從《魯濱遜漂流記》看荒島文學現(xiàn)實主義元素

1、The Realistic Elements in English Desert Island Literature-Taking Robinson Crusoeas an Example 系（部）：外語系 專業(yè)班：英語1002班 姓 名： 學 號： 指導(dǎo)教師： 2015年6月 The Realistic Elements in English Desert Island Literature-Taking Robinson Crusoas an Example 從魯賓遜漂流記看英國荒島學 的現(xiàn)實主義元素 Abstract Culture is the heavy fruit of the u

2、n ited labor of all eth nics all over the world, which is a stri ng of dyn amic and vigorous force in the long and remote history.Culture also has a long history. From remote an cie nt times, culture has in flue need people visibly or in visibly , and it is a n ecessary part of humalife. As is known

3、 to all, with the further developme nt of huma n society and culture, the literature appears and there are differe nt kinds of writ ing styles. Some are famous, and some are little known. This paper will introduce a small branch of literature, the desert isla nd literature, an aspiri ng style filled

4、 with adve nture and bravery. The desert isla nd literature ,n amely, is a writ ing way to depict lives on desert isla nds, and it is also the traditi onal writ ing way of En glish literature. It shares with other styles of literature the great honor of the sple ndid and gorgeous treasure of humagre

5、at achieveme nts in history. The unique locati on of British isles con tributes greatly to the birth of this special literary genre. And the unique geographic en vir onment, the developme nt of British colonies, and the risking spirit of British people give the distinctive British characters to dese

6、rt isla nd literature. Heroes of these works usually drift to isolated isla nds for various reasons, invoIved in a series of mysterious, eccentric and thrilling stories, among which Robinson Crusoe,the shi ning masterpiece of Daniel Defoe, who enjoys the reputation as the father of English novel, is

7、 a must to be referred. And it is the most typical and in flue ntial work. It reflects the characteristics and features of its era respectively. The desert isla nds are not, as they seem to be, the locati ons sought by the authors to escape from their social realities. On the con trary, these isla n

8、d stories are just the places for express ing the authors profo und thoughts on their societiesThis paper will take Robinson Crusoe, the first realistic English novel, as an example, to explore the push ing effect the realistic eleme nts of the desert isla nd literature have on the 18e nglish men ta

9、l developme nt , from the perspective of realism, by an alyz ing its writ ing backgro und, its hero and the spirit, values etc. Key words： Robinson Crusoe realism; Daniel Defoe; desert island literature; the age of En lighte nment; 文化是全世界各族人民共同努力的碩大成果，是悠久綿長的歷史長河中一股生 機勃勃的力量。文化有著悠久的歷史。自遠古時期，文化就有形無形地影響

10、著人們， 它是人類生活不可或缺的一部分。眾所周知，隨著人類社會和文化的進一步發(fā)展， 文學也隨之誕生。文學有各種各樣的體裁，有些體裁為人們所熟知，而有些，人們 則知之甚少。而本文則主要研究文學的一小分支一荒島文學?；膷u文學是充滿著冒險、 勇氣的一種令人鼓舞、心潮澎湃的寫作體裁?；膷u文學，顧名思義，是描寫荒島上 生活的文學，它也是島國英國文學寫作的一種傳統(tǒng)寫作體裁?；膷u文學和其他文學 一樣都是人類歷史上所取得的偉大成就，是輝煌璀璨的寶庫?；膷u文學的形成很大 程度上都得益于英倫三島特殊的地理環(huán)境，而獨特的地理環(huán)境，以及英國人天生的 勇于冒險的精神賦予了荒島文學作品獨特的人物性格?；膷u文學作品中的主人

11、公往 往都是因為各種各樣的原因被海水飄到某個荒島上，在島上經(jīng)歷了一系列攝人心魄， 驚悚而又神秘的事件。在這些文學作品中，不得不提的就是英國小說之父，丹尼爾 笛福的偉大著作一魯濱遜漂流記。魯濱遜漂流記是笛福影響最大、最有特色的 一部作品。這部小說映射出了那個時代的特色以及特點。在這里，不得不提的就是 荒島文學并不是作者尋求逃離現(xiàn)實社會的避難所；恰恰相反，這些作品都是作者用 來宣泄對現(xiàn)實的各種情感的容器。在這里，作者從現(xiàn)實主義的視角出發(fā)，借助魯 賓遜漂流記這部作品，通過分析小說故事中的故事背景 、人物形象、價值觀念等, 透視18世紀英國荒島文學的現(xiàn)實主義元素對整個時代思潮的推動作用。 關(guān)鍵詞：魯賓

12、遜漂流記；現(xiàn)實主義；笛福；荒島文學；啟蒙運動； II Contents 1. Introduction1 2. Desert island literature2 2.1 The definition of desert island literature2 2.2 The feature of desert isla nd literature2 2.3 The esse nee of the desert isla nd literature3 2.4 The close link between the desert island literature and the Great Bri

13、tain4 3. The realistic eleme nts reflected inRob inson Crusoe.6. 3.1 The realistic foun dati on of this novel6 3.2 The heros liv ing styles of this novel6 3.3 The reflect ion of Daniel Defoesow n experienee8 th 3.4 The mirror of British values of the 18 century8 3.5 The slave trade of the 18 century

14、 in En gland10 4. The reflect ion of theEn glishideologicaldevelopme nt in Robinson Crusoe12. 4.1 The protesta nt spirits in Rob inson Crusoe12 4.2 The capitalism spirits in Robinson Crouse13 4.3 The ideological developme nt of the capitalism inRobinson Crusoe15 5. Conclusion19 Acknowledgments21 Ref

15、erences22 111 1. Introduction With the developme nt of the moder n scie nee and tech no logy , the world marches toward the globalization and multi-polarization and becomes a big family. All kinds of culture gradually mix together, and especially the literature draws more and more atte nti on. The c

16、om muni cati on betwee n differe nt cultures is in creas ing. Mea nwhile, in order to explore the culture of differe nt coun tries, to en rich our mental civilizatio n, to lear n things from others, more and more experts beg in to apply themselves to the study of the literature. Of all kinds of lite

17、rature , one catches the author attention, the desert island literature.The reas on why the author does some researches on this subject is that it is meanin gful for people to know the situati on of that time in En gla nd, to get in touch of the local people ise, to know the effect the desert island

18、 literature has on the later developme nt of En glish literature, and to know the relati on ship betwee n En gla nd and the deserted island literature, to dissect Daniel Defoe well and to know the points of the realistic in flue nces of the deserted isla nd literature from Robinson Crusoe. Secon dly

19、, in the late twentieth century, literary critics began to pay attention to the colonial ideology that appeared in isla nd literature. I n this period, what has a relatively large impact on the literary criticism is the post colo nial criticism theory that emerged in last two decades of the twen tie

20、th cen tury. It is the literary works, especially the isla nd literaturethat provides a unique research perspective.1:1Moreover, literature is closely linked with several aspects.And sometimes it also can be a tool to explore the development of history or economy, for instanee. Lastly, since the uni

21、que geographical location of England con tributes largely to the birth of En glish desert isla nd literature, i n other words, Great Britai n is the foun ta in of desert isla nd literature. As every one kno ws, the desert isla nd literature is a colorful banner in literature history, and it lightens

22、 the path toward the literature and tap a new writ ing style. I n fact, desert isla nd literature is a way to show the truth. It is realistic. Although many such works have bee n worked out, among which the Robinson Crusoe is the most typical and the most faithful. Robinson Crusoe is the first reali

23、stic British novel written by Daniel Defoe, the father of English novel. This book dem on strates a realistic bourgeois image duri ng the age of en lighte nment, and it ope ns the door for people to pursue the social, political, and economic system, the values and the beliefs of the l8h cen tury.2:1

24、 2. Desert island literature As is known to all, literature works are the fruits of the writers men tai pursuit and psychological activities. And it is always inevitably closed linked with the author sliving en vir onment or his feeli ngs. Through an excelle nt literature work, we could touch the fo

25、otpri nt of the author realistic society and his men tal world. In other word, literature is the exact place for the author to express his deep feelings. As times marches on , more and more people are attracted by a special literature style- the desert isla nd literature. Desert isla nd literature i

26、s just like a rai n-forest filled with mystery and fun, and it also in spires lots of people to go ahead. To sum up, it is a magni fice nt and n ecessary pearl of huma n society. 2.1 The definition of desert island literature With the passage of time, as huma n society develops, our great an cestors

27、 have inven ted various means to record their lives,am ong which the most typical and faithful one is the word. Hitherto, many writers also have writte n lots of great masterpieces based on their own experie nee or their social backgro und for differe nt styles in clud ing the roma nticism, the real

28、ism and the modernism. Also, some writers are attracted by some desolate, uncivilized islands,and they consistently give their works such background and then describe the humans life on this desert isla nd to express their thoughts. Then, the desert island literature emerges. However, becauseof the

29、different geographical locations and different national realities, such kinds of literature works haven developed to be a trend to be followed but just to be a part of the plot. Desert isla nd literature is applied to express one personsvalue and status. And the hero of such work is the pers on ific

30、ati on of some symbolic meanin gs. A sole pers on or a group of pers ons may symbolize the whole huma n society. And the writers set a backgro und of desert isla nd to show humansgreat ness and the shabby of the nature by describing the humans brave fight against the fierce nature.3:1 And the most t

31、ypical one is Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe. 2.2 The feature of desert island literature Compared with the romanticism and the realism, the desert island literature isnt a formal literature school. It is diachronic.Since both the structure of the novel and the writi ng purpose are all give n their c

32、haracteristics which make the desert isla nd literature distinctive from others. Firstly, a desert island work always has a background of desert isla nd. And the desert isla nd is a symbol. Secon dly, in terms of the structure, the writer always adopts the trilogy. Every reader who has ever read the

33、 Robinson Crusoe the lord of flies and so on such typical desert isla nd literature all will find that such works all are give n such structure: a man lives in a isolated isla nd un willi ngly, the n he struggles to have a life aga inst all kinds of fierce difficulties, and fin ally he succeedsa nd

34、comes back gloriously. Actually, i n terms of the theme of desert isla nd literature, it is a summary of the main characters tough experienee on island. 4:3Just like above description, the most arresting feature of desert island literature is that the main characters activities of such novels are li

35、mited to a isolated island without other locations. As literature advances, desert isla nd has become an in dispe nsable part in manty writersworks. In a word, desert island literature has three characters. Firstly, it is a kind of experimental literature. To a writer, an isolated, uncivilized, unde

36、veloped, and desolate island without name, history, the invasion of civilization is more experimental. Writers deliberately put the main character in such isla nd in order to observe whether he can live through in such stra nge and primary en vir onment. This is just like an experime nt. Secon dly,

37、desert isla nd literature is a kind of building literature. When the main character met with the primary surro undin gs, he n eeded to recreate everyth ing requisite for life.A nd he would recreate a new society accord ing to the old civilizati on society which already existed. Since in such books,

38、whe n the mai n character was drifted to a desolate and desert isla nd, he n eeded to live. So he n eeded tools to work, and he n eeded the house to live, and he n eeded the food. In all, he n eeded everyth ing for life,a nd he had no choice but to build. For example, whe n Robinson Crusoe was drift

39、ed to such isla nd, he built a house to live, he also pla nted some grains and vegetables, he also made out some porcela in and cooked the bread. And what is special is that he also had a serva nt. All these are all the reflecti on of Robinson Crusoes build ing art. Thirdly, desert isla nd literatur

40、e is a kind of adve nture literature. as whe n one was drifted to a virg in isla nd, it is just like an adve nture for him. It is a trip, and he n eeded to explore somethi ng and the trip is mysterious and full of many fierce thin gs. But in order to live, he had to have an adve nture in this isla n

41、d. And this attitude is just like a Chin ese say ing: where there is will, there is wall. Referri ng to the writ ing method, writers focused on appl ying the realistic and the roma ntic ways to praise the great ness of huma n. 2.3 The essence of the desert island literature Desert island literature

42、is a new area for modern society. It is a literary world full of unique aesthetic implication for referenee to the developed human civilization. Desert island literature is not aimed to seek escape from the society, on the contrary, it is a kind of barrier, a way to express the themes. It sometimes

43、is used to describe the con flict betwee n human and the nature, while sometimes it is used to depict how to change the nature or to spread the writers opinions, dreams and states. And another reason why the desert island literature attracts readers is its atmosphere-free and unbounded and away from

44、 in dustrializatio n.3:4 2.4 The close link between the desert island literature and the Great Britain The desert island literature has a natural link with English literature.Firstly, the Great Britain is a desert island,and it provides English literature with many adventure experie nces. Besides th

45、is, many En glish writers also have a deeper un dersta nding of the desert isla nd. Secon dly, En glish writers make full use of the geographical phe nomenon of desert island isolation in their writings .They take the desert island as a background or as a theme. Then comes the desert island literatu

46、re in English history, as Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe Dating back to English literature history, such typical literature phenomenonfe birth has its own special reason.First of all, Great Britain s natural geographical locatio n con tributes greatly to the come-out of the desert isla nd literature.

47、 Taine once put forward in his Literature Art an important point that the birth,development and highlight of the art have some certa in relati on ship with its race,e nvir onment and time.5:136 Great Britain is an isolated country composing of many small islands. As a strong country, great Britain h

48、as special psychological value differing from others. Perhaps, we may say desert islands are the source of the great power with which the britannias ruled the world cheerly. Secondly, The British history also does good to the birth of the desert island literature. It supplies many humanitarian parts

49、 to the desert island literature.English is a country with long and sple ndid history. However, before the in dustrial revoluti on arrived, En glish enjo yed a stro ng feudal syste m.In the side of ideology, and the church con trolled peoples life, and the great character and the council system coul

50、d not change peoples thinking styles totally. However, the later in dustrial revoluti on brought not only the steam engine but the values of capitalism for the British people. The capitalism advocates the pursuit of mon ey. And the in dustrial revoluti on in deed offer lots of opport un ities for Br

51、itish people to make mon ey.As the British oversea colonial expa nsion adva need, En glish became the factory of the world. People of every class, including the sailor,merchants,scientists or the workers or the artists, were all eager to seek fortune to accumulate the mon ey. Some of them were fren

52、zied to adve nture or bus in ess. Then, I ots of them became the colo nist, running after mon ey. Some became the pirates or the slaveholders. And drive n by the mon ey, people pursued money crazily at all cost, eve n their lives. At that time. The amount of the money one possessedwas the measureof

53、one life value. And being rich was almost every ones dream.6:3As is known to us, the desert isla nd literature reflects the values of the emerging capitalism. Lastly, to sum up, we can find desert island literatures history is similar to the British history and its political history. And they have a

54、ll kinds of connections. And it is just these connections lead to explore further not only theRobinson th Crusoe but the British society of the 18 century. And furthermore, we could find a clue that the realistic element in desert island literature can also extract from the novels. 20 3. The realist

55、ic elements reflected in Robinson Crusoe As above mentioned, among great desert island literature works, Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoeis the most typical and faithful. Robinson Crusoe enjoys the reputation of the first En glish realistic no vel.7:112This book dem on stratesa realistic bourgeois imag

56、e duri ng the age of en lighte nment, and it ope ns the door for people to pursue the social, political, econo mical system, the values and the beliefs of the 18ce ntury. 3.1 The realistic foundation of this novel In Daniel Defo e era, the British bourgeois revolution entered a substantive stage -In

57、 dustrial Revoluti on. The developme nt of the in dustrial revolutio n has accelerated the British Overseascolonial and maritime trade activity process, therefore in the literature also appeared such as n avigatio n, explorati on, pirate stories related to this historical period, when shipwrecked is

58、landing events have occurred from time to time. The plot of Robinson Crusoe is the story based on the fact that a man named Alexander Selk seama n because of a dispute with the capta in, and was aba ndoned on a desolate isla nd, liv ing alone for 4 years experie nee. In 1709, his coming back to En g

59、la nd as a n avigator once caused a great sensation.But Defoe claimed that his novel was written in 1708, and the highlight of his no vel is not imagi nary but facts reported, eve n in his preface also stated that this is the record of facts, at least not no vel . This story was based on theauthenti

60、city and stressed the birth of the Robinson Crusoe , which laid an important principle for the eighteenth century European novels.8:1 Namely, such works were no Ion ger limited to only describe magic terrible accide nts, but made the historic tran siti on from lege nds to the modern realistic no vel