《看得見(jiàn)風(fēng)景的房間》的語(yǔ)用分析

1、學(xué)校：10254密級(jí)： 論文編號(hào):：5上海海事大學(xué)SHANGHAI MARITIME UNIVERSITY碩士學(xué)位論文MASTER DISSERTATION 論文題目：看得見(jiàn)風(fēng)景的房間的語(yǔ)用分析 _學(xué)科專(zhuān)業(yè)： 英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)（語(yǔ)言學(xué)） 作者姓名： 瞿菁 指導(dǎo)教師： 鄭立信 教授 完成日期： 二九年六月 論文獨(dú)創(chuàng)性聲明本人聲明所呈交的論文是我個(gè)人在導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。論文中除了特別加以標(biāo)注和致謝的地方外，不包含其他機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)發(fā)表或撰寫(xiě)過(guò)的研究成果。其他同志對(duì)本研究的啟發(fā)和所做的貢獻(xiàn)均已在論文中作了明確說(shuō)明并表示了謝意。作者簽名：_ 日期：_論文使用授權(quán)聲明本人同意上海海事大學(xué)有

2、關(guān)保留、使用學(xué)位論文的規(guī)定，即：學(xué)校有權(quán)保留送交論文的復(fù)印件，允許論文被查閱和借閱；學(xué)?？梢陨暇W(wǎng)公布論文的全部或部分內(nèi)容，可以采用影印、縮印或其他復(fù)制手段保存論文。保密的論文在解密后遵守本規(guī)定。A Pragmatic Study of Fictional Communication as Reflected in A Room with A View看得見(jiàn)風(fēng)景的房間的語(yǔ)用分析ByQu JingA DissertationSubmitted to the Graduate Schooland Foreign Languages School in Partial Fulfillmentof th

3、e Requirements for the Degree of Master of English Language and LiteratureUnderThe Supervision ofProfessor Zheng LixinShanghai Maritime UniversityJune 2009AcknowledgementFirst and foremost, I owe my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Professor Zheng Lixin. Professor Zhengs profound knowledge, remark

4、able expertise, and intellectual ingenuity have guided my study at Shanghai Maritime University. His insightful instruction and warm encouragement give me the best enlightenment. His valuable suggestions have contributed greatly to my writing of this thesis. It is Professor Zhengs supervision that m

5、akes possible this degree paper.I should also express my great gratitude to Professor Cai Yongliang, Professor Rong Xinfang, Professor Wu Jianguo and Professor Zhang Yan. Their informative lectures either in linguistics literature benefit my study. My thanks also extend to many of my classmates and

6、friends. Whenever I feel discouraged by the tough and huge task of writing, their kind encouragement and timely help make me keep up my spirit again. My last but most tender affection should be expressed to my mother. Her constant cares make me a healthy and spiritually integrated person. In return,

7、 this thesis is a gift to express my lifelong gratitude. AbstractLiterature is a sort of extension and application of certain properties of language. Linguistic study includes study of all languages, including literary language. Despite the complementary relationship between linguistics and literatu

8、re study, to build a bridge between linguistics and literature is by no means a happy experience. Many opposing voices get in the way. Scholars in literary circle demean the rigid grammar and rules that ruin the aesthetic beauty of literature as an art, while literary men are criticized for their pu

9、rely sensible judgment and appreciation which is lacking of scientific and systematic study of language. Despite of several opposing voices, some scholars still endeavor to build up bridges between linguistics and literature study. This becomes possible when linguistic theory develops in different b

10、ranches. Among different linguistic branches, a scholarship named as “pragmatics” made its appearance in last two decades of 20th century. Several international conferences, pragmatics associations, journals, books all contribute to its later popularity. The prosperity of pragmatics results in a “pr

11、agmatic turn”, which is a shift from the earlier theories and hypothesis, in particularly the syntax-only approach of Chomsky to the emphasis of language use in human communication as determined by specific context. Pragmatics emphasizes meaning conveyed in human communication. Literary criticism al

12、so admits that literary writing and reading is a communication by the carrier of language and that the meanings are conveyed and understood in the specific context created by the literary text. Thus in the communicative perspective, pragmatics should also be valid in dealing with literary communicat

13、ion, not only daily conversation. This proposition makes the bridging between linguistics and literary study possible. Finally, pragmatics, with its primary aim to study language use in daily conversations, proves itself to be one of the sound approaches to study literary language. More and more the

14、oretical and empirical studies appear and these studies open up a new inter-disciplinary scholarship which successfully builds bridges between pragmatics and literary study. Based on the achievements by scholars in this field, this thesis makes an attempt to carry out a pragmatic study of fictional

15、communication in the novel A Room with a View by British novelist E. M. Forster. It applies cooperative principle and politeness principle to analyze the character language and narrative language in the fiction and studies how these principles promote to convey and understand meanings in the specifi

16、c context.The thesis firstly reviews the studies made in this field both at home and abroad. Scholars at the preliminary stage demonstrated the applicability of pragmatic theories into the study of literature. Later this was followed by more empirical study to apply certain pragmatic theories into t

17、he study of specific literary texts. In next part the thesis introduces necessary theories. It includes introduction of cooperative principle and politeness principle, participants of and means of literary communication. The next part is the body of the thesis. After giving a brief introduction to t

18、he fiction A Room with a View and its author, it chooses character language and narrative language as examples to show how pragmatic principles are of help in conveying and understanding meanings in the context. After the analysis of cases at micro level, the thesis discusses how this pragmatic stud

19、y of literary language is of significance in revealing vivid personalities, profound cultural thoughts and attractive plot of the fiction. The final part concludes the findings, the limitations of the study and the potential for further research. It is expected that this study can be a preliminary a

20、ttempt to incorporate pragmatics into literary study so as to shed some light on understanding and appreciation of literary text. Key words: A Room with a View; pragmatics; cooperative principle; politeness principle; literary communication摘 要語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究的對(duì)象包括文學(xué)語(yǔ)言,同時(shí)文學(xué)也是一種語(yǔ)言形式的運(yùn)用。盡管語(yǔ)言學(xué)和文學(xué)研究的歷史是相互促進(jìn)的,二者卻長(zhǎng)期無(wú)

21、法攜手。語(yǔ)言學(xué)被認(rèn)為用過(guò)于機(jī)械的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則毀壞了文學(xué)的美學(xué)價(jià)值，而文學(xué)研究又被認(rèn)為過(guò)于注重文學(xué)性和詩(shī)性而忽略了文學(xué)作為語(yǔ)篇和其他社會(huì)語(yǔ)篇相同的一面。盡管如此，隨著語(yǔ)言學(xué)理論的不斷深入發(fā)展,一些學(xué)者也不斷去探索語(yǔ)言學(xué)和文學(xué)研究的結(jié)合。而20世紀(jì)后期語(yǔ)用學(xué)的興起和流行為語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究打開(kāi)了一個(gè)新視角。語(yǔ)用學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)言在語(yǔ)境中的使用和意義在交際中的建構(gòu)。這是從喬姆斯基時(shí)代關(guān)注語(yǔ)法轉(zhuǎn)變到關(guān)注語(yǔ)言在交際中的意義。而文學(xué)語(yǔ)言也被稱(chēng)為一種社會(huì)語(yǔ)篇，是文學(xué)建構(gòu)的社會(huì)語(yǔ)境中作者和讀者之間的交際行為。于是在交際的角度上，語(yǔ)用學(xué)同樣可以用來(lái)分析文學(xué)交際。正是因?yàn)閷W(xué)者在這方面的努力,語(yǔ)用學(xué)和文學(xué)研究的結(jié)合在理論和實(shí)證研究上出

22、現(xiàn)并且得到發(fā)展。學(xué)者在語(yǔ)用學(xué)和文學(xué)研究的結(jié)合上，有些是在理論水平上去論證語(yǔ)用學(xué)的理論運(yùn)用到文學(xué)研究中的可行性,為語(yǔ)用學(xué)和文學(xué)研究奠定了理論基礎(chǔ)。有些是把語(yǔ)用學(xué)的理論運(yùn)用到特定的文學(xué)作品的分析中, 促進(jìn)了文學(xué)語(yǔ)言的理解和鑒賞,也為文學(xué)研究提供了一個(gè)新的視角。這些都對(duì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)和文學(xué)研究起到了積極的作用。在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)之上，本文嘗試用語(yǔ)用學(xué)理論中的合作原則和禮貌原則,對(duì)英國(guó)作家福斯特的看得見(jiàn)風(fēng)景的房間進(jìn)行語(yǔ)用分析。本文選取小說(shuō)中典型的人物語(yǔ)言和敘述語(yǔ)言，探討合作原則和禮貌原則的運(yùn)用如何有助于作者建構(gòu)和讀者解讀語(yǔ)境中的意義,從而促進(jìn)對(duì)小說(shuō)的理解和鑒賞。文章首先回顧了前人在該領(lǐng)域的觀點(diǎn)還有發(fā)現(xiàn)。接著文章

23、介紹了需要用到的理論基礎(chǔ)，包括語(yǔ)用理論中的合作原則和禮貌原則，文學(xué)交際的參與者和交際的途徑。接著主體部分開(kāi)始對(duì)小說(shuō)看得見(jiàn)風(fēng)景的房間進(jìn)行語(yǔ)用分析。在介紹作者和小說(shuō)之后，選取人物語(yǔ)言和敘述語(yǔ)言作為實(shí)例，分析合作原則和禮貌原則在小說(shuō)交際中的使用是如何幫助作者建構(gòu)和讀者解讀語(yǔ)境中的意義。在實(shí)例分析之后，文章從宏觀上討論了小說(shuō)交際的語(yǔ)用分析對(duì)小說(shuō)理解和鑒賞的意義，它可以更好地揭示小說(shuō)生動(dòng)的人物形象，深刻的主題思想和獨(dú)特的故事情節(jié)。最后本文總結(jié)了研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)、不足之處以及深入研究的空間。本文旨在通過(guò)對(duì)小說(shuō)交際的語(yǔ)用分析，體現(xiàn)語(yǔ)用學(xué)理論在文學(xué)交際中的運(yùn)用，也給文學(xué)作品的理解和鑒賞提供一個(gè)新的視角。 關(guān)鍵詞：看

24、得間風(fēng)景的房間；語(yǔ)用學(xué)；合作原則；禮貌原則；文學(xué)交際ContentsAcknowledgementiAbstractii摘 要ivChapter 1 Introduction11.1 Lead-in remarks11.2 Purpose of the study21.3 Justification for the study21.4 Methodology of the study31.4.1 Combination of pragmatics and communication theory31.4.2 Consideration of pragmatic study and fictio

25、nal development41.4.3 The nature of inter-disciplinary study.41.5 Significance of the study5Chapter 2 Literary Review62.1 A pragmatic study of literature at the theoretical level62.1.1 Cooperative principle application in literary study62.1.2 Politeness principle application in literary study72.2 A

26、pragmatic study of literature at the empirical level82.2.1 Study with the purpose to improve the theory82.2.2 Study with the purpose to improve literary study82. 3 A Pragmatic study of literature in China92.3.1 The study at the theoretical level92.3.2 Empirical study9Chapter 3 Pragmatics and Literar

27、y Communication113.1 Pragmatics113.1.1 Cooperative principle123.1.2 Conversational implicature133.1.3 Politeness principle143.2 Literary communication163.2.1 Literary communication163.2.2 Participants of literary communication163.2.2.1 Author and reader163.2.2.2 Character173.2.2.3 Narrator173.2.3 Me

28、ans of literary communication183.3 Pragmatics in literary communication183.3.1 Applicability of pragmatics in literary communication183.3.2 CP & PP in character language and narrator language193.3.2.1 CP in character and narrator language193.3.2.2 Implicature in character and narrator language203.3.

29、2.3 PP in character and narrator language21Chapter 4 A Room with a View and its Author234.1 E. M. Forsters life and literary career234.2 Cultural thoughts in E. M. Forsters novels244.3 The story of A Room with A View24Chapter 5 A Pragmatic Study of A Room with a View265. 1 CP & PP in communication d

30、uring the first meeting of lovers265. 2 CP & PP in communication during Lucys back to England375. 3 CP & PP in communication when lovers meet again415. 4 CP & PP in communication when Lucy takes actions50Chapter 6 Functions of Pragmatic Study of the Fiction586.1 Function of CP&PP in character moldin

31、g586.1.1 Spiritual transformation of Lucy586.1.2 Spiritual deficiency of Cecil616.2 Function of CP & PP in revealing cultural thoughts626.2.1 Deficiency of “Undeveloped hearts” of English middle class626.2.2 Communication as the remedy of “Undeveloped hearts”636.2 Function of CP & PP in plot develop

32、ment64Chapter 7 Conclusion667.1 Findings of the study667.2 Limitations of the study67Bibliography69Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Lead-in remarksLiterature is and can not be anything but a sort of extension and application of certain properties of language (Jakobson, 1987: 93). Linguistic study includes

33、the study of all languages, including literary language. Despite the complementary relationship between linguistics and literature study, they have been at odds with each other for quite a long time. Scholars in the literature circle demean the rigid grammar and rules that ruin the aesthetic beauty

34、of literature as an art, while literary men are criticized for their purely sensible judgment and appreciation which is lacking of scientific and systematic study of language. This situation changes when linguistic theory develops in different branches. Pragmatics, as a branch of linguistics, made i

35、ts appearance in last two decades of 20th century. Pragmatics studies language use in human communication as determined by specific context. It emphasizes meaning conveyed in human communication. Literary criticism also admits that literary writing and reading is a communication by the carrier of la

36、nguage. Thus in the communicative perspective, pragmatics should also be valid in dealing with literary communication. Based on this assumption, some scholars endeavor to incorporate pragmatics into the study of literature. Their studies open up a new inter-disciplinary scholarship which successfull

37、y builds bridges between pragmatics and literary study. Based on the achievements by scholars in this field, this thesis makes an attempt to carry out a pragmatic study of fictional communication in the novel A Room with a View by British novelist E. M. Forster. It applies cooperative principle and

38、politeness principle to analyze the character language and narrative language in the fiction and studies how these principles promote to convey and understand meanings in the specific context.1.2 Purpose of the study This thesis attempts to apply some pragmatic theories, more specifically, cooperati

39、ve principle and politeness principle to the study of fictional communication in the novel A Room with a Room. Pragmatics, as a branch of linguistics, originally limits its study to the domain of daily conversation. Thus through shifting from the study of daily communication to that of fictional com

40、munication, the thesis analyzes how this pragmatic study of literary communication sheds some light on the interpretation and appreciation of this novel. 1.3 Justification for the studyDespite more and more academic attention put to the pragmatic study of literature, the study is always accompanied

41、by many opposing voices. A question is proposed: Does the pragmatic mechanism have any validity in terms of its explanatory power in analyzing literary texts? To answer this question, firstly it should make clear where pragmatics puts its emphasis. Many versions of definitions of pragmatics have the

42、 unanimous agreement in that pragmatics studies the meaning of certain language use by language users in communication (Wales, 1989: 369). Secondly it should further ask whether literature text belongs to a kind of communication between language users in which pragmatic mechanism function. Those sup

43、porters in this field give many sound reasons. The earliest attentions to demonstrate the validity of pragmatic mechanism in literary text are linguistics Van Dijk from Holland (1976) and American linguist Pratt (1977). Dijk is deeply convinced that both the author and the reader join in literary co

44、mmunication, and he applied conversational implicature into fictional communication. Pratt claims that “Grices account seems perfectly able to handle deviance within literature” (1977:200). Their pioneering statements are further advocated by many followers. Feng (1997) argues that conversation impl

45、icature resulted from Grices cooperative principle also occurs in as the literary text (24-30). Brown and Yuel puts the readers and hearer in the same position. The author assumes that his readers are cooperative understanding his intention of writing down certain language (1983:11-12). For politene

46、ss principle, Sell (1991) might be one of the pioneers to discuss the applicability of Brown & Levinsons politeness theory to the study of literature. He claims that every politeness phenomenon in spoken language also occurs in literature (1991:218). Simpson (1989) found a very obvious phenomenon of

47、 politeness in The Lesson by E. Ionesco. The politeness principle seems to be found its employment only among the characters language. He claimed that it was the intention of the author to apply this principle consciously to reach some artistic effect (171-193). It would cost several pages to illust

48、rate the efforts of many scholars to demonstrate the applicability of pragmatic into the study of literature. These are some typical ones. But it is enough to conclude from the above justifications of scholars that it is rational and feasible to carry out pragmatic study of literature with a view to

49、 prove the explanatory power of pragmatics in fictional communication as well as to promote fictional understanding and appreciation. 1.4 Methodology of the studyThis thesis attempts to carry out a pragmatic study of fictional communication seen from novel A Room with a Room. Thus it is not a pure l

50、iterary study nor does it belong to the pure scope of linguistic study. The interdisciplinary approach is quite noticeable in terms of the theoretical framework. 1.4.1 Combination of pragmatics and communication theorySince fictional language, if studied in the pragmatic approach, needs to focus on

51、its nature of communication between the author and the reader. Thus, it is quite necessary to acknowledge the unique features, the participants, and the means of communication in fiction. That is to say, unlike the conventional study that simply shots at daily conversation, this thesis always put pr

52、agmatic strategies into the domain of the communication of fiction, which is taken out communication between the author and reader and it involves author, reader, character, and narrator. This reality makes the analysis be multi-dimensioned in the interactions among all the participants of communica

53、tion. 1.4.2 Consideration of pragmatic study and fictional developmentBy following the development of the plot in A Room with a Room, it is more plausible for the reader acknowledge how pragmatics help the interpretation of fiction. At the same time, the sub-maxims of cooperative principle and polit

54、eness principle are all complimentary to each other and none of the maxims are ignored. Two or more maxims might function together in the same piece of dialogue or narration of the fiction, thus it is quite feasible to take out a qualitative study of how different pragmatic strategy complement to he

55、lp push the plot development, interpretation of the language, appreciation of its aesthetic value and artistic craftsmanship. 1.4.3 The nature of inter-disciplinary study Since the study is concerned both the pragmatic strategies and the fiction itself, it is quite inter-disciplinary. As the great p

56、ioneering figures in this field Van Dijk, Pratt and Sell points out, this study “is not a pure literary study which borrows theories and techniques from a separate discipline of linguistics, neither does it belong to the scope of linguistic study which uses literary texts as examples. It is linguist

57、ic and literary as well. It centers on what we have come to call literary texts, but it does not virtually distinguish the communication between literary writers and their readers from any other type of communication” (Sell, 1991a: xiv). It sees “the writing and reading of literary texts as interactive communication processes” (ibid.) and “traces the dynamic reciprocity of text and interpreter within a given historical situation” (ibid.:xv).1.5 Significance of the studyThis thesis chooses the fiction A Room with a Room,