(完整word)2013年考研英語一真題及答案,推薦文檔

1、 2013 年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語一真題及答案section i use of englishpeople are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when makingindividual decisions. at first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to makejudgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. but dr. uri simonsohn speculate

2、d that aninability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samplesof information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or sixother defenda

3、nts only to forced community service on that day.to 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. in theory, the 9 of anapplicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day,but dr. simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .he studied the results of 9

4、,323 mba interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. the interviewershad 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. this scale 14 numerous factors into consideration.the scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicants score on the graduatemanagement admission test, or gmat, a standardized exam whic

5、h is 16 out of 800 points, tomake a decision on whether to accept him or her.dr. simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series ofinterviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score forthe next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 p

6、oints. this might sound small, but to 19the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more gmat points than wouldotherwise have been 20 .1. agrants bsubmits ctransmits ddelivers2. aminor bobjective ccrucial d external3. aissue bvision cpicture dexternal15. a instead b then c ever d rather

7、16. a selected b passed c marked d introduced17. a before b after c above d below18. a jump b float c drop d fluctuate19. a achieve b undo c maintain d disregard20. a promising b possible c necessary d helpful in the 2006 film version of the devil wears prada, miranda priestly, played by meryl stree

8、p,scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesnt affect her, priestlyexplains how the deep blue color of the assistants sweater descended over the years fromfashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtlessfound her garment.this top

9、-down conception of the fashion business couldnt be more out of date or at oddswith the feverish would be described in overdressed, elizabeth clines three-year indictmentof “fast fashion”. in the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowde mass-marketlabels such as zara, h&m, and uniqlo t

10、o react to trends more quickly and anticipate demandmore precisely. quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release,and more profit. these labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes asdisposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they dont advertise that

11、and torenew their wardrobe every few weeks. by offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, clineargues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to aseasonal pace.the victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. for h&m to offer a$5.95

12、knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wageoverseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts ofharmful chemicals.overdressed is the fashion worlds answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like michaelpollans the omnivore

13、s dilemma. “mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger andneed, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” cline argues. americans, she finds, buy roughly 20billion garments a year about 64 items per person and no matter how much they giveaway, this excess leads to waste.towards the end of overdr

14、essed, cline introduced her ideal, a brooklyn woman namedsarah kate beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes and beautifully. butas cline is the first to note, it took beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example cantbe knocked off.though several fast-fashion companies have mad

15、e efforts to curb their impact on laborand the environment including h&m, with its green conscious collection linecline believeslasting change can only be effected by the customer. she exhibits the idealism common tomany advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. vanity is a constant;

16、people willonly start shopping more sustainably when they cant afford not to.21. priestly criticizes her assistant for hera poor bargaining skill.c obsession with high fashion.d lack of imagination. 25. what is the subject of the text?a satire on an extravagant lifestyle.b challenge to a high-fashio

17、n myth.c criticism of the fast-fashion industry.d exposure of a mass-market secret.an old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no oneknows which half. in the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced.by watching what people search fo

18、r, click on and say online, companies can aim“behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.in the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of suchfine-grained information: should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked andsent behavioural ads? or should

19、they have explicit permission?in december 2010 americas federal trade commission (ftc) proposed adding a do nottrack (dnt) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did notwant to be followed .microsofts internet explorer and apples safari both offer dnt ;googleschr

20、ome is due to do so this year. in february the ftc and digital advertising alliance (daa)agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to dnt requests.on may 31st microsoft set off the row: it said that internet explorer 10, the version due toappear windows 8, would have dnt as a default

21、.it is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. getting a dnt signal does not obligeanyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. unable to tellwhether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking withmicrosofts default, some may ignore a dnt s

22、ignal and press on anyway. also unclear is why microsoft has gone it alone. after all, it has an ad business too, whichit says will comply with dnt requests, though it is still working out how. if it is trying to upsetgoogle, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. dnt does not s

23、eem anobviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its otherproducts favourably with googles on that count before. brendon lynch, microsofts chiefprivacy officer, blogged: we believe consumers should have more control. could it really bethat simple?c avoid complain

24、ts from consumersd provide better online services27. “the industry” (line 6,para.3) refers to:a online advertisersb e-commerce conductorsc digital information analysisd internet browser developersc will not benefit consumersd goes against human nature30. the authors attitude towards what brendon lyn

25、ch said in his blog is one of:up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no meansuniformly - glowingly positive. science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity,leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.now utopia has grown unfashionable,

26、as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the rangeof threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. you mighteven be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to. but such gloominess is misplaced. the fossil record shows that many species hav

27、eendured for millions of years - so why shouldnt we? take a broader look at our species placein the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens,if not hundreds, of thousands of years. look up homo sapiens in the red list of threatenedspecies of the internati

28、onal union for the conversation of nature (iucn) ,and you will read:listed as least concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currentlyincreasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.so what does our deep future hold? a growing number of rese

29、archers and organizationsare now thinking seriously about that question. for example, the long now foundation hasits flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of yearshence.perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than abou

30、t themore immediate future. the potential evolution of todays technology, and its socialconsequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and its perhaps best left to science fiction writersand futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. thats one reason whywe have launched arc, a new pu

31、blication dedicated to the near future.but take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerableassurance. as so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enoughof the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to

32、makeevidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.this long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to bea passing fad. to be sure, the future is not all rosy. but we are now knowledgeable enough toreduce many of the risk

33、s that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve thelot of those to come.32. the iucns “red list” suggest that human being area a sustained speciesb a threaten to the environmentc the worlds dominant powerd a misplaced race33. which of the following is true according to paragraph 5?

34、a arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.b technology offers solutions to social problem.c the interest in science fiction is on the rise.d our immediate future is hard to conceive. 34. to ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial toa explore our planets abundant resourcesb adopt an op

35、timistic view of the worldc draw on our experience from the pastd curb our ambition to reshape history35. which of the following would be the best title for the text?a uncertainty about our futurec the ever-bright prospects of mankindd science, technology and humanityon a five to three vote, the sup

36、reme court knocked out much of arizonas immigrationlaw monday-a modest policy victory for the obama administration. but on the moreimportant matter of the constitution, the decision was an 8 -0 defeat for the administrationseffort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the

37、states.in arizona v. united states, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions ofarizonas controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.the constitutional principles that washington alone has the power to “establish a uniformrule of naturalizat

38、ion ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial .arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.justice anthony kennedy, joined by chief justice john roberts and the courts liberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal

39、sun. on the overturned provisions themajority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and arizona had thusintruded on the federals privileged powers.however, the justices said that arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal statusof people who come in contact with law enforc

40、ement. thats because congress has alwaysenvisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages stateofficers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.two of the three objecting justice-samuel alito and clarence thomas-agreed with thisconstitutional logic b

41、ut disagreed about which arizona rules conflicted with the federalstatute. the only major objection came from justice antonin scalia, who offered an evenmore robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and sedition acts.the 8-0 objection to president obama turns on what justice samuel

42、 alito describes in hisobjection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. the white house argued thatarizonas laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied withfederal statutes to the letter. in effect, the white house claimed that it could invalidate anyo

43、therwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenshipand the borders is among them. but if congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. it never did so. t

44、he administration wasin essence asserting that because it didnt want to carry out congresss immigration wishes,no state should be allowed to do so either. every justice rightly rejected this remarkableclaim.c states legitimate role in immigration enforcement.b undermined the states interests.c suppo

45、rted the federal statute.d rarely goes against state laws.a immigration issues are usually decided by congress.b justices intended to check the power of the administration.c justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with congress.d the administration is dominant over immigration issues.write an

46、 e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to bea judge for the upcoming english speech contest.you should include the details you think necessary.you should write neatly on the answer sheet 2.do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail, use li ming inst

47、ead.do not write the address. (10 points) write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. in your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly3) give your commentsyou should write neatly on answer sheet 2. (20 points)19. b. undo20. c. necessary 24. d. pricing is vital to environme

48、nt-friendly purchasing25. c. criticism of the fast-fashion industrytext 2 (an old saying)36. c. overstepped the authority of federal immigration37. c. states legitimate role in immigration enforcement38. d. stood in favor of the states40. d. the administration is dominant over immigration issues.41.

49、 e. these issues all have root causes in human behavior.42. f. despite these factors.46. 然而，看著無家可歸者繪制出的花園圖片時，人們會突然意識到，盡管這些花園風(fēng)格多樣，它們都顯示了人類除了裝飾和創(chuàng)造性表達之外的其他各種基本訴求 47. 一塊神圣的和平之地，不管它有多么粗糙，它都是一種人類本能的需求，和庇護所相反，那只是動物的本能需求。47. 無論地方多么簡陋不堪，尋求一片靜謐圣土是人類特有的需求，而動物需要的僅是僅是避難棲息之地。48. 無家可歸者描繪的花園實質(zhì)上是無所依附的，這些花園把一種形式引入城市環(huán)

50、境中，而這樣的城市環(huán)境中，形式要么根本不存在， 要么就完全不是以這種明顯的方式存在。9 49. 我們大多數(shù)人會深陷于精神萎靡的狀態(tài)，并常常將此歸咎為一些心理原因，直到某天我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己置身花園中，感到50. 正是對自然的這種或隱晦含蓄或清晰直白的提及，充分證實了用“花園”一詞來描述這些虛擬建筑是合乎情理的，即使是從毫無拘泥的意義來講的。on behalf of students union, i am writing this letter to invite you to be a judge fotrhe speech contest whichwill be held in student

51、s union hall on monday, january 21.as an internationally acclaimed scholar in english language and culture, your participation will bring us thepleasure. whats more, since you have been teaching for a long time and you enjoy a great popularityamong all teachers and students, we firmly believe that y

52、ou can offer us valuable suggestions on improvingit would be a great honor if you could accept this invitation. we are looking forward to your favorable earlyreply.as is shown above, this simple picture represents a vigorous situation that nearly every graduate studentwill face: hunting for a job, fu