一個(gè)良好的公路的基礎(chǔ)外文翻譯、中英對(duì)照、英漢互譯

1、中英文翻譯road design專(zhuān) 業(yè)： 交 通 工 程 英文原文the basics of a good roadwe have known how to build good roads for a long time. archaeologists have found ancient egyptian roadsthat carried blocks to the pyramids in 4600 bce. later,the romans built an extensive road system, using the same principles we use today. s

2、ome of these roads arestill in service.if you follow the basic concepts of road building, you will create a road that will last. the ten commandments of a good road are:（1）get water away from the road（2）build on a firm foundation（3）use the best materials（4）compact all layers properly（5）design for tr

3、affic loads and volumes（6）design for maintenance（7）pave only when ready（8）build from the bottom up（9）protect your investment（10） keep good records1get water away from the roadwe cant overemphasize the importance of good drainage.engineers estimate that at least 90% of a roads problems can be related

4、 to excess water or to poor waterdrainage. too much water in any layer of a roadsstructure can weaken that layer, leading to failure.in the surface layer, water can cause cracks and potholes. in lower layers it undermines support, causing cracks and potholes. a common sign of water in an asphalt roa

5、d surface is alligator cracking an interconnected pattern of cracks forming small irregular shaped pieces that look like alligator skin. edge cracking, frost heaves, and spring breakup of pavements also point to moisture problems.to prevent these problems remember that water: flows downhill needs to

6、 flow someplace is a problem if it is not flowingeffective drainage systems divert, drain and dispose of water. to do this they use interceptor ditches and slopes,road crowns, and ditch and culvert systems.divert interceptor ditches, located between the road and higher ground along the road, keep th

7、e water from reaching the roadway. these ditches must slope so they carry water away from the road.drain creating a crown in the road so it is higher along the centerline than at the edges encourages water to flow off the road. typically a paved crown should be 14 higher than the shoulder for each f

8、oot of width from the centerline to the edge. for gravel surfaces the crownshould be 12 higher per foot of width. for this flow path to work, the road surface must be relatively water tight. road shoulders also must be sloped away from the road to continue carrying the flow away. superelevations (ba

9、nking) at the outside of curves will also help drainthe road surface.dispose a ditch and culvert system carries water away from the road structure. ditches should be at least one foot lower than the bottom of the gravel road layer that drains the roadway. they must be kept clean and must be sloped t

10、o move water into natural drainage. if water stays in the ditches it can seep back into the road structure and undermine its strength. ditches should also be protected from erosion by planting grass, or installing rock and other erosion control measures. erosion can damage shoulders and ditches, clo

11、g culverts, undermine roadbeds, and contaminate nearby streams and lakes. evaluate your ditch and culvert system twice a year to ensure that it works. in the fall, clean out leaves and branches that can block flow. in spring, check for and remove silts from plowing and any dead plant material left f

12、rom the fall.2 build on a firm foundationa road is only as good as its foundation. a highway wears out from the top down but falls apart from the bottom. the road base must carry the entire structure and the traffic that uses it.to make a firm foundation you may need to stabilize the roadbed with ch

13、emical stabilizers, large stone called breaker run, or geotextile fabric. when you run into conditions where you suspect that the native soil is unstable, work with an engineer to investigate the situation and design an appropriate solution.3 use the best materialswith all road materials you “pay no

14、w or pay later.” inferior materials may require extensive maintenance throughout the roads life. they may also force you to replace the road prematurely.crushed aggregate is the best material for the base course. the sharp angles of thecrushed material interlock when they are compacted. this support

15、s the pavement and traffic by transmitting the load from particle to particle. by contrast, rounded particles act like ballbearings, moving under loads.angular particles are more stable than rounded particles.asphalt and concrete pavement materials must be of the highest quality, designed for the co

16、nditions, obtained from established firms, and tested to ensure it meets specifications.4compact all layersin general, the more densely a material is compacted, the stronger it is. compaction also shrinks or eliminates open spaces (voids) between particles. this means that less water can enter the s

17、tructure. water in soil can weaken the structure or lead to frost heaves. this is especially important for unsurfaced (gravel) roads. use gravel which has a mix of sizes (well-graded aggregate) so smaller particles can fill the voids between larger ones. goodcompaction of asphalt pavement lengthens

18、its life.5design for traffic loads and volumesdesign for the highest anticipated load the road will carry. a road that has been designed only for cars will not stand up to trucks. one truck with 9 tons on a single rear axle does as much damage to a road as nearly 10,000 cars. rural roads may carry l

19、og trucks, milk trucks, fire department pumper trucks, or construction equipment. if you dont know what specific loads the road will carry, a good rule of thumb is to design for the largest piece of highway maintenance equipment that will be used on the road.a well-constructed and maintained asphalt

20、 road should last 20 years without major repairs or reconstruction. in designing a road, use traffic counts that project numbers and sizes of vehicles 20 years into the future. these are only projections, at best, but they will allow you to plan for traffic loadings through a roads life.6 design for

21、 maintenancewithout maintenance a road will rapidly deteriorate and fail. design your roads so they can be easily maintained. this means: adequate ditches that can be cleaned regularly culverts that are marked for easy locating in the spring enough space for snow after it is plowed off the road prop

22、er cross slopes for safety, maintenance and to avoid snow drifts roadsides that are planted or treated to prevent erosion roadsides that can be mowed safelya rule of thumb for adequate road width is to make it wide enough for a snowplow to pass another vehicle without leaving the travelled way.mark

23、culverts with a post so they can be located easily.7 pave only when readyit is not necessary to pave all your roads immediately. there is nothing wrong with a well-built and wellmaintained gravel road if traffic loads and volume do not require a paved surface. three hundred vehicles per day is the r

24、ecommended minimum to justify paving.dont assume that laying down asphalt will fix a gravel road that is failing. before you pave, make sure you have an adequate crushed stone base that drains well and is properly compacted. the recommended minimum depth of crushed stone base is 10 depending on subg

25、rade soils. a road paved only when it is ready will far outperform one that is constructed too quickly.8 build from the bottom upthis commandment may seem obvious, but it means that you shouldnt top dress or resurface a road if the problem is in an underlying layer. before you do any road improvemen

26、t, locate the cause of any surface problems. choose an improvement technique that will address the problem. this may mean recycling or removing all road materials down to the native soil and rebuilding everything. doing any work that doesnt solve the problem is a waste of money and effort.9 protect

27、your investmentthe road system can be your municipalitys biggest investment. just as a home needs painting or a new roof, a road must be maintained. wisconsins severe climate requires more road maintenance than in milder places. do these important maintenance activities:surface grade, shape, patch,

28、seal cracks, control dust, remove snow and icedrainage clean and repair ditches and culverts; remove all excess materialroadside cut brush, trim trees and roadside plantings, control erosiontraffic service clean and repair or replace signsdesign roads with adequate ditches so they can be maintained

29、with a motor grader. clean and grade ditches to maintain proper pitch and peak efficiency. after grading, remove all excess material from the shoulder.10 keep good recordsyour maintenance will be more efficient with good records. knowing the roads construction, life, and repair history makes it much

30、 easier to plan and budget its future repairs. records can also help you evaluate the effectiveness of the repair methods and materials you used. good record keeping starts with an inventory of the system. it should include the history and surface condition of the roadway, identify and evaluate culv

31、erts and bridges, note ditch conditions, shoulders, signs, and such structures as retaining walls and guardrails.update your inventory each year or when you repair or change a road section. a formal pavement management system can help use these records and plan and budget road improvements.resources

32、the basics of a good road #17649, uw-madison, 15 min. videotape. presents the ten commandments of a good road. videotapes are loaned free through county extension offices.asphalt paser manual (39 pp), concrete paser manual (48 pp), gravel paser manual (32 pp). these booklets contain extensive photos

33、 and descriptions of road surfacesto help you understand types of distress conditions and their causes. a simple procedure for rating the condition helps you manage your pavements and plan repairs.roadware, a computer program which stores and reports pavement condition information. developed by the

34、transportation information center and enhanced by the wisconsin department of transportation, it uses the paser rating system to provide five-year cost budgets and roadway repair/reconstruction priority lists.wisconsin transportation bulletin factsheets, available from the transportation information

35、 center (t.i.c.).road drainage, no. 4. describes drainage for roadways, shoulders, ditches, and culverts.gravel roads, no. 5. discusses the characteristics of a gravel road and how to maintain one.using salt and sand for winter road maintenance, no. 6. basic information and practical tips on how to

36、use de-icing chemicals and sand.culvertsproper use and installation, no. 15. selecting and sizing culverts, designing, installing and maintaining them.geotextiles in road construction/maintenance anderosion control, no. 16. definitions and common applications of geotextiles on roadways and for erosi

37、on control.t.i.c. workshops are offered at locations around the state.crossroads, an 8-page quarterly newsletter published by the t.i.c. carries helpful articles, workshop information, and resource lists. for more information on any of these materials, contact the t.i.c. at 800/442-4615.中文譯文一個(gè)良好的公路的

38、基礎(chǔ)長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)我們已經(jīng)掌握了如何鋪設(shè)好一條道路的方法，考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)在4600年古埃及使用建造金字塔的石塊鋪設(shè)道路，后來(lái)， 羅馬人使用同樣的方法建立了一個(gè)龐大的道路系統(tǒng)，這種方法一直沿用到今天。其中的某些道路依然發(fā)揮著作用。如果我們遵照到路的基本概念鋪設(shè)，將會(huì)建設(shè)一條持久耐用的道路。以下是鋪設(shè)好一條道路的十點(diǎn)要求： (1) 盡量做好道路的排水 (2) 路基的基礎(chǔ)一定要穩(wěn)固 (3) 選用經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的鋪設(shè)材料 (4) 鋪設(shè)的層次要緊湊合理 (5) 設(shè)計(jì)好道路的最大車(chē)輛荷載 (6) 做好設(shè)計(jì)維護(hù) (7) 準(zhǔn)備工作做好才能鋪設(shè) (8) 鋪設(shè)從下往上開(kāi)始 (9) 預(yù)算好您的投資 (10)保持良好的記錄1盡量做

39、好道路的排水我們?cè)谠趺磸?qiáng)調(diào)排水的重要性也不為過(guò)，工程師估計(jì)，至少有90的道路的問(wèn)題可能與過(guò)量的道路積水或劣質(zhì)的排水設(shè)施有關(guān)。過(guò)多的水積攢在道路的結(jié)構(gòu)層內(nèi)，這樣會(huì)減弱結(jié)構(gòu)層與基層的穩(wěn)定性，從而導(dǎo)致路基的破壞。在道路的面層，水分可能引起路面開(kāi)裂和裂縫內(nèi)積水。在基層將引起基層的支撐能力下降導(dǎo)致基層的破壞，會(huì)出現(xiàn)裂縫和坑洞。積水的一個(gè)共同的標(biāo)志是瀝青路面開(kāi)裂是龜裂的裂縫彼此之間相互關(guān)聯(lián)，形成不規(guī)則的小塊看起來(lái)像鱷魚(yú)皮。邊緣的裂縫，熱脹冷縮，春季路面解凍的問(wèn)題。為了防止此類(lèi)的問(wèn)題持續(xù)：（1）水順邊坡下流 （2）排到必要的地方（3）如果水分不能排出就會(huì)引起問(wèn)題。 有效的排水系統(tǒng)，水分的排出和處置。為此，他

40、們利用攔截溝渠和斜坡，道路冠冕，溝渠和涵洞系統(tǒng)。轉(zhuǎn)移-攔截溝渠，坐落在道路和路線(xiàn)較高的位置，從而使水能夠遠(yuǎn)離道路。這些排水溝與邊坡能夠?qū)⑺旨皶r(shí)排走。排水-建立在路上一頂王冠，因此沿中心線(xiàn)高于在邊緣鼓勵(lì)水流過(guò)馬路。通常，鋪設(shè)冠應(yīng)該是1 / 4每頁(yè)寬度腳高于“每個(gè)中心線(xiàn)的寬度從山腳到邊緣的肩膀。礫石表面的冠應(yīng)該是1 / 2高”。為此流路的工作，路面必須相對(duì)水密。路肩還必須遠(yuǎn)離公路傾斜，繼續(xù)承載著流走。 superelevations在曲線(xiàn)外（銀行）也將有助于drainthe路面。處理水溝，涵洞系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行水離路面結(jié)構(gòu)。溝渠應(yīng)至少有一個(gè)腳比的礫石層，道路排水巷道底低。他們必須保持清潔，必須傾斜遷入自然

41、排水。如果在溝渠的水留它可以滲透回道路結(jié)構(gòu)和削弱其力量。溝渠也應(yīng)受到保護(hù)不受侵蝕，種植草，或安裝巖石和其他水土保持措施。侵蝕可以破壞的肩膀和溝渠，堵塞涵洞，破壞路基，并污染附近的河流和湖泊。評(píng)估你的溝渠和涵洞制度，每年兩次，以確保它可以工作。到了秋天，樹(shù)葉和樹(shù)枝清理掉，可以阻止流動(dòng)。在春天，檢查并清除耕耘任何死去的植物材料，從秋天離開(kāi)淤泥。2路基的基礎(chǔ)一定要穩(wěn)固阿路也只有在良好的基礎(chǔ)。一條公路穿從上而下，但瀑布從底部分開(kāi)。道路基礎(chǔ)必須進(jìn)行整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)和交通使用它。為了使一個(gè)堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)，你可能需要用化學(xué)穩(wěn)定劑，穩(wěn)定路基，大石頭叫斷路器運(yùn)行，或土工織物。當(dāng)你遇到條件下您懷疑鄉(xiāng)土是不穩(wěn)定的，具有工程師，

42、調(diào)查有關(guān)情況，并設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)慕鉀Q辦法的工作。3選用經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的鋪設(shè)材料所有道路材料的你“，現(xiàn)在或以后付工資?！绷淤|(zhì)材料可能需要在整個(gè)公路的生命進(jìn)行大規(guī)模維修。他們也可能迫使你以取代道路過(guò)早。人工砂石料是為基層的最佳材料。在粉碎物料互鎖銳角時(shí)，他們都將被壓縮。這支持通過(guò)傳輸負(fù)載從粒子與粒子之間的路面和交通。相比之下，像圓顆粒球軸承，在外力作用下的運(yùn)動(dòng)。瀝青混凝土路面材料必須是最高質(zhì)量的公司從成立的條件下獲得的，設(shè)計(jì)和測(cè)試，以確保其符合規(guī)格。4鋪設(shè)的層次要緊湊合理在一般情況下，更密集的物質(zhì)被壓縮，這是越強(qiáng)?？s小或消除壓實(shí)也粒子間空地（空隙）。這意味著更少的水可以進(jìn)入的結(jié)構(gòu)。土壤中水的結(jié)構(gòu)可以削弱或?qū)е滤獌鲅酆?。這對(duì)于unsurfaced（礫石）道路重要。使用礫石其中有一個(gè)尺寸（良好級(jí)配碎石）的組合，以便更小的顆?？梢蕴钛a(bǔ)較大的空隙之間。好 瀝青路面壓實(shí)延長(zhǎng)其壽命。5設(shè)計(jì)好道路的最大車(chē)輛荷載設(shè)計(jì)最高負(fù)荷預(yù)計(jì)將進(jìn)行的道路。一個(gè)是專(zhuān)為汽車(chē)的必由之路不會(huì)站起來(lái)卡車(chē)。 9噸卡車(chē)之一，在一個(gè)后軸不以道路為近萬(wàn)汽車(chē)造成很大損害。農(nóng)村道路可能攜帶日志卡車(chē)，牛奶車(chē)，消防部門(mén)消防車(chē)卡車(chē)，或施工設(shè)備。如果你不知道什么具體的道路將進(jìn)行加載，一個(gè)好的經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則是，設(shè)計(jì)為公路養(yǎng)護(hù)設(shè)備的最大一塊將在道路上使用。 一個(gè)良好的構(gòu)造和維修瀝青路面應(yīng)持續(xù)無(wú)大