課程設(shè)計(jì)材料成型冷軋板帶鋼生產(chǎn)工藝流程

1、28 遼寧科技大學(xué)課程設(shè)計(jì) 目錄1冷軋綜述21.1冷軋概念21.2冷軋產(chǎn)品及用途42工藝及規(guī)格52.1冷軋板帶鋼生產(chǎn)工藝流程 52.2規(guī)格63軋制規(guī)程制定73.1壓下規(guī)程的制定73.2計(jì)算軋制力83.3軋輥轉(zhuǎn)速的確定134設(shè)備校核144.1軋輥各部分尺寸確定144.2支撐輥強(qiáng)度校核164.3工作輥強(qiáng)度校核174.4支撐輥與工作輥接觸應(yīng)力校核194.5咬入能力校核204.6電機(jī)能力校核215結(jié)束語23參考文獻(xiàn)231冷軋綜述1.1冷軋概念冷軋是金屬在再結(jié)晶溫度以下的軋制過程。冷軋時(shí)金屬不會(huì)發(fā)生再結(jié)晶，但會(huì)發(fā)生加工硬化現(xiàn)象。加工硬化是金屬在軋制過程中強(qiáng)度、硬度增加，而韌性、塑性下降的現(xiàn)象。冷軋工藝特

2、點(diǎn)：（1）加工溫度低，鋼在軋制過程中產(chǎn)生加工硬化： 1）變形抗力增大，使軋制力加大。 2）塑性降低，易發(fā)生脆裂。（2）冷軋中采用工藝?yán)鋮s與潤滑（工藝?yán)錆櫍?1）工藝?yán)鋮s：冷軋過程中的變形熱和摩擦熱使軋件和軋輥溫度升高，須采用有效的人工冷卻。 2）工藝潤滑： 工藝潤滑的作用：減少金屬的變形抗力（實(shí)現(xiàn)大壓下和軋制更薄板材）；冷卻軋輥；防止粘輥。天然油脂（動(dòng)、植物油脂）潤滑效果優(yōu)于礦物油。常用冷潤液-乳化液:通過乳化劑的作用把少量的油劑和大量的水混合起來，制成乳狀的冷潤液。乳化液的冷卻能力介于水和油之間，一般為水的4080%，隨著乳化液濃度的增加，其冷卻能力下降。（3）冷軋中采用張力軋制：張力軋制

3、軋件在軋輥中的輾軋變形是在有一定的前張力和后張力作用下實(shí)現(xiàn)的。張力的作用：防止帶鋼在軋制過程中跑偏（保證正確對(duì)中軋制）；使所軋帶鋼保持平直（包括在軋制過程中保持板形平直以及軋后板形良好）；降低軋件的變形抗力，便于軋制更薄的產(chǎn)品；起適當(dāng)調(diào)整冷軋機(jī)主電機(jī)負(fù)荷的作用。冷軋帶鋼的優(yōu)勢(shì):1）可生產(chǎn)厚度更小的薄板。2）帶材沿寬度和長度方向能獲得均勻的厚度，板形更好。3）冷軋時(shí)采用的軋輥表面光潔硬度大，可得到表面質(zhì)量好，表面光潔的產(chǎn)品。冷軋是金屬在再結(jié)晶溫度以下的軋制過程。冷軋時(shí)金屬不會(huì)發(fā)生再結(jié)晶，但會(huì)發(fā)生加工硬化現(xiàn)象。4）帶材經(jīng)冷軋后，進(jìn)行不同的熱處理，可以得到不同機(jī)械性能的產(chǎn)品。1.2冷軋產(chǎn)品及用途冷軋

4、產(chǎn)品主要有超低碳、超深沖if鋼系列、鏈條用鋼系列、低碳低硅冷板系列、搪瓷鋼系列、自行車用鋼系列、烘烤硬化鋼系列、含磷鋼系列、客車車廂用鋼板系列、家用電器鋼板系列、低合金鋼系列等。產(chǎn)品主要用于建筑、橋梁、機(jī)車車輛、汽車、壓力容器、鍋爐、電器等。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，冷軋鋼板已被稱為現(xiàn)代社會(huì)必須的材料。2工藝及規(guī)格2.1冷軋板帶鋼生產(chǎn)工藝流程 原料（熱軋板卷） 酸洗 冷軋電解清洗退火平整退火平整脫碳退火成品退火橫剪縱剪檢查重卷橫剪鍍錫板普通深沖板拉伸熱平整電工硅鋼板連續(xù)鍍鋅鋅瓦壟機(jī)組橫剪涂層機(jī)鍍鋅板涂層板酸洗熱帶鋼淬火、堿、酸洗檢查、清洗淬火、堿、酸洗平整剪切矯直拋光不銹鋼板連續(xù)鍍錫 圖2-1 冷軋板帶鋼

5、工藝流程2.2規(guī)格根據(jù)鞍鋼冷軋一號(hào)線1700連軋機(jī)組進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。 1、采用四輥軋機(jī)五機(jī)架連軋 （1）工作輥直徑：（520600）mm ，選600 mm ； （2）支承輥直徑：（14001526）mm ,選1500 mm 。2、成品尺寸： 1.6mm*1450 mm 3、原料規(guī)格： （1）選取鋼種：b280/440dpcmnpsatlti屈服強(qiáng)度mpa抗拉強(qiáng)度mpa0.15%1.8%0.035%0.03%0.02%0.5%280420440 表1-1原料成分及性能 （2）根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)資料，選取原料尺寸為4.0mm*1450mm的熱軋板卷。3軋制規(guī)程制定3.1壓下規(guī)程的制定根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)采用分配壓下系數(shù)表3-

6、1，令軋制中的總壓下量為h，各道的壓下量為： 式中：bi壓下分配系數(shù)。 表3-1 各種冷連軋機(jī)壓下分配系數(shù)機(jī)架數(shù)壓下分配系數(shù) bi 道次（機(jī)架）號(hào)12345 11.0 20.70.3 0.1 50.150.05根據(jù)表中的bi計(jì)算出各道次壓下量為： h1=0.72 h2=0.6 h3=0.6 h4=0.36 h5=0.12在確定各架壓下分配系數(shù)，亦確定各架壓下量或軋后厚度的同時(shí)，還需根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)分析選定各機(jī)架之間的單位張力。冷軋薄板在軋制時(shí)的張力范圍為（0.10.6），初步制定壓下量及前、后張力如表3-2所示： 表3-2 產(chǎn)品壓下量及前

7、、后張力道次前張力后張力14.03.280.72803523.282.680.6908032.682.080.6959042.081.720.361009551.721.60.1250100 3.2計(jì)算軋制力各機(jī)架摩擦系數(shù)的選?。阂虻谝坏来我ＷC順利咬入，不噴油，本設(shè)計(jì)采用m.d.stone公式計(jì)算平均單位壓力： 上式中：； 考慮軋輥彈性壓扁的變形區(qū)長度； 平面變形抗力，； 前后張力平均值； ()計(jì)算步驟如下：(1)確定變形抗力由于在變形區(qū)內(nèi)各斷面處變形程度不等，因此，通常根據(jù)加工硬化曲線取本道次平均總壓下率所對(duì)應(yīng)的變形抗力值。平均總壓下率按下式計(jì)算： = 式中：本道次軋前的預(yù)變形量； 本道次

8、軋后的總變形量； 冷軋前軋件的厚度； 本道次軋前軋件的厚度； 本道次軋后軋件的厚度。 圖3-1 b280/440dp鋼種加工硬化曲線1-縱向；2-橫向 根據(jù)b280/440dp典型產(chǎn)品的含碳量，由加工硬化曲線查出對(duì)應(yīng)于的值，然后計(jì)算平面變形抗力：。由求出平均單位張力，則可得到的值。(2)求的值的值根據(jù)軋輥壓扁時(shí)平均單位壓力圖解（斯通圖解法）得到。先根據(jù)具體軋制條件計(jì)算出參數(shù)和的值： 式中：摩擦系數(shù),用棕櫚油乳化液潤滑f=0.060.08； 接觸弧長，工作輥半徑。 式中： 泊松比，取0.25；e彈性模量，取e=210gpa，代入計(jì)算得：圖3-2 確定f/之圖表然后在斯通圖解中尺和尺上分別找出對(duì)應(yīng)

9、其值的兩點(diǎn)，連成一條直線，此直線與s形曲線的交點(diǎn)即為的值。根據(jù)值查表便可得的值。(3)求平均單位壓力及總壓力將的值和的值代入即可算出平均單位壓力。 總壓力為： 式中：由 計(jì)算得到； 軋件寬度， b=1450mm對(duì)各道次依次按上述步驟進(jìn)行計(jì)算，計(jì)算結(jié)果如表3-2所示。 表3-3 各道次計(jì)算結(jié)果道次/%/%/%/mpa/mpa/mpa/mm/mm101810.836057.535614.73.6421833274808546713.422.98333484259592.559113.422.38448575366597.566710.391.955760596907571961.66道次 /mm/

10、mpa/kn10.2420.0590.0400.261.1415.8406898120.2700.0730.0640.331.18616.45541272030.3380.1140.1010.401.23116.97281722440.3280.1080.1430.421.24413.38301545550.2170.0470.1770.361.20510.0865.812504 3.3軋輥轉(zhuǎn)速的確定根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)值，軋件由末架軋機(jī)軋制完成后的出口速度一般為1925,選取末架軋機(jī)軋件的出口速度為20，根據(jù)秒流量體積條件：求出軋件在各架軋機(jī)的出口速度。利用前滑值計(jì)算軋輥的轉(zhuǎn)速：計(jì)算步驟如下：（1）先計(jì)

11、算出咬入角：（2）利用咬入角計(jì)算出中性角：（3）通過中性角求出前滑值：（4）計(jì)算軋輥線速度：（5）計(jì)算軋輥轉(zhuǎn)速：*60對(duì)各道次依次按上述步驟進(jìn)行計(jì)算，計(jì)算結(jié)果如表3-3所示： 表3-4各機(jī)架計(jì)算結(jié)果機(jī)架號(hào)12.8070.0150.0219.769.56304.522.5630.0140.02211.9411.68372.032.5630.0140.02815.3814.96476.441.9850.0120.02518.6018.15578.051.1460.0080.0122019.76629.3 4設(shè)備校核4.1軋輥各部分尺寸確定軋輥直接承受軋制力和轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軋輥的傳動(dòng)力矩，屬于消耗性零件，就軋

12、機(jī)整體而言，軋輥安全系數(shù)最小，軋輥強(qiáng)度往往決定整個(gè)軋機(jī)負(fù)荷能力，因此，要對(duì)軋輥進(jìn)行校核。 表4-1 軋輥材質(zhì)及許用應(yīng)力值材質(zhì) 許用應(yīng)力/mpa許用接觸應(yīng)力/mpa許用剪切應(yīng)力/mpa許用接觸剪應(yīng)力/mpa合金鍛鋼240240073730 軋輥各部分尺寸分別為：工作輥：輥身直徑=600mm，輥身長度=1700mm；工作輥輥頸直徑： ；工作輥輥頸長度：；工作輥壓下螺絲間的中心距： mm；支撐輥：輥身直徑=1500mm，輥身長度=1700mm ；支撐輥輥頸直徑:；支撐輥輥頸長度：；支撐輥壓下螺絲間的中心距：=2443mm。 輥頭均采用扁頭萬向接軸輥頭,電機(jī)功率n=5500kw 表4-2 五機(jī)架連軋機(jī)

13、各機(jī)架數(shù)據(jù)機(jī)架號(hào)軋制壓力p/kn轉(zhuǎn)速n/電機(jī)功率/kw張力差/mpa18981304.51550045212720372.01550010317224476.4155005415455598.0155005512504629.315500-50由上表可看出，第三架軋機(jī)的總壓力最大，所以以第三架軋機(jī)為例進(jìn)行校核：四輥軋機(jī)支撐輥與工作輥承受的彎矩之比等于直徑比的四次方，其彎曲力的分配也和彎矩一樣，即4.2支撐輥強(qiáng)度校核 6859.46knm 圖4-1 支撐輥彎矩圖 (1) 輥身中央處承受最大彎矩： 輥身中央處產(chǎn)生的最大彎曲應(yīng)力 =240mpa 因此，支承輥的輥身強(qiáng)度滿足要求。 (2)支撐輥輥頸強(qiáng)度

14、校核 輥頸的危險(xiǎn)斷面在輥頸與輥身接觸處，該處彎矩為: 所以支承輥輥頸強(qiáng)度滿足要求。4.3工作輥強(qiáng)度校核（1）工作輥輥身強(qiáng)度校核 圖4-2 工作輥彎矩圖工作輥輥身中心處承受的垂直彎矩為 （2）工作輥輥頭強(qiáng)度校核 利用前滑值計(jì)算軋輥的轉(zhuǎn)速 d a 圖4-3 工作輥輥頭圖因此，工作輥輥頭強(qiáng)度滿足要求。(3)工作輥輥頸強(qiáng)度校核 因此，工作輥輥頸強(qiáng)度滿足要求。4.4支撐輥與工作輥接觸應(yīng)力校核工作輥與支撐輥表面接觸產(chǎn)生接觸應(yīng)力，它將影響軋輥的軋制壽命，應(yīng)加以校核。計(jì)算接觸應(yīng)力使用赫茲公式： 式中：接觸表面單位長度上的負(fù)荷； 相互接觸兩個(gè)軋輥的半徑； 與軋輥材料有關(guān)的系數(shù)， 已知mm，mm ，e =200g

15、pa軋輥材料相同，=0.3，得到： 所以，軋輥滿足強(qiáng)度要求。 根據(jù)以上結(jié)果，軋輥各部分均滿足強(qiáng)度要求。4.5咬入能力校核軋機(jī)要能夠順利進(jìn)行軋制，必須保證咬入符合軋制規(guī)律，所以要對(duì)咬入條件進(jìn)行校核。 式中： 工作輥直徑； 軋件的壓下量； 咬入角； 摩擦角。原料在第一架軋機(jī)咬入比較困難，所以對(duì)第一架進(jìn)行咬入能力的校核。校核如下： 已知，所以：而，得到： 由于，因此，第一架軋機(jī)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)帶鋼順利咬入。4.6電機(jī)能力校核以第三架為例進(jìn)行校核： 傳動(dòng)力矩計(jì)算： （1）軋制力矩 式中：軋輥與金屬軋件的接觸弧長； 力臂系數(shù)，冷軋時(shí)?。?.20.4； 工作輥軋制力； （2）摩擦力矩 軋輥軸承中的附加摩擦力矩：

16、式中：軋輥輥頸直徑； 軋輥軸承摩擦系數(shù)，取0.05；傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)中的摩擦力矩： 式中：軋輥與電機(jī)間的傳動(dòng)比，取1.7856； 傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)粘性系數(shù)0.97； 換算到主電機(jī)軸上的附加摩擦力矩為： （3）空轉(zhuǎn)力矩 式中：電機(jī)額定轉(zhuǎn)矩，因此傳動(dòng)力矩為： 所以第三架電機(jī)功率滿足要求。因此其它各機(jī)架電機(jī)功率也均滿足要求。5結(jié)束語 首先，感謝王斌斌老師在三周的專業(yè)課程設(shè)計(jì)中對(duì)我們的細(xì)心指導(dǎo)和教育，使我學(xué)習(xí)到了很多關(guān)于冷軋板帶鋼實(shí)際生產(chǎn)的知識(shí)，解決了許多平時(shí)積累沒有及時(shí)解決的問題。 在課程設(shè)計(jì)過程中，我通過查閱很多書本和網(wǎng)上資料，并經(jīng)常與同學(xué)探討所遇到的問題，把課堂上所學(xué)到的理論知識(shí)與實(shí)際的設(shè)計(jì)工作相結(jié)合，使得這些

17、知識(shí)得到了鞏固加深，而且提高了我的自學(xué)能力和團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作能力。 通過此次課程設(shè)計(jì)，我也發(fā)現(xiàn)了自身的許多不足，不僅在本專業(yè)還有很多知識(shí)要學(xué)習(xí)，還要努力學(xué)習(xí)其他相關(guān)專業(yè)的知識(shí)。要善于發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，并善于查閱資料，勤于思考，團(tuán)結(jié)合作，最終解決問題。參考文獻(xiàn)1 康永林 軋鋼工程學(xué)m.北京：冶金工業(yè)出版社,2004.62 王廷溥 金屬塑性加工學(xué)m.北京：冶金工業(yè)出版社，1997.2103 王平主編 金屬塑性成形力學(xué)m.北京：冶金工業(yè)出版社,2006.8.4 劉寶珩 軋鋼機(jī)械設(shè)備m.北京：冶金工業(yè)出版社，2008.55 趙志業(yè) 金屬塑性變形與軋制理論m.北京：冶金工業(yè)出版社，2011.2g an employme

18、nt tribunal claimemployment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees.you may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you dont agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismiss

19、ed unfairly.for more information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, seedismissal.you can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haventappealedagainst the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. however, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation a

20、warded to you as a result of your failure to appeal.remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. if your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usual

21、ly accept it.if you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the organisations listed underfurther help.employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation.most

22、 people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. if you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed underfurther help.if you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask yo

23、u to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. this is known as adamages-based agreement. in england and wales, your solicitor cant charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.if you are thinking about signing up for a damages-based

24、 agreement, you should make sure youre clear about the terms of the agreement. it might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a citizens advice bureau. to find your nearest cab, including those that give advice by e-mail, click onnearest cab.for more information about ma

25、king a claim to an employment tribunal, seeemployment tribunals.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sun

26、day.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringc

27、itys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska.a

28、ge has reached the end of the beginning of a word. may be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; may be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. alway

29、s feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字開頭的年齡已經(jīng)到了尾聲?；蛟S是愧疚于自己似乎把轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的很多個(gè)不同的日子過成了同一天的樣子；或許是追溯過去，對(duì)自己那些近乎偏執(zhí)的怪異信念的醒悟，這些天以來，思緒一直很凌亂，在腦海中不斷糾纏?？傆X得自己自己似乎應(yīng)該去做點(diǎn)什么，或者寫點(diǎn)什么。二十年的人生軌跡深深淺淺，突然就感覺到有些事情，非做不可了。the end

30、of our life, and can meet many things really do?而窮盡我們的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？during my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for new year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; junior high school, thought to have a crush on just

31、means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isnt really grow up, it seems is not so important; then in high school, think dont want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a pe

32、riod, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already cant remember his appearance.童年時(shí)，覺得壓歲錢和新衣服是過年必備，但是隨著年齡的推進(jìn)，會(huì)越來越發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些東西根本就可有可無；初中時(shí)，以為要有一場暗戀才意味著真正的

33、成長，但三年過去后，自己心平氣和的寫同學(xué)錄的時(shí)候，突然就發(fā)現(xiàn)是不是真正的成長了，好像并沒有那么重要了；然后到了高中，覺得非要吐露出自己的心聲才能為高中生涯里的懵懂情愫劃上一個(gè)句點(diǎn)，但畢業(yè)晚會(huì)的時(shí)候最終還是被梗塞在了咽喉，后來再次站在他曾經(jīng)揮汗如雨的球場，看著他投過籃球的球框時(shí)，突然間發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)想不起他的容顏。originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原來，這個(gè)世界上，對(duì)某個(gè)事件能產(chǎn)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的，除了非做

34、不可的堅(jiān)決，還有，時(shí)間。a persons time, your ideas are always special to clear. want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot

35、 of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一個(gè)人的時(shí)候，自己的想法總是特別地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明確，好像沒有什么可以撼動(dòng)自己。也曾經(jīng)好像已經(jīng)下定了決心去做某件事，但更多的時(shí)候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌惡過自己的怯懦，最終卻發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多緣分，有很多錯(cuò)過，好像冥冥之中真的已經(jīng)注定。那些曾經(jīng)所謂的非做不可，只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支

36、強(qiáng)心劑，或者說，是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。at the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; those were broken into various shapes of stationery; from the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; have declared the end of the encounter that havent start pla

37、nning. those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻，天空是陰暗的，空氣里有著剛下過雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件藍(lán)格子襯衫；那些被折成各種各樣形狀的信紙；那段從街角深巷伊始的友誼；還有那場還沒有開始就宣告了終結(jié)的邂逅計(jì)劃那些年那些天的非做不可，終于和青春一樣，都將在我們的人生中謝幕。baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. start

38、ing at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher th

39、an the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weathethe balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly s