機械工具的根本原則外文文獻翻譯、中英文翻譯

1、 TC No. 9-524 JOEL B.HUDSON, DENNIS J.REIMER Washington,DC, 29 October 1996ATTN: ATCL-AO, 801 Lee Avenue, Fort Lee, Virginia 23801-1713.FUNDAMENTALS OF MACHINE TOOLSChapter 4DRILLING MACHINESGENERAL INFORMATIONPURPOSEThis chapter contains basic information pertaining to drilling machines. A drilling

2、 machine comes in many shapes and sizes, from small hand-held power drills to bench mounted and finally floor-mounted models. They can perform operations other than drilling, such as countersinking, counter boring, reaming, and tapping large or small holes. Because the drilling machines can perform

3、all of these operations, this chapter will also cover the types of drill bits, took, and shop formulas for setting up each operation. Safety plays a critical part in any operation involving power equipment. This chapter will cover procedures for servicing, maintaining, and setting up the work, prope

4、r methods of selecting tools, and work holding devices to get the job done safely without causing damage to the equipment, yourself, or someone nearby.USESA drilling machine, called a drill press, is used to cut holes into or through metal, wood, or other materials (Figure 4-1).Drilling machines use

5、 a drilling tool that has cutting edges at its point. This cutting tool is held in the drill press by a chuck or Morse taper and is rotated and fed into the work at variable speeds. Drilling machines may be used to perform other operations. They can perform countersinking, boring, counter boring, sp

6、ot facing, reaming, and tapping (Figure 4-2).Drill press operators must know how to set up the work, set speed and feed, and provide for coolant to get an acceptable finished product. The size or capacity of the drilling machine is usually determined by the largest piece of stock that can be center-

7、drilled (Figure 4-3). For instance, a 15-inch drilling machine can center-drill a 30-inch-diameter piece of stock.Other ways to determine the size of the drill press are by the largest hole that can be drilled, the distance between the spindle and column, and the vertical distance between the workta

8、ble and spindle.CHARACTERISTICSAll drilling machines have the following construction characteristics (Figure 4-4): a spindle. sleeve or quill. column, head, worktable, and base.The spindle holds the drill or cutting tools and revolves in a fixed position in a sleeve. In most drilling machines, the s

9、pindle is vertical and the work is supported on a horizontal table.The sleeve or quill assembly does not revolve but may slide in its bearing in a direction parallel to its axis. When the sleeve carrying the spindle with a cutting tool is lowered, the cutting tool is fed into the work: and when it i

10、s moved upward, the cutting tool is withdrawn from the work. Feed pressure applied to the sleeve by hand or power causes the revolving drill to cut its way into the work a few thousandths of an inch per revolution.The column of most drill presses is circular and built rugged and solid. The column su

11、pports the head and the sleeve or quill assembly.The head of the drill press is composed of the sleeve, spindle, electric motor, and feed mechanism. The head is bolted to the column.The worktable is supported on an arm mounted to the Column. The worktable can be adjusted vertically to accommodate di

12、fferent heights of work. or it may be swung completely out of the way. It may be tilted up to 90 in either direction, to allow for long pieces to be end or angled drilled.The base of the drilling machine supports the entire Machine and when bolted to the floor, provides for Vibration-free operation

13、and best machining accuracy.The top of the base is similar to a worktable and maybe equipped with T-slots for mounting work too large for the table.CARE OF DRILLING MACHINESLubricationLubrication is important because of the heat and frictionGenerated by the moving parts. Follow the manufacturers man

14、ual for proper lubrication methods. Clean each machine after use. Clean T-slots. grooves. And dirt from belts and pulleys. Remove chips to avoid damage to moving parts.Wipe all spindles and sleeves free of grit to avoid damaging The precision fit. Put a light coat of oil on all unpainted surfaces to

15、 prevent rust. Operate all machines with care to avoid overworking the electric motor.Special CareOperations under adverse conditions require special care. If machines are operated under extremely dusty conditions. Operate at the slowest speeds to avoid rapid abrasive wear on the moving parts and lu

16、bricate the machines more often.Under extreme cold conditions, start the machines at a slow speed and allow the parts and lubricants to warm up before increasing the speeds. Metal becomes very brittle in extreme cold. so do not strike the machines with hard tools. Extreme heat may cause the motor to

17、 overheat. so use intermittent. Or on and off, operations to keep the motor running cool.TYPES OF DRILLING MACHINESThere are two types of drilling machines used by maintenance personnel for repairing and fabricating needed parts: hand-feed or power-feed. Other types of drilling machines, such as the

18、 radial drill press. Numerically controlled drilling machine. Multiple spindle drilling machine, gang drilling machine, and turret drill press, are all variations of the basic hand and power-feed drilling machines. They are designed for high-speed production and industrial shops.Drilling depth is co

19、ntrolled by a depth-stop mechanism located on the side of the spindle. The operator of the machine must use a sense of feel while feeding the cutting tool into the work. The operator must pay attention and be alert. to when the drill breaks through the work, because of the tendency of the drill to g

20、rab or snag the work piece, of these machines, operations that require drilling speeds less than 450 revolutions per minute cannot be performed.Reaming, counter boring, and counter-sinking may require slower speeds than drilling and may not be able to be performed for all materials on these machines

21、.Hand-FeedThe hand-feed drilling machines (Figure 4-5) are the simplest and most common type of drilling machines in use today. These are light duty machines that are hand-fed by the operator, using a feed handle. so that the operator is able to “feel” the action of the cutting tool as it cuts throu

22、gh the work piece. These drilling machines can be bench or floor-mounted.They are driven by an electric motor that turns a drive belt on a motor pulley that connects to the spindle pulley. Hand-feed machines are essentially high-speed machines and are used on small workplaces that require holes 1/2

23、inch or smaller. Normally, the head can be moved up and down on the column by loosening the locking bolts. Which allows the drilling machine to drill different heights of work.Power-FeedThe power-feed drilling machines (Figure 4-6) are usually larger and heavier than the hand-feed. They are equipped

24、 with the ability to feed the cutting tool into the work automatically, at a preset depth of cut per revolution of the spindle, usually in thousandths of an inch per revolution. These machines are used in maintenance shops for medium duty work, or work that uses large drills that require power feeds

25、. The power-feed capability is needed for drills or cutting took that are over 1/2 inch in diameter, because they require more force to cut than that which can be provided by using hand pressure. The speeds available on power-feed machines can vary from about 50 RPM to about 1,800 RPM. The slower sp

26、eeds allow for special operations, such as counter boring, countersinking, and reaming.The sizes of these machines generally range from 17-inch to a 22-inch center-drilling capacity, and are usually floor mounted. They can handle drills up to 2 inches in diameter, which mount into tapered Morse sock

27、ets. Larger workplaces are usually clamped directly to the table or base using T-bolts and clamps, while small workplaces are held in a vise. A depth-stop mechanism is located on the head, near the spindle, to aid in drilling to a precise depth.SAFETY PRECAUTIONSDRILLING MACHINE SAFETY Drilling mach

28、ines are one of the most dangerous hand operated pieces of equipment in the shop area. Following safety procedures during drilling operations will help eliminate accidents, loss of time, and materials. Listed below Keep all loose clothing away from turning tools. Are safety procedures common to most

29、 types of drilling a chines found in the machine shop. Make sure that the cutting tools are running straight before starting the operation.Do not support the workplaces by hand. Never make any adjustments while the machine is operating. Never clean away chips with your hand. Use a brush.Never place

30、tools or equipment on the drilling tables. Keep all guards in place while operating.Ease up on the feed as the drill breaks through the work to avoid damaged tools or workplaces.Remove all chuck keys and wrenches before operating.Always wear eye protection while operating any drilling machines.TOOLS

31、 AND EQUIPMENTTWIST DRILLSTwist drills are the most common cutting tools used with drilling machines. Twist drills are designed to make round holes quickly and accurately in all materials. They are called twist drills mainly because of the helical flutes or grooves that wind around the body from the

32、 point to the neck of the drill and appear to be twisted (Figure 4-7). Twist drills are simply constructed but designed very tough to withstand the high torque of turning, the downward pressure on the drill, and the high heat generated by friction.There are two common types of twist drills, high-spe

33、ed steel drills, and carbide-tipped drills. The most common type used for field and maintenance shop work is the high-speed steel twist drill because of its low cost. Carbide-tipped metal drills are used in production work where the drill must remain sharp for extended periods, such as in a numerica

34、lly controlled drilling machine. Other types of drills available are: carbide tipped masonry drills, solid carbide drills, TiN coated drills, parabolic drills and split point drills. Twist drills are classified as straight shank or tapered shank (Figure 4-7). Straight shank twist drills are usually

35、l/2-inch or smaller and tit into geared drill chucks, while tapered shank drills are usually for the larger drills that need more strength which is provided by the taper socket chucks.Common twist drill sizes range from 0.0135 (wire gage size No. 80) to 3.500 inches in diameter. Larger holes are cut

36、 by special drills that are not considered as twist drills. The standard sizes used in the United States are the wire gage numbered drills, letter drills, fractional drills, and metric drills (See Table 4-1, in Appendix A). Twist drills can also be classified by the diameter and length of the shank

37、and by the length of the fluted portion of the twist drill.Wire gage twist drills and letter twist drills are generally used where other than standard fractional sizes are required, such as drilling holes for tapping. In this case, the drilled hole forms the minor diameter of the thread to be cut, a

38、nd the major diameter which is cut by tapping corresponds to the common fractional size of the screw. Wire gage twist drills range from the smallest to the largest size; from No 80(0.0135 inch) to No 1 (0.2280 inch). The larger the number, the smaller the diameter of the drill. Letter size twists dr

39、ills range from A (0.234 inch) to Z (0.413 inch). As the letters progress, the diameters become larger.Fractional drills range from 1/64 to 1 3/4 inches in l/64-inch units; from 1/32 to 2 1/4 inches in 1/32-inch units, and from 1/1 6 to 3 1/2 inches in 1/16-inch units.Metric twist drills are ranged

40、in three ways: miniature set, straight shank, and taper shank. Miniature metric drill sets range from 0.04 mm to 0.99 mm in units of 0.01 mm. Straight shank metric drills range from 0.05 mm to 20.0 mm in units from 0.02 mm to 0.05 mm depending on the size of the drill.Taper shank: drills range in si

41、ze from 8 mm to 80 mm in units from 0.01 mm to 0.05 mm depending on the size of the drill.The drill gage (Figure 4-8) is used to check the diameter size of a twist drill. The gage consists of a plate having a series of holes. These holes can be numbered, lettered, fractional, or metric-sized twist d

42、rills. The cutting end of the drill is placed into the hole to check the size. A micrometer can also be used to check the size of a twist drill by measuring over the margins of the drill (Figure 4-9). The smaller sizes of drills are not usually marked with the drill size or worn drills may have the

43、drill size rubbed off, thus a drill gage or micrometer must be used to check the size.It is important to know the parts of the twist drill for proper identification and sharpening (Figure 4-7).The point is the entire conical shaped end of the drill containing the cutting edges and chisel edge. The b

44、ody is the part of the drill that is fluted and relieved.The shank is the part that fits into the holding device, whether it is a straight shank or a tapered shank. The chisel edge is the point at which the two lips meet. The chisel edge acts as a chisel when the drill is turning and cuts into the w

45、ork piece. The chisel edge must always be centered exactly on the drills axis for accurate cutting action.The cutting edge lips cut like knives when fed and rotated into the work piece. The lips are sharp edges formed by grinding the flutes to a conical point.The heel is the conical shaped portion o

46、f the point in back of the cutting edge lips. The amount of slope given to the heel in back of the drill lips is called lip clearance. This clearance is necessary to keep the heel from rubbing the bottom of the hole being drilled. Rubbing would prevent the drill from cutting.The flute is the helical

47、 groove on the drill. It carries out the chips and admits coolant to the cutting edges. The margin is the narrow surface along the flutes that determines the size of the drill and keeps the drill aligned.The portion of the drill body that is relieved behind the margin is known as the body clearance.

48、 The diameter of this part is less than that of the margin and provides clearance so that all of the body does not rub against the side of the hole and cause friction. The body clearance also permits passage of lubricants around the drill.The narrowed end of the tapered shank drill is called the tan

49、g. The tang fits the slot in the innermost end of the drill spindle, drill chuck, or other drill holding device and aids in driving the tool. It also prevents the drill from slipping.The web of the drill is the metal section separating the flutes. It runs the length of the body between the flutes. T

50、he web gradually increases in thickness toward the shank, increasing the rigidity of the drill.An imaginary line through the center of the drill from end to end is the axis. The drill must rotate evenly about the axis at all times.SPECIAL DRILLSSpecial drills are needed for some applications that a

51、normal high-speed industrial operations. Other types of special drills general purpose drill cannot accomplish quickly or accurately. Are: left hand drill, Silver and Deming, spotting, slow spiral, Special drills can be twist drill type, straight fluted type, or fast spiral, half round, die, flat, a

52、nd core drills. The general special fluted. Special drills can be known by the job that they purpose high-speed drill, which is the common twist drill used are designed for, such as aircraft length drills, which have an for most field and maintenance shops, can be reground and extended shank. Specia

53、l drills are usually used in adapted for most special drilling needs.SHARPENING TWIST DRILLSTwist drills become dull and must be resharpened. The preferred method of resharpening a twist drill is with the drill grinding machine, but this machine is not always available in field and maintenance units

54、, so the offhand method of drill sharpening must be used (Figure 4-10). The off hand method requires that the operator have a knowledge of the drilling geometry (Figure 4-11) and how to change drill angles as needed for any drilling job (see Table 4-2 in Appendix A).Tools needed are a utility or ben

55、ch grinder with a dressed wheel and a drill point gage (Figure 4-12) or protractor head on the combination square. The drill point gage is set at 59 and adjusted along the steel rule to fit the drill to be sharpened. The cutting lips must be of the same angle, the lip clearance angle must be within

56、a specific degree range, and the cutting lips must be of an equal length. There are several basic characteristics that all twist drills must have to cut properly. The following will cover those characteristics.PRECHECKBefore sharpening a twist drill, the operator must check the condition of the dril

57、l for chipped and cracked lips or edges that must be ground off during the sharpening process. The operator must also check the references for the proper lip angle and lip clearance angle for the material to be drilled. After setting up the bench grinder for offhand drill sharpening, the operator as

58、sumes a comfortable stance in front of the grinding wheel to sharpen the twist drill. The suggested method is to grind the lip angle first, then concentrate on grinding the lip clearance angle, which will then determine the lip length. The usual lip angle is an included angle of 118(59 x 2) (Figure

59、4-13), which is the lip angle of general purpose drills. Use the drill point gage frequently to check lip angle and lip length. When grinding, do not allow the drill to become overheated. Overheating will cause the drill edges to become blue which is an indication that the drills temper has been lost. The blue area mus