日本經(jīng)濟恢復(fù)與出口的快速增長的關(guān)系【外文翻譯】

1、本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文題目： japans economic recovery and the relationship between the rapid growth of export 出 處： the economist 作 者： hirohisa fujii 原 文：abstractmarket liberalization and economic growth in an increasingly close relationship. post-war japan in the process of gradually opening the market to achiev

2、e rapid economic growth. but after the mid-80s, because of japans structural reform and market opening, and lags behind the international development of its own economic strength requirements of the japanese economy in the gradual accumulation of contradictions in the development process, leading th

3、e economy into long-term depression. therefore, the establishment of the open market to meet the international system, the japanese economy will remain a major issue facing future.keywords: economic growth, open markets in japanintroductionjune 2001, the japanese government lowered its economic and

4、financial advisory meeting growth target for the japanese economy is forecast since the beginning of 2001 two or three years, gross domestic product (gdp) real growth rate of 0.5 percent, and with the non-performing loans processing and structural reforms, unemployment will increase by 15-20 million

5、 people, the japanese economy is still difficult in the short term expectations of the people toward recovery. so, what exactly is the crux of the japanese economy? this paper theory from the open market, through the post-war economic growth in the japanese practice of market liberalization and the

6、analysis of 90 long-term economic downturn since the root of japan, as well as market liberalization and economic growth within relationship.market liberalization and economic growth theorymarket economy requires not only within a country to be open, but also for the world to achieve open. in the co

7、ntext of todays increasingly global economy, commodity, currency, and information across national boundaries, creating a worldwide market. so, today, they say, is the main market opening their economies with the world economy. when to open their markets, why open the form in which is open to what ex

8、tent is the country with the formation of the formation of relations of production, and with the changes in the development of this relationship. it can not be out of a countrys economic development, history, culture, political system, ethics and other features. thus, even if the success of the nati

9、onal market liberalization, it is not through the same path.in a country opening up the market to international competition, the governments role will be relatively lower, the market mechanism will be strengthened accordingly, from this perspective, market liberalization and market mechanism contain

10、s the theory of competition. since the market economy since its inception, people of the market mechanism, there is always a different view. adam smith in his classic the wealth of nations, stressed the importance of free competition is the invisible hand, it can be self-regulating economic operatio

11、n. increasing national wealth the best way is to give complete freedom of economic activities. state intervention in economic life tend to impede the role play to limit the normal operation of the market system, damage the interests of consumers. governments obligation should be mainly to protect so

12、ciety, to protect everyone in the community, so inviolable, construction and maintenance of some public utilities and facilities. the founder of classical school of economics new marshall in his principles of economics, a book in a free competitive market economy for the assumptions and conditions,

13、emphasizing the basic ideas of economic liberalism, the laissez-faire, the state intervention in economic life that as is the ideal policy. can be seen that the classical school and the new classical school of economists found that the free market economy mechanism of effectiveness, but these theori

14、es are based on imperfect competition and improve the market conditions on the assumption that shenhua. economic liberalism in the west dominated economics for 100 years until the 20th century, 30 years before giving way to keyness economic interventionism. keynesians argued that the government must

15、 take fiscal measures to stimulate consumption and increase investment, to make up for lack of effective demand of free markets. this theory has been in the 70 years before the mainstream position.ii. the post-war growth of the market opening on the role of the japanese economypractice has proved th

16、at if a country took the path of development of market economy, international trade has become inevitable. therefore, the foreign trade of a country opening up usually constitute the first level. with the expansion of foreign trade, international investment continues to increase, constitute the open

17、ing of the second level. on this basis, and gradually formed a multi-level market opening pattern.early postwar period, japans political, economic and social fields implemented a series of democratic reforms, started by the wartime control by the government-led economy to a market economic system ch

18、anges. in 1949, japan implemented a fixed exchange rate system, the development of civil direct trade, the japanese economy began to international markets. august 1952, japan joined the international monetary fund (im f) and the world bank. september 1955, japan joined the gatt (ga tt), gradually in

19、creasing contact with the world. at that time, the international competitiveness of japanese products is weak, the balance of payments deficit year after year, for the protection of the domestic economy in exchange for foreign exchange, the government adopted a strict protection of the revitalizatio

20、n of trade and positive export policy. capital flows in 1949 formulated the foreign exchange and foreign trade control law, the important is to limit capital flight, to avoid balance of payments deteriorated. meanwhile, in order to prevent foreign investment in the formation of the domestic market f

21、or domestic enterprises dominated government has strict restrictions on foreign investment, regulations must be reviewed individually by the miti. these policy measures effectively protect the domestic market, cultivating a reserve force major industries to ensure that the development of the domesti

22、c economy badly needed imports of raw materials and technical equipment, and expand the main exports. however, on the other hand, it makes one-sided expansion of export trade of japan is deeply rooted in ideology among the japanese economy, japans foreign trade and for the subsequent further develop

23、ment of the economy to stay hidden.60 years later, the japanese economys external dependence on continuous improvement of its business strength has been greatly enhanced, this time showing the world trade liberalization tendencies of some countries started demanding that japan open its domestic mark

24、et. in this situation, the japanese have to bear their responsibilities to be performed, the implementation of liberalization. in 1960, the japanese government promulgated the outline of trade and foreign exchange liberalization, clearly the basic principles of liberalization and promote the process

25、, and began to gradually open its domestic commodity markets. japans import liberalization very quickly, in 1960 the import liberalization ratio of about 40% to 88% in 1962 to 94% in 1974. on the opening of capital markets, japan, trade and foreign exchange liberalization plan outline provides, in p

26、rinciple, be achieved within two years of regular trade liberalization, liberalization of capital transactions often depends on the progress of trade liberalization in the line to to prevent adverse impact on domestic economic development. in 1964, japan became the im f article 8 member states. memb

27、er states must bear the abolition of foreign exchange restrictions, the implementation of convertibility of its currency and other obligations. in the same year, japan joined the organization for economic cooperation and development (o ecd), its transition to a free economic system has provided prec

28、onditions. but, in fact, the liberalization of capital markets in japan to really put on the agenda in the late 60s. 1967-1973, the japanese government has announced the implementation of capital liberalization program 5 times, and gradually relax the access restrictions on foreign investment, incre

29、ase access to trade and foreign investment ratio. affected by this promotion, the year 1970, foreign direct investment in japan exceeded 1 billion u.s. dollars ($ 114,000,000). in 1978, foreign direct investment in japan amounted to 2.2 billion. to the end of 1980, except agriculture, forestry fishe

30、ries, mining, oil industry, leather products outside japan, other industries have implemented the opening to foreign capital. in the continuous implementation of the liberalization of capital projects, the japanese government to relax its foreign investment enterprises continue to limit and simplify

31、 the approval procedures for domestic enterprises to invest abroad to create conditions. in 1978, the balance of japanese foreign direct investment reached 26.8 billion u.s. dollars, equivalent to the year the balance of foreign direct investment to japan 12 times. this also can be seen in terms of

32、foreign trade in japan or in terms of investment, are due to enter, to a certain extent reflect the relatively closed japanese market and open the one-way.into 80 years later, the transnational flow of factors of production more and more frequent, international competition, many countries and region

33、s have carried out reforms to increase the scope and intensity of market opening. in this situation, and domestic and international pressure, japan is also implemented in various fields and open markets, promote competition reform measures, such as the national railway, telecommunications, aviation,

34、 electricity and other fields gradually introduce competition and reduce government intervention and improve the free market degree; in trade, finance and other fields to adjust policies to further open markets. the growing competitiveness of japanese products, rapid export growth, external trade su

35、rplus remained, japan and european and american countries trade friction between the frequency of, in addition to european and american economy began to show regional trends in japans foreign trade development had to seek new way to change its international isolation in the economic and social. the

36、mid-80s, japan will revitalize the foreign trade policy from the original export, free imports, adjusted to the controlled expansion of exports, encourage the expansion of imports, such as import restrictions to reduce the types of goods, lower tariffs on imported goods, simplify import procedures,

37、and expand import quotas and other measures to strengthen international coordination.the open market policy measures in japan, its a great role in economic development. first of all, to promote the post-war japans rapid economic growth. take full advantage of open markets not only its own resources,

38、 but also greater use of global resources, on the basis of comparative advantage and improve resource allocation efficiency, promote the industry and the growth of overall economic strength. growth in economic strength, and boosting their economies to withstand force and resilience, to better preven

39、t foreign products on the domestic market and the impact of employment, and absorb domestic product, create jobs, and thus guarantee the smooth progress of opening up. japans postwar high economic growth, it is accompanied by the gradual opening of the market achieved. the process of market liberali

40、zation, japan has been implementing the principle that different stages of industrial development according to the production status of selective opening, the opening up of any industry must be conducive to the interests of related industries and the improvement of the entire national economy. meanw

41、hile, the government also used legal, fiscal, and many other means of financial regulation and intervention, as enacted in 1949, foreign exchange and foreign trade control law is the post-war japanese government management of economic activities is an important legal basis. 譯 文：日本經(jīng)濟恢復(fù)與出口的快速增長的關(guān)系摘 要市

42、場的開放和經(jīng)濟增長的關(guān)系越來越緊密。戰(zhàn)后日本市場在逐漸的開放中實現(xiàn)了快速的經(jīng)濟增長。但80年代中期以后，因為日本結(jié)構(gòu)上的一些改革和市場開放落后于國際化和其自身經(jīng)濟實力發(fā)展的要求，日本經(jīng)濟在發(fā)展過程中逐漸積累矛盾，最終導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟陷入長期蕭條。因此，建立適應(yīng)國際化的市場開放制度，將是日本經(jīng)濟今后面臨的一個主要問題。引 言2001年6（都要新弱馬）月，日本政府在經(jīng)濟財政咨詢會議上提出要降低日本經(jīng)濟增長目標(biāo)， 預(yù)測從2001年開始的兩三年里，日本國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值實際增長率會是0.5%。同時，處理不良債權(quán)和改革結(jié)構(gòu)，失業(yè)人口將會增加15-20萬人， 日本經(jīng)濟還是很難在短期內(nèi)恢復(fù)到大家的期望。那么，日本經(jīng)濟的關(guān)

43、鍵在于哪里呢?本文從市場開放理論出發(fā)，通過分析戰(zhàn)后日本經(jīng)濟增長，討論了90年代日本經(jīng)濟長時間蕭條的原因，和市場開放與經(jīng)濟增長的內(nèi)在關(guān)系。一、市場開放與經(jīng)濟增長的理論市場經(jīng)濟不但要求一個國家實行開放，同時要求在世界范圍內(nèi)實現(xiàn)開放。在現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)濟日趨全球化下，商品、貨幣、信息等跨越國界，形成了一個世界范圍的市場。所以 大家現(xiàn)在說的市場開放主要是講本國經(jīng)濟與世界經(jīng)濟接軌。什么時候開放本國市場、為什么開放、以什么樣的形式開放、開放到哪種程度，都是隨著這個國家生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的形成而形成的，并隨著這個關(guān)系的發(fā)展而變化。它不能脫離一個國家的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、歷史文化、政治制度、倫理道德等特征。所以，即使是市場開放得到成功的

44、國家，也不一定是由同一條道路走來的。在一個國家開放市場、參加國際性的競爭過程中，政府的作用會適當(dāng)減小，市場機制也會相應(yīng)的增加。從這個方面來看，市場開放包括競爭和市場機制的理論。從市場經(jīng)濟成立到現(xiàn)在，人們對市場機制一直存在著很多不同的看法。亞當(dāng)斯密在他的國富論中，說明了自由競爭的重要性，它可以自由地調(diào)節(jié)經(jīng)濟的運行。不斷增加國民財富的最好辦法就是給經(jīng)濟活動一個完全自由的環(huán)境。國家干預(yù)經(jīng)濟活動經(jīng)常會來阻礙經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，限制市場體系的運行，損害消費者的利益。政府的義務(wù)應(yīng)該主要是保護社會，保護社會上的每一個人不受侵犯，并建設(shè)和維護一些公共事業(yè)和設(shè)施。新古典經(jīng)濟學(xué)派的創(chuàng)始人馬歇爾在經(jīng)濟學(xué)原理中說到，在自由競爭

45、的市場經(jīng)濟的假定下，強調(diào)了經(jīng)濟自由主義的觀點，將自由放縱、國家不干涉經(jīng)濟活動想成是理想的政策。古典學(xué)派和新古典學(xué)派的經(jīng)濟學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了自由市場經(jīng)濟運行機制的有效性，但這些觀點是建立在完全競爭和完善市場神話的條件上。經(jīng)濟自由主義在西方經(jīng)濟學(xué)中占統(tǒng)治地位長達100多年，到20世紀30年代才被凱恩斯的經(jīng)濟干預(yù)主義給替代。凱恩斯學(xué)派認為政府必須采取財政措施來擴大消費和增加投資來彌補自由市場需求的不足。這種理論在70年代以前一直處于主導(dǎo)地位。二、戰(zhàn)后市場開放對日本經(jīng)濟增長的作用實踐得出，一個國家能走上市場經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展道路，就一定能開展國際貿(mào)易。所以對外貿(mào)易是構(gòu)成一個國家對外開放的第一個層次。對外貿(mào)易的展開，國

46、際投資不斷的增加，是對外開放的第二個層次，從而逐步形成全方位、多層次的市場開放格局。戰(zhàn)后初期，日本在政治、經(jīng)濟、社會等方面實施了一系列的民主改革，開始由戰(zhàn)時統(tǒng)制經(jīng)濟向政府主導(dǎo)的市場經(jīng)濟體制轉(zhuǎn)變。1949年，日本實行了固定的匯率制度，發(fā)展民間直接貿(mào)易，日本經(jīng)濟開始走向國際市場。1952年8月，日本參加了國際貨幣基金組織(imf)和世界銀行。1955年9月，日本加入關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定(gatt)，與世界的聯(lián)系逐漸增多。因為那個時候日本產(chǎn)品的國際競爭力很弱，國際收支幾年下來都出現(xiàn)逆差，為保護國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟、換取外匯，政府采取了嚴格的保護貿(mào)易和積極的振興出口政策。在資本流動上， 1949年制定了外匯及外貿(mào)管理法，主要內(nèi)容是控制資本外流，避免國際收支惡化。為了防止外國資本進入國內(nèi)市場對本國企業(yè)形成控制，政府對外國資本進入也實行嚴格限制，規(guī)定必須由國際貿(mào)易和工業(yè)部來審查。這些政策措施保護了本國市場， 培育了主要產(chǎn)業(yè)的后