高等教育：基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)英語2

1、Word Formationre-再，重(reproductive recombinant)-ic (therapeutic somatic)-some 體 (chromosome，somatic)gen/ornt基因(genome, genotype)in 劑，素 (ionomycin)sperm/o, spermat/o 精子 (sperm，spermatovum)Group Discussion1. What is cloning ?2. Do you know anything about the sheep “Dolly?3. What is the significance of

2、clone technique ?The term clone is derived from kIcov the Greek word for twig, branch； referring to the process whereby a new plant can be created from a twig. In horticulture（園藝學(xué)），the spelling cion was used until the twentieth century; the final e came into use to indicate the vowel is a long H oH

3、instead of a short “o 二 Since the term entered the popular lexicon in a more general context，the spelling clone has been used exclusively.Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of something. In biology，it collectively refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments (molecula

4、r cloning)，cells (cell cloning)，or organisms. The term also encompasses situations whereby organisms reproduce asexually.The topic of the human cloning has provoked numerous discussions of ethics，morality，religion. There are three types of cloning: embryo cloning，adult DNA cloning and therapeutic cl

5、oning.Dolly and her first-born Iamb, BonnieDolly the Sheep.19*96-2003 Dolly (1996-07-05 一 2003-02-14)? a Finn Dorsett ewe(母 羊)，was the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult celt She was cloned at the Roslin Institute in Scotland and lived there until her death when she was six.

6、 On 2003-04-09 her stuffed remains were placed at Edinburghs Royal Museum，part of the National Museums of Scotland. Dolly was publically significant because the effort showed that the genetic material from a specific adult cell，programmed to express only a distinct subset of its genes，could be repro

7、grammed to grow an entire new organism. Before this demonstration there was no proof for the widely spread hypothesis that differentiated animal cells can give rise to entire new organisms Celebrity Sheep Died at Age 6Dolly，the first mammal to be cloned from adult DNA， was put down by lethal injecti

8、on Feb. 14, 2003. Prior to her death，Dolly had been suffering from lung cancer and crippling arthritis. Although most Finn Dorset sheep live to be 11 to 12 years of age，postmortem examination of Dolly seemed to indicate that，other than her cancer and arthritis, she appeared to be quite normaL The un

9、named sheep from which Dolly was cloned had died several years prior to her creation. Dolly was a mother to six lambs，bred the old-fashioned way.Understanding the TextPara. 11. umbrella terma word covering several specific things in the same category for example: bodyparts is an umbrella term for :

10、fingers toes，kidneys，liver, stomach，lungs，heart.Other name is : blanket term (covering all in the same category / family of things like a blanket; an over all1 term.2. much-celebrated-well-known famous 備受矚目的3. implicationseffect or influence in the future潛在影響4. feat- -something that shows great stre

11、ngth, skill or courage壯舉;功績，偉業(yè)Question:1. What impacts were brought about by the possibility of human cloning ?Para. 21. take an informed stance on:informed: having knowledge or information about sth. e.g. Consumers cannot make informed choices unless they are told all the facts.（作出明智的選擇）Question:2.

12、 What are the three types of cloning ?Paraartificial chromosomes:人工染色體 3.Lambda phage particles: bacteriophage phage噬菌體 Lambda particle，拉目達(dá)粒子4.F-factor:【醫(yī)】F因子，生育因子5. kb(=kbp)千堿基對 6JMB/mbp(=1000 kbp)百萬堿基對7.mammalian cells:哺乳動(dòng)物細(xì)胞 cosmid 是英文 cos site-carrying plasmid 的縮寫,也稱粘粒、柯斯載體。本意是帶有粘性末端位點(diǎn)的質(zhì)粒，因此，柯斯質(zhì)

13、粒是人工建造的的含有入DNA的coser：序列和質(zhì)粒復(fù)制子的特殊類型的質(zhì)粒載體。這是一類 用于克隆大片段DNA的載體，它是由入噬菌體的cos (cohesive)末端及質(zhì)粒(plasmid)重組而成的載體。 Cosmid載體帶有質(zhì)粒的復(fù)制起點(diǎn)、克隆位點(diǎn)、選擇性 標(biāo)記以及入噬菌體用于包裝的cos末端等，因此該載體 在體外重組后，可利用噬菌體體外包裝的特性進(jìn)行體外 包裝，利用噬菌體感染的方式將重組DNA導(dǎo)入受體細(xì)胞。但它不會(huì)產(chǎn)生子代噬菌體，而是以質(zhì)粒DNA的形式存在于細(xì)胞內(nèi)。 A cosmid，first described by Collins and Hohn in 1978,is a typ

14、e of hybrid plasmid (often used as a cloningvector) that contains cos sequences DNA sequences originally from the Lambda phage. Cosmids can beused to build genomic libraries(基因文庫).Question:6. What cloning vectors are mentioned in this paragraph ?Para.7leSomatic cell nuclear transfer:體細(xì)胞核轉(zhuǎn)移 2egg-repo

15、rductive cell produced in the female body bythe ovary，and which，if fertilized by the malesperm，becomes an embryo.卵，卵細(xì)胞3. donor / recipient 供/受體4. host-person or animal on which a parasite lives 宿主Question:7. What is reproductive cloning ?How was Dolly created ? Explain in detail.Para8l. enucleated e

16、gg:去核卵細(xì)胞（enucleate:去的核） 2.organelle:細(xì)胞器;小器官3.mutation: change in the DNA which changes the physiological effect of the DNA on the cell 突變Question:8. What is the main idea of this paragraph ?Parastem cells-an immortal cell that is able to produce all the cells within an organ. The term is most usuall

17、y applied to the haemopoietic stem cells of the bone marrow.干細(xì)胞器官內(nèi)可產(chǎn)生所有細(xì)胞的永生細(xì)胞。 這一術(shù)語通常用以指骨髓造血干細(xì)胞。3. blastocyst- early stage in the development ofan embryo 胚泡4. AlzheimersAlzheimers disease Alois Alzheimer(1864-1915)Alzheimer was of German origin who initially excelled as a professor of Psychology in

18、 Breslau. Later in Munich his interest in histopathology eventually created him a giant in this area.: In 1901 a 51 year old woman，Auguste Dy was admitted to the state asylum in Frankfurt（法蘭克福）.She was suffering from cognitive and language deficits，auditory hallucinations（幻聽），delusions（幻想），paranoia（

19、妄想） and aggressive behaviour She was studied by Alzheimerwho was working at the hospital in Frankfurt. Hemoved to the medical school inMunich（慕尼黑）in 1903,anto work with Emil Kraepelin one of the foremost German psychiatrists of that era.When Auguste D died in April 1906, her brain was sent to him fo

20、r examination. In November 1906， Alzheimer presented her case at a psychiatry meeting and published his talk in 1907. In 1910, Kraepelin coined the term Alzheimers disease（早老性癡呆）a term still in use today. World Alzheimers Day- 21 September each year，is a day on which Alzheimer associations concentra

21、te their efforts on raising awareness about dementia(癡呆).There are an estimated 24 million people around the world who currently have dementia. To address the importance of early diagnosis of Alzheimers Disease，an Alzheimers Disease awareness campaign titled Keep you being you1 ( 2005 ) has been lau

22、nched.Question:lO.What is therapeutic cloning ? For what purpose ?What will stem cells achieve in the future ?ParaJl1.Advanced Cell Technologies (ACT):高級細(xì)胞技術(shù)公司Question:11. How did the first human embryos come into being ?Para. 12Question:12. What cloning technologies are discussed in this paragraph

23、?ParaPotential candidatesQuestion:13. What can reproductive cloning aim for ? Sardinia is Italy1 s second largest island and the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Its also a geographical and political region of Italy，famed for its beautiful beaches and fascinating history. Numerous pre

24、historic castles，villages, temples and tombs dot the countryside and with its perfect weather， tourists arrive in droves（人群），most using the dependable ferry service from the Italian mainland.GrapnicMaps comPara15l.degenerative diseases-A degenerative disease is a disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs will progressively deteriorate over timewhether due to normal bodily wear or lifestyle choices such as exercise or eating habits.