公路工程監(jiān)理員培訓(xùn)——質(zhì)量小抄

1、專業(yè)好文檔1）監(jiān)理是監(jiān)理人員依據(jù)監(jiān)理合同對(duì)工程質(zhì)量、安全、環(huán)保、費(fèi)用、進(jìn)度實(shí)施的監(jiān)督和管理活動(dòng)。2）質(zhì)量控制程序開工報(bào)告、工序檢查認(rèn)可和中間交工證書是主要環(huán)節(jié)。3）監(jiān)理人員每天對(duì)每道工序的巡視應(yīng)不少于1次，并按規(guī)定的格式詳細(xì)做好巡視記錄。4）應(yīng)對(duì)試驗(yàn)工程、重要隱蔽工程和完工后無(wú)法檢測(cè)其質(zhì)量或返工會(huì)造成較大損失的工程進(jìn)行旁站。5）應(yīng)對(duì)鋼材、瀝青、水泥、石灰、粉煤灰、砂礫、碎石等主要原材料及各種混合料進(jìn)行抽檢，抽檢頻率應(yīng)不低于施工單位自檢頻率的20%，其余材料應(yīng)不低于10%；6）適合于公路工程質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)的隨機(jī)抽樣方式一般采用以下做法：?jiǎn)渭冸S機(jī)抽樣；系統(tǒng)抽樣；分層抽樣。7）含水量(w)：土體中所含水的

2、質(zhì)量與土顆粒（干土）質(zhì)量之比（用百分率表示）。8）室內(nèi)測(cè)定土的含水量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法是烘干法。9）路面底面以下80 cm部分稱為路床10）路床頂面最后一層的最小壓實(shí)厚度，不應(yīng)小于10cm 11）碾壓前，應(yīng)對(duì)填土層的松鋪厚度、平整度和含水量進(jìn)行檢查；12）壓實(shí)應(yīng)遵循先輕后重、先低后高、先慢后快的原則。13）施工過(guò)程中，每一壓實(shí)層均應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)壓實(shí)度，其頻率為每1000m2至少檢驗(yàn)2點(diǎn)14）干密度=干土質(zhì)量/土體總體積；補(bǔ)充：影響壓實(shí)效果的主要因素：含水量、土的級(jí)配、壓實(shí)土層厚度、壓實(shí)功能，平整度。15）橋涵及其它構(gòu)造物的回填：填料宜采用透水性材料、輕質(zhì)材料、無(wú)機(jī)結(jié)合料等，非透水性材料不得直接用于回填；基坑回

3、填必須在隱蔽工程驗(yàn)收合格后進(jìn)行；應(yīng)分層填筑，分層壓實(shí)；分層厚度宜為100200mm16）地面排水設(shè)施：邊溝、截水溝、排水溝、急流槽、跌水、蒸發(fā)池（積水池）、油水分離池等。17）地下排水設(shè)施：暗溝（管）、滲溝、滲井、隔離層等。18）路基支擋構(gòu)造物的主要型式有：擋土墻、護(hù)肩、護(hù)坡和護(hù)面墻。19）粗糙度用路面與輪胎的摩擦系數(shù)和路表紋理深度表示，可用鋪砂法（構(gòu)造深度td(mm)）、擺式儀法（摩擦擺值bpn）和橫向力系數(shù)測(cè)定車（橫向力系數(shù)sfc）測(cè)定20）水泥混凝土路面面層的抗滑檢查，不測(cè)摩擦系數(shù)，只用鋪砂法檢查構(gòu)造深度；瀝青混凝土路面面層的抗滑檢查要用擺式儀或橫向力系數(shù)測(cè)定車檢測(cè)摩擦系數(shù)，用鋪砂法檢查

4、構(gòu)造深度。21）灰劑量=水泥或石灰質(zhì)量/干土質(zhì)量（按百分率計(jì)）。22）鋪筑基層試驗(yàn)路段的目的是：檢驗(yàn)承包人提出的施工方案和施工方法的適用性，獲取正式施工時(shí)的各項(xiàng)技術(shù)參數(shù)。內(nèi)容（確定）：材料配比；松鋪系數(shù)；延遲時(shí)間（僅對(duì)于水泥穩(wěn)定，延遲時(shí)間混合料從加水拌和到碾壓終了的時(shí)間23）半剛性基層(底基層)施工時(shí)，日最低氣溫應(yīng)在5。c以上24）養(yǎng)生期不宜少于7d25）檢查水泥、石灰劑量的常用方法是滴定(edta二鈉)法。26）底基層和基層施工程序的主要內(nèi)容為：施工放樣、混合料拌和、攤鋪碾壓成型、初期養(yǎng)護(hù)。27）油石比（pa）=瀝青質(zhì)量/礦料總質(zhì)量100（%）瀝青含量（瀝青用量pb）=瀝青質(zhì)量/混合料總質(zhì)量

5、100（%）。28）用兩臺(tái)彎沉儀同時(shí)進(jìn)行左右輪彎沉值測(cè)定時(shí)，應(yīng)按兩個(gè)（獨(dú)立）測(cè)點(diǎn)計(jì)，不能采用左右兩點(diǎn)的平均值29）水泥砼路面接縫的傳力桿應(yīng)采用光圓鋼筋，應(yīng)用于橫向接縫，拉桿應(yīng)采用螺蚊鋼筋，用于縱縫。30）有傳力桿縮縫的切縫深度應(yīng)為1/31/4板厚，最淺不得小于70mm；無(wú)傳力桿縮縫的切縫深度應(yīng)為1/41/5板厚，最淺不得小于60mm；縮縫切縫寬度宜控制在46mm。31）橋梁施工準(zhǔn)備階段，監(jiān)理工程師應(yīng)檢查的主要內(nèi)容有：橋涵位置中線放樣和檢查；施工設(shè)備的配置和審批；原材料砂漿和砼配比的試驗(yàn)與確認(rèn)；施工方案審定。32）鋼筋接頭采用塔接或幫條電弧焊時(shí)，宜采用雙面焊縫。接頭雙面焊縫的長(zhǎng)度不應(yīng)小于5d，單

6、面焊縫的長(zhǎng)度不應(yīng)小于10d。氣溫低于-20時(shí)，不得施焊。33）水泥存放超過(guò)3個(gè)月，應(yīng)重新取樣檢驗(yàn)。34）橋梁基礎(chǔ)形式有明挖基礎(chǔ)、樁基礎(chǔ)、沉井基礎(chǔ)等。35）圍堰常用形式有：土圍堰、土袋圍堰、鋼板樁圍堰、鋼筋混凝土板樁圍堰、竹（鉛絲）籠圍堰、套箱圍堰等。36）地基檢驗(yàn)：內(nèi)容：平面位置、尺寸大小、基底標(biāo)高；地質(zhì)情況，承載力；基底處理、排水情況；施工記錄、試驗(yàn)資料。37）清孔后的泥漿指標(biāo)，是從樁孔的頂、中、底部分別取樣檢驗(yàn)的平均值38）水泥砂漿試件3個(gè)為1組。重要及主體砌筑物，每工作班制取2組，一般及次要砌筑物，每工作班可制取1組。39）混凝土抗壓強(qiáng)度應(yīng)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸試件（邊長(zhǎng)150mm的立方體）在溫度為

7、(203)及相對(duì)濕度不低于95%的環(huán)境中養(yǎng)護(hù)28d做抗壓試驗(yàn)時(shí)所測(cè)得的抗壓強(qiáng)度值（單位mpa），在進(jìn)行混凝土強(qiáng)度試配和質(zhì)量評(píng)定時(shí)，取其保證率為95%?；炷猎嚰酝g期者三塊為一組40）后張法：先澆筑水泥混凝土，待達(dá)到規(guī)定的強(qiáng)度后再?gòu)埨A(yù)應(yīng)力筋以形成預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土構(gòu)件的施工方法；先張法：先在臺(tái)座上張拉預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼材，然后澆筑水泥混凝土以形成預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土構(gòu)件的施工方法。41）千斤頂與壓力表應(yīng)配套校驗(yàn)，張拉機(jī)具設(shè)備應(yīng)與錨具配套使用。42）預(yù)應(yīng)力筋采用應(yīng)力控制方法張拉時(shí)，應(yīng)以伸長(zhǎng)值進(jìn)行校核。設(shè)計(jì)無(wú)規(guī)定時(shí)，實(shí)際伸長(zhǎng)值與理論伸長(zhǎng)值的差值應(yīng)控制在6以內(nèi)43）在施加預(yù)應(yīng)力前，應(yīng)對(duì)構(gòu)件進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)；張拉時(shí)，若設(shè)計(jì)未規(guī)定

8、，混凝土強(qiáng)度不應(yīng)低于設(shè)計(jì)強(qiáng)度等級(jí)值的75%；44）放張：設(shè)計(jì)未規(guī)定時(shí)，混凝土強(qiáng)度不得低于設(shè)計(jì)強(qiáng)度等級(jí)值的75%；45）土質(zhì)路基填料應(yīng)符合哪些規(guī)定？答：含草皮、生活垃圾、樹根、腐殖質(zhì)的土嚴(yán)禁作為路基填料；泥炭、淤泥、凍土、強(qiáng)膨脹土、有機(jī)質(zhì)土、含鹽量超過(guò)允許含量的土不得直接用于填筑路基；確需使用，須采取處理檢驗(yàn)合格（3）液限大于50%、塑性指數(shù)大于26、含水量不適宜直接壓實(shí)的土，不得直接作為路堤填料；（4）粉質(zhì)土不宜直接填筑于路床，不得直接填筑于浸水部分的路堤及冰凍地區(qū)的路床；（5）填料的最小強(qiáng)度和最大粒徑應(yīng)符合規(guī)范規(guī)定。46）土質(zhì)路堤填筑有哪些基本規(guī)定？答： 應(yīng)水平分層、分段填筑；同一水平層應(yīng)用

9、同一種填料，不得混填；每種填料的填筑層壓實(shí)后的連續(xù)厚度不宜小于0.5m；路床頂面最后一層的最小壓實(shí)厚度，應(yīng)不小于10cm；優(yōu)良土應(yīng)填筑在路基上層，強(qiáng)度較小的填料應(yīng)填在下層；透水性較小的土層，應(yīng)做成2%4%的雙向橫坡；每種填料的松鋪厚度應(yīng)通過(guò)試驗(yàn)確定；每一填筑層壓實(shí)后的寬度不得小于設(shè)計(jì)寬度；原地面縱坡大于12%或橫坡陡于1:5時(shí)，應(yīng)設(shè)置坡度向內(nèi)的臺(tái)階；分段施工時(shí)，接頭部分若搭接，則搭接長(zhǎng)度不小于2m；否則應(yīng)按1:1坡度分層留臺(tái)階。47）敘述鋪筑瀝青路面試驗(yàn)段的目的與內(nèi)容。答：目的：（1）證實(shí)混合料的穩(wěn)定性以及拌和、攤鋪和壓實(shí)設(shè)備的效率；（2）檢驗(yàn)施工方法、施工組織的適應(yīng)性。主要內(nèi)容：（1）確定合

10、理的機(jī)械數(shù)量與組合方式；（2）確定拌和、攤鋪、碾壓的操作工藝以及松鋪系數(shù)、接縫方法等；（3）驗(yàn)證瀝青混合料配合比設(shè)計(jì)（4）確定壓實(shí)度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)檢測(cè)方法；（5）檢測(cè)滲水系數(shù)。48）試述熱拌瀝青混合料壓實(shí)的質(zhì)量控制要點(diǎn)。答：（1）混合料溫度應(yīng)符合規(guī)范要求并應(yīng)在盡可能高的溫度下進(jìn)行；（2）應(yīng)配備足夠數(shù)量的壓路機(jī)；（3）初壓應(yīng)緊跟攤鋪機(jī)后，并保持較短的初壓區(qū)長(zhǎng)度；（4）復(fù)壓應(yīng)緊跟初壓后，應(yīng)采用重型輪胎壓路機(jī)或振動(dòng)壓路機(jī)，碾壓時(shí)相鄰碾壓帶重疊寬度：輪胎壓路機(jī)為1/31/2的碾壓輪寬度，振動(dòng)壓路機(jī)為1020cm；（5）碾壓應(yīng)由低向高、緩慢、均勻地進(jìn)行，中途不得停留、轉(zhuǎn)向或制動(dòng)；（6）碾壓輪出現(xiàn)沾輪應(yīng)立即清除。

11、49）試述鉆孔灌注樁灌注水下混凝土的若干技術(shù)要求。答：灌注前，應(yīng)檢測(cè)沉淀厚度；鋼筋籠安放檢驗(yàn)完畢后，應(yīng)立即開始灌注；砼拌和物運(yùn)至灌注地點(diǎn)時(shí)，應(yīng)檢查其均勻性和坍落度等；導(dǎo)管管徑不小于250mm，應(yīng)進(jìn)行水密、承壓和接頭抗拉試驗(yàn)；導(dǎo)管底端至孔底應(yīng)有25cm40cm的間距，首批灌注混凝土的數(shù)量應(yīng)能滿足導(dǎo)管首次埋深（1.0m）和填充導(dǎo)管底部的需要，并應(yīng)連續(xù)灌注；灌注時(shí)間不得長(zhǎng)于首批混凝土初凝時(shí)間；灌注過(guò)程中，導(dǎo)管埋深宜控制在26m，并應(yīng)注意保持孔內(nèi)水頭；為防止鋼筋骨架上浮，當(dāng)灌注的混凝土頂面距鋼筋骨架底部1m左右時(shí)，應(yīng)降低灌注速度，直至拌和物上升到骨架底口4m以上。灌注的樁頂標(biāo)高應(yīng)比設(shè)計(jì)高出0.51.0

12、m；灌注將近結(jié)束時(shí)，應(yīng)核對(duì)混凝土灌入數(shù)量；50）鉆孔灌注樁成孔檢驗(yàn)、灌注前和灌注過(guò)程中，監(jiān)理要做哪些檢查？答：（1）成孔檢查：孔位、孔深、孔徑、傾斜度、沉淀厚度、清孔后泥漿指標(biāo)（相對(duì)密度、粘度、含砂率）；（2）灌注前檢查：鋼筋籠制作與安裝、沉淀厚度、泥漿指標(biāo)、導(dǎo)管、砼的均勻性和坍落度；（3）灌注中檢查：砼的均勻性、坍落度、導(dǎo)管埋深、灌注時(shí)間、灌入數(shù)量。51）對(duì)力筋施加預(yù)應(yīng)力之前，必須完成（或檢驗(yàn)）哪些工作？答：施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)具備經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)的張拉程序和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)施工說(shuō)明書；操作人員 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)已有具備預(yù)應(yīng)力施工知識(shí)和正確操作的操作人員；錨具安裝正確，對(duì)后張構(gòu)件，混凝土已達(dá)到要求的強(qiáng)度；施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)已具備確保全體操作人員

13、和設(shè)備安全的必要的預(yù)防措施。52）試述后張法預(yù)應(yīng)力施工的一般要求。答：（1）承包人提交張拉報(bào)告，說(shuō)明施工工藝及靜力計(jì)算等；（2）應(yīng)由通過(guò)正式訓(xùn)練的人員進(jìn)行操作；（3）設(shè)備至少每間隔兩個(gè)月進(jìn)行一次檢查和保養(yǎng)；（4）當(dāng)千斤頂使用超過(guò)6個(gè)月或200次或出現(xiàn)不正?，F(xiàn)象時(shí)，應(yīng)重新校驗(yàn)。（補(bǔ)k0=96%）解：k=95.93%，s=0.944%，t/n =0.580 代表值k=k -(t/n)s=95.93-0.580.944=95.38（%） k k0=96%， 不合格。設(shè)填料土的最大干密度干土最大=1.91g/cm3。假定從壓實(shí)后的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)某處（灌砂法）獲得：濕土體積v濕土=2000cm3， 濕土質(zhì)量m濕土

14、= 4300g； 試（土）樣a，濕重54.72g，干重45.83g；試（土）樣b，濕重46.16g，干重38.52g。求：壓實(shí)度k。winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated ag

15、ainst usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck

16、 with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugb

17、y league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football as

18、sociations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience

19、was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by t

20、oures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have

21、 to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 m

22、iles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,00

23、0 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far

24、history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, e