高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之虛擬語(yǔ)氣講解

1、高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之虛擬語(yǔ)氣講解 The Subjunctive Mood 【The Subjunctive Mood】語(yǔ)氣 (mood)是一種動(dòng)詞形式，用以表示說(shuō)話者的意圖或態(tài)度。英語(yǔ)中的語(yǔ)氣有三種：陳述語(yǔ)氣、祈使語(yǔ)氣和虛擬語(yǔ)氣。直陳語(yǔ)氣(indicative mood),表示所說(shuō)的話是事實(shí)。祈使語(yǔ)氣 (imperative mood),表示所說(shuō)的話是請(qǐng)求或命令。虛擬語(yǔ)氣(subjunctive mood),表示說(shuō)的話不是事實(shí)，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而是一種愿望、建議或與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。一. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句中的應(yīng)用學(xué)習(xí)虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句中的用法之前我們必須清楚條件句的種類：條件句有真實(shí)條件句與

2、非真實(shí)條件句(或稱虛擬條件句)兩種。真實(shí)條件句所表的假設(shè)是可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的，句中的條件從句與結(jié)果主句都用陳述語(yǔ)氣。如：If it doesnt rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。Oil floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起來(lái)。虛擬條件句所表的假設(shè)則是不可能或不大可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的，句中的條件從句與結(jié)果主句皆須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。條件從句主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相違背過(guò)去式（動(dòng)詞是be用were）should / would/could/might + 動(dòng)詞原形 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相違背had +

3、過(guò)去分詞should / would/could/might + have +過(guò)去分詞與未來(lái)事實(shí)相違背1) should + 動(dòng)詞原形2) were + 動(dòng)詞不定式3) 過(guò)去式（動(dòng)詞是Be也可以用were）should / would/could/might + 動(dòng)詞原形1. 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句，條件從句的謂語(yǔ)用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式 (be的過(guò)去式用were), 主句的謂語(yǔ)用should （would, might， could）+動(dòng)詞原形。如：If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic.如果現(xiàn)在不下雨的話，我們就出去野餐了。（事實(shí)是：天

4、在下雨，我們不能出去野餐。表示愿望。）If he came here, he might be able to help you. 如果他來(lái)這，他就能夠幫助你了。（事實(shí)是：他沒來(lái)這，他不可能幫助你。表示對(duì)他的良好印象。）2. 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句，條件從句的謂語(yǔ)用had+過(guò)去分詞，主句的謂語(yǔ)用should （ would, might， could）+ have 過(guò)去分詞。如：She would have gone to the party if she had been invited. 要是當(dāng)初她被邀請(qǐng)的話，她就會(huì)去參加這次聚會(huì)了。（事實(shí)是：當(dāng)時(shí)沒有人邀請(qǐng)她，因此，她沒有來(lái)參加聚會(huì)。

5、表示后悔。）If she hadnt called me, I would have overslept this morning. 今天早上，她要是不叫我的話，我就會(huì)睡過(guò)頭了。（事實(shí)是：她今天早上叫我了，我沒有睡過(guò)頭。表示感激。）3. 與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反的虛擬條件句，條件從句的謂語(yǔ)用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be的過(guò)去式用were)； should動(dòng)詞原形；were to動(dòng)詞原形，主句用should （would, might， could）+動(dòng)詞原形。如：If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of Fre

6、nch.明年我要是二十歲，我就會(huì)學(xué)法語(yǔ)。（事實(shí)是：我現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)老了，明年我學(xué)不了法語(yǔ)了。）If it should fail, I would try again.要是失敗了，我會(huì)再試一次。（事實(shí)是：有可能失敗，可我會(huì)再試。表示未知。）虛擬過(guò)去式有時(shí)并不表示“不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的假設(shè)”，而是表示一種希望或不希望發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：If we caught the early train, wed get there by lunch time.假如我們趕上早班火車，到午飯時(shí)間我們就會(huì)到達(dá)那里了。(表希望)If we missed the train, we should have to wait an h

7、our at the station.假如我們趕不上這班火車，我們就得在車站等一小時(shí)。（表不希望）4. 混合型的條件句當(dāng)條件從句與主句所表的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，虛擬語(yǔ)氣的形式應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞并不相互呼應(yīng)，這種條件句叫混合條件句。較多見的混合型條件句是從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)（指過(guò)去行為），而主句用一般時(shí)（指目前狀態(tài)）。He would pass the test if he had taken my advice如果他聽了我的勸告，他現(xiàn)在會(huì)通過(guò)考試。If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now. 假如昨天我對(duì)

8、他說(shuō)了，現(xiàn)在我就知道該怎么辦了。You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假如你接受了我的意見，你現(xiàn)在就會(huì)好得多。如條件從句用if I were.，主句則可用表任何時(shí)間的虛擬形式。如：If I were not busy, I would have come.假如我不忙，我就會(huì)去了。(were表過(guò)去)If I were you, I would go.假如我是你，我會(huì)去的。(were表現(xiàn)在)二. 連詞if的省略如果虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)部分有were，had和should時(shí)，可省略if，把were，had和should放到從句主

9、語(yǔ)前面去，多見于書面語(yǔ)。Had you not helped me， I should have failed.要是沒有你的幫助，我就失敗了。Were you in my position, you would do the same. 假如你處在我的地位，你也會(huì)這樣干的。Should they attack us, well wipe them out completely. 假如他們進(jìn)攻我們，我們就把他們徹底消滅干凈。三. 含蓄條件句虛擬條件句中的條件從句有時(shí)不表出來(lái)，只暗含在上下文中，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。含蓄條件句大體有三種情況。1) 條件暗含在短語(yǔ)中。如：But for your

10、help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. 如果沒有你的幫助，我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)是不會(huì)成功的。(暗含在分詞短詞but for your help)What would I have done without you? 如沒有你，我會(huì)怎么辦呢？(條件暗含在介詞短語(yǔ)without you 中)It would be easier to do it this way. 這樣做會(huì)比較容易。(條件暗含在不定式短語(yǔ) to do it this way中)This same thing, happening in wartime, amount to disa

11、ster. 同樣的事，如發(fā)生在戰(zhàn)時(shí)，就會(huì)釀成大禍。(條件暗含在分詞短語(yǔ)happening in wartime 中)He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河馬，否則他絕不會(huì)擊敗那只龐大的野獸。(暗含條件是連詞or)Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是單獨(dú)一人，他是會(huì)感到害怕的。(暗含條件是alone)2) 條件暗含在上下文中。如：You might stay here forever.

12、 你可以永遠(yuǎn)待在這兒。(可能暗含if you wanted to)We would have succeeded. 我們本來(lái)是會(huì)成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying)Your reputation would be ruined. 你的名譽(yù)會(huì)敗壞的。(可能暗含 if you should accept it)3) 在不少情況下，虛擬式已變成習(xí)慣說(shuō)法，很難找出其暗含的條件。如：You wouldnt know. 你不會(huì)知道。I would like to come. 我愿意來(lái)。四. 不用if引導(dǎo)的條件從句虛擬條件句中的條件從句除用if引外，還可用when, unless,

13、 lest, suppose, as if, for fear, in case, on condition 等詞語(yǔ)來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如：The peasants prepared to feed the city when it should be freed. 農(nóng)民已準(zhǔn)備在這座城市解放后供給糧食。Lest you should not have heard all, I shall begin at the beginning. 我怕你沒有聽全，所以我再?gòu)念^開始講一遍。Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at school. 除非我好了，否則我不會(huì)上學(xué)。Suppose

14、you were given a chance to study in America , would you accept? 假如給你一個(gè)到美國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)，你會(huì)接受嗎？（suppose 或 supposing =what if）Supposing it were so？（=Supposing it were so，what would happen？）要是這樣的話，會(huì)怎么樣呢？He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow. 如果明天能還回來(lái)，他就可以借用這輛自行車。In case I forget

15、, please remind me of my promise 如果我忘了，請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝盐业闹Z言。Susan is walking slowly ,as if she were tired. 蘇珊走得很慢，就像是累了似的。與if一樣，上述詞語(yǔ)所引導(dǎo)的條件從句亦可用直陳語(yǔ)氣，表可能實(shí)現(xiàn)或發(fā)生的事。虛擬語(yǔ)氣補(bǔ)充講解（第二課時(shí)）虛擬語(yǔ)氣除主要用于條件句（也就是狀語(yǔ)從句）外，還可用于主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句等。1. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在主語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用“常用在It is (was)+形容詞 / 過(guò)去分詞+that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句”的句型中的主語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。主語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用should+動(dòng)詞原形(或

16、should+have+過(guò)去分詞)或只用動(dòng)詞原形(尤其是美國(guó)英語(yǔ))。should在此是助動(dòng)詞，本身并無(wú)實(shí)義，這種主語(yǔ)從句中的should有時(shí)有感情色彩。Its important that we（should）work out a plan. （帶有“要求”的含義）Its better that he go at once. （帶有“建議”的意思） 用于本句型的形容詞并不多，常見形容詞有：necessary，important，best, right, impossible，preferable，desirable, imperative, advisable，essential，reserv

17、ed，urgent， 等。It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at once Its strange that he should say so.I was glad that he should go.It is important that we should speak politely. It is a pity that she should fare so badly.Its right that you should think that way. 用于本句型中的過(guò)去分詞就是表示提議要求、命令等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，如suggest

18、ed，settled, required，requested，demanded，urged，decided, proposed，ordered，desired，advised等。It is requested that Professor Liu（should）give us a lecture It is desired that we（should）get everything ready by tonightIm ashamed you should have done such a thing. It has been suggested that the meeting（should

19、）be put off有人建議推遲會(huì)議。It is settled that you leave us, then?注意：這種句型中的主語(yǔ)從句也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣，如：It was important that he made an explicit statement on this score last week. 他上個(gè)星期對(duì)于這一方面做了明確的說(shuō)明，這是很重要的。2. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在賓語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用1). 賓語(yǔ)從句在表示提議、要求、命令、意志等動(dòng)詞后，其謂語(yǔ)用should+動(dòng)詞原形或只用動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，作為suggest，request，demand，urge，propose，prefer，

20、advise，insist，require，order，command，maintain，ask，object, arrange, desire等動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。如：The doctor suggested that he not go there醫(yī)生建議他不要去那里。He suggested that we should leave early. 他建議我們?cè)琰c(diǎn)動(dòng)身。The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 法官命令被告還押。2). wish的賓語(yǔ)的從句，表示愿望，常省去連詞that。 從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用過(guò)去式，表示現(xiàn)在的愿望

21、（與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反），雖實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性不大，但仍有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能。 I wish it were true我但愿這是真的。 從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還可用“could（would，might）+動(dòng)詞原形”用來(lái)表示將來(lái)的愿望 I wish you would stay a little longer.我希望你再待一會(huì)兒。 表示無(wú)能為力的過(guò)去愿望（與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反），可用“had +過(guò)去分詞”或“could（would，might）+have+過(guò)去分詞”I wish you had called yesterday我希望你昨天來(lái)過(guò)電話。We wish you had come to our New Years par

22、ty.我們真希望你來(lái)參加了我們的新年聯(lián)歡會(huì)。3). would rather, would sooner等表示愿望，其賓語(yǔ)從句常用虛擬過(guò)去式。 表示與現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)含義事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣要用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式 用過(guò)去完成式(had + 過(guò)去分詞)表示過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的含義I would rather you came tomorrow.我寧愿你明天來(lái)。Id sooner she left the heavy end of the work to some one else.我寧愿她把重活留給別人。4). 有些動(dòng)詞，如think, expect, believe,其否定式的賓語(yǔ)從句亦可用should+動(dòng)詞原形

23、。如：I never thought he should refuse.我萬(wàn)沒有想到他會(huì)拒絕。She did not expect that you should come.她沒有預(yù)料你會(huì)來(lái)。3. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在表語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用名詞suggestion，proposal，order，advice，demand等作主語(yǔ)，其后的表語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，用should +動(dòng)詞原形或省略should。My suggestion is that we (should) send a few soldiers to help them. 我的建議是我們應(yīng)派幾個(gè)戰(zhàn)士去增援他們。My advice

24、is that you (should) treat her well. 我的忠告是你應(yīng)該善待她。He makes the demand that she (should) leave the place at once. 他提出一個(gè)要求，要求她立刻離開這個(gè)地方。My suggestion is that we should tell him.我的建議是我們應(yīng)該告訴他。Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.我們唯一的請(qǐng)求就是盡快解決這個(gè)問題。注意：虛擬語(yǔ)氣也可以用于同位語(yǔ)從句。如：There wa

25、s a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.有一項(xiàng)建議是布朗應(yīng)該離隊(duì)。4. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在定語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用常用在It is time (that)句型中，定語(yǔ)從句常用虛擬過(guò)去式It is time the children went to bed. 孩子們?cè)缭撋洗菜X了。（表示催促）Its high time that he began to think how to deal with money. 他早該開始考慮如何與錢打交道。It is time we left.我們?cè)撟吡?。It is time we went to b

26、ed.我們?cè)撊ニX了。 5. 虛擬式動(dòng)詞原形亦常用在獨(dú)立句中，表愿望Long live the Communist Party of China！中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨萬(wàn)歲！God bless you! 上帝保佑你。God damn it! 該死的！The devil take you! 見鬼去吧！So be it then. 就那樣吧。6. 虛擬時(shí)態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的關(guān)系：從句中的虛擬時(shí)態(tài)往往不受全句謂語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)的影響。1) 用于主語(yǔ)從句。試比較：It is important that he should know about this.他必須知道此事。It was important that he sh

27、ould know about this.他必須知道此事。2) 用于賓語(yǔ)從句。試比較：I suggest that we should go tomorrow.我建議我們明天走。I suggested that we should go the next day.我建議我們第二天走。She said, “If I were a boy I would join the army.”她說(shuō)，“我如是男孩，就參軍?！盨he said that if she were a boy, she would join the army.她說(shuō)她如是男孩就參軍。但強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的虛擬式在間接引語(yǔ)中需要遵守時(shí)態(tài)一致

28、的原則。試比較：“If I knew how it worked, I could tell you what to do,” he said.“假如我知道它是如何運(yùn)行的話，我就會(huì)告訴你該怎么辦，”他說(shuō)道。He said that if he had known how it worked he could have told me what to do.他說(shuō)假如他知道它是如何運(yùn)行的話，他就會(huì)告訴我該怎么辦?！癐f I knew the answer to all your questions Id be a genius,” he said.“我如知道你所有問題的答案，我就是天才了?！彼f(shuō)道

29、。He said that if he knew the answer to all my questions, hed be a genius.他說(shuō)他如知道我所有問題的答案，他就是天才了。但如果全句謂語(yǔ)是虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其后從句的時(shí)態(tài)則多受其影響，現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)隨之而變?yōu)檫^(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。如：I would think he was wrong.我看他是錯(cuò)了。(須用was,試比較：I think he is wrong)It would seem that she was right. 她似乎是對(duì)的。(須用was,試比較：It seems that she is right)虛擬語(yǔ)氣練習(xí)專項(xiàng)練習(xí)1：1.I e

30、njoyed the movie very much. I wish I _ the book from which it was made.A. have read B. had readC. should have read D. are reading2.You are late. If you _ a few minutes earlier, you _ him.A. come; would meetB. had come; would have metC. come; will meet D. had come; would meet3.The two students talked

31、 as if they _ friends for years.A. should be B. would beC. have been D. had been4.It is important that I _ with Mr. Williams immediately.A. speakB. spokeC. will speak D. to speak5.He looked as if he _ ill for a long time.A. was B. Were C. has been D. had been6.If the doctor had come earlier, the poo

32、r child would not _.A. have laid there for two hours B. have been lied there for two hoursC. have lied there for two hoursD. have lain there for two hours7.I wish that I _ with you last night.A. went B. could goC. have goneD. could have gone8.Lets say you could go there again, how _ feel?A. will you

33、B. should youC. would you D. do you9.I cant stand him. He always talks as though he _ everything.A. knew B. knowsC. has known D. had known10._ the fog, we should have reached our school.A. Because of B. In spite ofC. In case of D. But for11.If you had told me in advance, I _ him at the airport.A. wo

34、uld meet B. would had metC. would have met D. would have meet12.Mike can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish he_ me how.A. teaches B. will teachC. has taught D. would teach13.I would have told him the answer, had it been possible, but I _ so busy then.A. had beenB. we

35、reC. was D. would be14.Hes working hard for fear that he _.A. should fall behindB. fell behindC. may fall behind D. would fallen behind15.If it _ another ten minutes, the game would have been called off.A. had rainedB. would have rainedC. have seen D. rained16.He suggested that they _ use a trick in

36、stead of fighting.A. should B. wouldC. do D. had17.My father did not go to New York; the doctor suggested that he _ there.A. not went B. wont goC. not go D. not to go18.I would have gone to the meeting if I _ time.A. had had B. have hadC. had D. would have had19.Would you rather I _ buying a new bik

37、e?A. decided againstB. will decide againstC. have decided D. shall decide against20.You look so tired tonight. It is time you _.A. go to sleep B. went to sleepC. go to bed D. went to bed21.Why didnt you buy a new car? I would have bought one if I _ enough money.A. had B. have hadC. would have D. had

38、 had22.If she could sew, _.A. she make a dress B. she would have made a shirtC. she will make a shirt D. she would had made a coat23._ today, he would get there by Friday.A. Would he leave B. Was he leavingC. Were he to leave D. If he leaves24.His doctor suggested that he _ a short trip abroad.A. wi

39、ll takeB. would takeC. takeD. took25.The Bakers arrived last night. If theyd only let us know earlier,_ at the station.A. wed meet them B. well meet themC. wed have met them D. weve met them26.If I _ you, I _ more attention to English idioms and phrases.A. was; shall pay B. am; will payC. would be;

40、would pay D. were; would pay27.We might have failed if you _ us a helping hand.A. have not givenB. would not giveC. had not given D. did not give28.The law requires that everyone _ his car checked at least once a year.A. has B. hadC. have D. will have29.It is strange that he _ so.A. would say B. wou

41、ld speakC. should sayD. will speak30.Had I known her name, _A. or does she know mine?B. and where does she live?C. she would be beautiful. D. I would have invited her to lunch.31.He has just arrived, but he talks as if he _ all about that.A. know B. knowsC. known D. knew32.If I _ the money, I would

42、have bought a much bigger car.A. possessed B. ownedC. had D. had had33.He was very busy yesterday; otherwise, he _ to the meeting.A. would come B. cameC. would have comeD. will come34.The librarian insists that John _ no more books from the library before he returns all the books he has borrowed.A.

43、will take B. tookC. takeD. takes35.I left very early last night, but I wish I _ so early.A. didnt leave B. hadnt leftC. havent left D. couldnt leave36.I do not have a job. I would find one but I _ no time.A. had B. didnt haveC. had had D. have37.I wish that you _ such a bad headache because Im sure

44、that you would have enjoyed the concert.A. hadnt B. didnt have hadC. hadnt had D. hadnt have38.He insisted that we all _ in his office at one oclock.A. be B. to beC. would be D. shall be39.Helen couldnt go to France after all. Thats too bad. Im sure she would have enjoyed it if _.A. shes gone B. she

45、ll goC. shed gone D. shed go專項(xiàng)練習(xí)2：1His doctor suggested that he _ a short leave of absenceAwill take Bwould take Ctake Dtook2The job would require that _ at 7 oclock every morningAhe will be at the factory Bhe be at the factoryChe was at the factory Dhe has been at the factory3Your advice that she _

46、 till next week is reasonableAwill wait Bis going to wait Cwaits Dwait4The housemaster was strictHe requested that we _ television on week nightsAnot watch Bmust not to watchCnot be watching Dhave not watched5It is necessary that a worker _ his work on timeAaccomplishes Bcan accomplishCaccomplish Dh

47、as accomplished6It is important that he _ his decision before FridayAwill make Bmakes Cmake Dmust make7You look so tired. Its time you _ Ago to sleepBwent to sleepCgo to bedDwent to bed8Id rather you _ anything about it for the time beingAdo Bdidnt do Cdont Ddidnt9But for water，it _ impossible to li

48、ve in the desertAis Bwas Cwere Dwouldnt be10 _ it_ for your help，I couldnt have made any progressAHad；not been BShould；not beenCDid；not been DNot；be11Long _ the Party！Alives Blive Cwill live Dshould live12Mary insisted that Tom _ her the ring backAgives Bgive Cgiven Dhave given13My suggestion was th

49、at the meeting _ off till next weekAto put Bbe putCshould put Dbe putting14Mother suggested that I _ my homework first before watching TVAdid Bdo Cshall doDhave done15He insisted that nothing _ till he arrived. Amust be started Bought to be started Ccould be started Dshould be started 16Tom suggests

50、 that Ann _ the house. Acan sell Bsells Csell Dsold 17Its better that he _ it from you. All hear Bhears Cshould hear Dheard 18It was necessary that he _ about what had happened. Abe told Bwas told Cshould tell Dtell 19Its astonishing that she _ sad at news that it has nothing to do with her. Afelt Bshould feel Cll feel Dwould feel 20It was strange that we _ short of water in the country where it was always raining. Aare Bbe Cshould be Dboth B and C 21It is strange