpret the motion with regard to economic sanctionsLadies and gentlemen,thousands of civilians in syria are being killed or arrested simply becauset hey have different opinion against Assad administration. We can

10、not act as onlookers any more. We are here to call for economic sanctions on the Assad administration to force them to stop the cruel treatment to the people s proper appealsThirdly,we might interpret the motion in terms of military intervention as what William Bernard Jones, the champion of WUDC,ha

11、s done on the motion. He describe the problems in syriaIn 1982, at the climax of six-year islamic insurgency throughout syria, president hafez al-Assad ordered a scorched earth policy against the town of hama to quell an uprising. In 1982, the world did nothing and those with power that stood by are

12、 complicit in the deaths of those people. Thirty years later, the people of syria once again need our help.and if we stand by and do nothing, their blood will be on our hands.So what is my proposal? For the purposes of this debate, this house is turkey . I will say more about this later, but for the

13、 moment ,we think that realistically, turkey is the only state with the ability and political will to do this. We would like to work through the structures of NATO, which Turkey as a member is legally entitled to do,and we want to ask the UN security council for their stamp of approval. We think we

14、will get it, because our cause is just, but if we don t ,we re going in anyway, because the lives of syrians are more important than the blessing of the UN. Were not going to run away from this debate, so by intervene we mean a full scale invasion.其實(shí)這是不太合適的把 house 定義成 Turkey (土耳其)，在這 種情況下，我們通常說(shuō)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的

15、典型的國(guó)家是土耳其 (the agent of the proposal is turkey)或者( Turkey will act as the agent to implement the policy)An open motion這種 motion 幾乎每個(gè)詞都可以定義，范圍非常廣，比賽一般不 用。(這里略過)Rules for interpreting a motion1. 定義和解釋要清楚明白。 我們需要考慮到觀眾和反方的認(rèn)知水平， 使用最常見的詞來(lái)做 定義比正式和不常見的詞好，新詞可能對(duì)他們?cè)斐烧J(rèn)知困難2. 定義和解釋夠重言式，同義反復(fù)。 ( tautology)(比如：所有 的單

16、身者是男人或不是男人) 。3 定義和解釋不能刻意縮小范圍，使辯題沒有辯論的空間，或 者使 motion 直接成為真理或者被大家都認(rèn)可的常識(shí)。 (truism)例如辯題“ the house would believe the Olympic Games should not be commercialized”本院認(rèn)為奧林匹克不應(yīng)該商業(yè)化，首相把商 業(yè)化定義成， make a profit, 同時(shí)把奧鈴匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)縮小范圍成丟 鉛餅和扔鉛球，他把丟鉛餅和扔鉛球定義成不能不能盈利的項(xiàng) 目，因此，他的論述就變成了，不能盈利的比賽項(xiàng)目像丟鉛餅和 扔鉛球， 不應(yīng)該被期待去盈利。 這樣留給反方非常小的空間

17、去發(fā) 揮，而且迫使反方反對(duì)定義。就想正方設(shè)想的，如果比賽沒有盈 利性，就不能夠商業(yè)化了。 比如大家都認(rèn)為把人當(dāng)奴隸或者實(shí)行奴隸制是錯(cuò)的， 所以沒有 人會(huì)認(rèn)為奴隸制是對(duì)的。4.解釋和定義不能限定固定地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間 議會(huì)制辯論是在一種虛擬的理想條件下進(jìn)行的， 不能舉具體的 地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間。CaseA case refers to the argumentation that a debate team intends to build up in the debate. Case 包 含 3 個(gè) 要 素 ： the case statement,argument, relevant evidence,an

18、d rebuttals1. case statementCase statement 被認(rèn)作是一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和立場(chǎng)和意義。 ( stance and position) 比如 the house would pay companies to hire ex-convicts政( 府將會(huì)補(bǔ) 貼企業(yè)雇傭出獄人員) ，像一位優(yōu)秀選手做的 case statement 一 樣： to try and make sure that those individuals do not return to crime and join society as law-abiding productive and ha

19、ppy citizens,that is what our case is about today. 這時(shí)反方就可以用， 提更好的方案來(lái)反駁對(duì)方的觀點(diǎn)， 意思是政 府的補(bǔ)貼企業(yè)雇傭出獄人員的方案并不能使出獄人員更好的重 返社會(huì)，完成改造。The case you ve heard today is well-meaning but ultimately counter- productive. Our stance in this debate is very simple:at best ,this policy is ineffective. At worst ,it makes life

20、 harder for the most vulnerable. As such, the core of our case today directly clashes矛（ 盾） with the second point of the opening speaker:this is not an effective way to rehabilitate.或者，辯論者使用 burden of proof（ 指辯論者有義務(wù)和責(zé)任證明 你的提案是公平的或者有效的 ）。在首相案例中，這是他的責(zé)任 去證明政府的的提案是正確的，有效的，能夠解決當(dāng)前問題的。另外一個(gè)案例， the house beli

21、eves that caging animals in zoos is immoral（把動(dòng)物關(guān)在籠子里是不道德的） ，政府這方要做的是 （burden of proof ）是證明，認(rèn)為把動(dòng)物關(guān)在動(dòng)物園的籠子是不 道德的觀點(diǎn)會(huì)給人類帶來(lái)更多的好處，比起做 status quo 是更有 意義的。ArgumentArgument 是用來(lái)支持 case statement，它包含 2 個(gè)元素 the claim and the reason. Claim 是辯手的觀點(diǎn)和立場(chǎng)。 reason原因 來(lái)解釋觀點(diǎn)和立場(chǎng)。 （使用 logic）Evidence 包含例子，證據(jù)（引用自權(quán)威） ，數(shù)據(jù)（不能造假，對(duì)方不 用質(zhì)疑你的數(shù)據(jù)真實(shí)性，使比賽變得沒有意義）Integrating argument and evidence這里推薦 5 種 argument or reasoning: argument from example , reasoning from ana