溫州大學(xué)外文翻譯

1、溫州大學(xué)WENZHOU UNIVERSITY本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文翻譯題曰溫大宿舍7號樓工程造價手工編制及專項施工題目方案編寫學(xué)院建筑與土木工程專業(yè)土木工程班級09 土木本一學(xué)號09115003107學(xué)生姓名胡杰指導(dǎo)教師孫富學(xué)外文資料來源及題目（注：含作者、書名、雜志名或外文數(shù)據(jù)庫名等, 英文文章或段落標(biāo)題，原文附后）題目：Discussion on the fire safety design of a high-rise building作者：馬錢麗郭偉摘自：Elsevier電子期刊全文庫譯成中文后題目（譯文附后）關(guān)于一幢高層建筑的消防安全設(shè)計的研究指導(dǎo)教師審閱意見:簽名：年 月 日關(guān)于

2、一幢高層建筑的消防安全設(shè)計的研究馬錢利a 郭偉ba濱海新區(qū)分公司消防隊中國 天津 濱海新區(qū)中心路7號300457b天津消防和安全科學(xué)研究所中國 天津 南開區(qū)魏晉南路110號30387摘要：高層住宅建筑在消防安全設(shè)計上的幾個問題：疏散樓梯和電梯不能從頂部運行到地上，居民無法轉(zhuǎn)移到建筑物外；消防電梯不能直接到達一樓和剪刀型樓梯與 消防電梯的合用大廳?；谶@些問題，提出消防安全目標(biāo)并提供了解決方案。希望,建議的解決方案可以為類似的高層建筑的消防安全設(shè)計提供參考。關(guān)鍵詞：高層住宅建筑；消防設(shè)計；消防電梯1. 引言11.15 ”上海災(zāi)難性的火災(zāi)引起了人們對高層住宅建筑消防安全的思考。這次 災(zāi)難是由于節(jié)能

3、項目建設(shè)引起，而不是因為高層設(shè)計本身。然而，如何提高消防安全的高層住宅建筑和維護的生命安全居民已成為最重要的問題，必須認真考慮在這類高層建筑上的消防安全設(shè)計。 因此，分析了我國北方的一幢高層建筑的消 防安全設(shè)計，以它為例子來為同類建筑的消防安全設(shè)計提供參考。2. 高層建筑的火災(zāi)風(fēng)險因素通常高層住宅建筑火災(zāi)風(fēng)險包括以下：2.1火和煙霧的快速擴散因為高層建筑的“煙囪效應(yīng)”，如果控制措施不夠，火和煙會通過樓梯、電梯和管道在短時間內(nèi)快速的蔓延到樓上。2.2火災(zāi)撲救困難類似于建筑的高度，不完善的消防設(shè)備和過大的離地距離，給滅火增加了 難度。此外，中國目前的高層建筑大部分的電力器材都是可燃的，這大大增加

4、了大火的垂直蔓延速度。這樣，大火覆蓋了建筑的外表面，為消防員的滅火增 加了難度。2.3居民逃生困難一般來說，高層建筑居民要比低層建筑居民多，另外，高層建筑高度大使得 疏散更加困難。此外，公民缺乏消防安全常識大大增加安全疏散時間， 公民的消 防安全意識需要改善。2.4火災(zāi)持續(xù)時間長高層建筑面積和荷載較大，有時它可能蔓延到鄰近建筑，使得高層建筑火災(zāi)持續(xù)時間更長。3. 高層住宅建筑的消防安全設(shè)計在中國北方，因為冬天寒冷，大多數(shù)高層住宅建筑是成組的，居民通常選擇 擁有足夠陽光的房間。在這里，我把一個聯(lián)合高層建筑的消防安全設(shè)計作為例子。建筑高99.8米，布置新穎。見圖1細節(jié)(a)(b)圖一，高層住宅建筑

5、素描圖根據(jù)高層民用建筑設(shè)計防火規(guī)范“ GB50045-95(2005)【1】”,這類住宅應(yīng) 被設(shè)計成防火建筑，然而在建筑消防設(shè)計中出現(xiàn)了以下問題。3.1疏散樓梯和電梯不能從頂部運行到地上，居民無法轉(zhuǎn)移到建筑物外由圖一知，這個建筑形式很新穎。上部有兩個懸空的結(jié)構(gòu)，懸空結(jié)構(gòu)里有兩個單元，因此，每個單元里會有一部電梯無法直接運行到一樓。見圖2The $*舀打9疑 md firt lift l Jin t diiedlv teachthe fust ilwcTlir tuirfHA am t dir#cflyE fulf il the 1LE 1! fEdot -圖二樓梯和消防電梯的草圖 r-T.is

6、”-Th# tuitrfee lift cam i dWtcfly reaicli ilie firs1! ftocu -3.2. Fire lift can t directly reach the first floorJust like the staircasethe fire lifts of those two suspended parts can t directly reachthe first floor. At the top floor (tra nsfer floor) of the lower part, the fire lifts just stop and t

7、he n con ti nue in the adjace nt un its. See Fig.2 for the details.33 Scissor-shaped staircase shares its lobby with the fire liftIn the trial design, the staircases have been designed in scissor shapes. The scissor-shaped staircase shares its lobby with the fire lift. This kind of lobby is usually

8、called “ shared lobby ” 2 (two lobbiescisstbeshaped staircase and one lobby of the fire lift) in China. See Fig.3 for the details.Fig. 3. Shared lobby of the staircase and fire lift.4. Fire safety objectivesGenerally, the fire safety objectives may include life safety, protection of property and str

9、ucture, continuity of business operation, heritage and environmental protection. However, the fire safety objectives of a building may vary with the occupancy, structure and height of the building. Therefore, based on the occupancy, layouts as well as the problems in fire safety design of this high-

10、rise residential building and its unique fire hazards, the following fire safety objectives have been defined:(1) All the occupants shall evacuate to the outdoor safely within the required time;(2) Fire shall be controlled within one family;(3) The conditions inside the building shall be favorable e

11、nough for fire fighters to do fire fighting and rescue safely;(4) The fire prevention design can reduce fire hazards effectively and control the property loss within acceptable range.5. Suggested solutionsIn order to fulfill the above fire safety objectives, the following solutions have been suggest

12、ed.5.1. Transfer floor and transfer passageway(1) Transfer floor and transfer passageway should be designed and there should be no combustibles inside the transfer lobby on the transfer floor. Independent mechanical smoke exhaust system or natural smoke exhaust system with opening area not less than

13、 5% of the room area should be installed to secure the safety of the occupants during evacuation through the transfer floor. Rooms connecting to the transfer lobby should be protected by class B fire door3.(2) On the transfer floor, the staircase and fire lift should be designed for two way evacuati

14、on4-5.(3) Signs to indicate the location of the fire lift on the transfer floor and continuous evacuation signs should be installed along the transfer passageway. Emergency light should also be provided. The transfer passageway should be in a straight line.(4) Fire wall with at least 3.0 h fire resi

15、stance rating should be used to separate the transfer passageway from the adjacent elevator shafts, staircases, corridors and apartments. If there are openings in the fire wall, the openings should be protected with Class A fire door.(5) The steel truss of the transfer floor should be fire protected

16、 to ensure the safety of the steel structure.5.2. Staircase and lobby(1) To separate the lobby of the fire lift from that of the scissor staircase by fire wall, and provide smoke prevention measures according to the related national standards6-7, see Fig.4 for details. If there are openings in the f

17、ire wall, the openings should be protected by Class A fire door. No room should be permitted to have doors open to the staircase so as to prevent smoke from spreading to the staircase.(2) Natural lighting and smoke exhaust facilities should be provided in the staircase;(3) If the lobby can t be prov

18、ided with natural lighting and smoke exhaust,mechanical smoke prevention system should be installed and liability and effectiveness should be ensured.(4) Lobby and transfer passageway should be finished with non-combustibles, no combustibles and other articles that may not guarantee the safe evacuat

19、ion of the occupants should be permitted in the lobby and the transfer passageway;(5 Family doors should be protected by Class A fire door;(6) If the lobby can t be provided with natural lighting and natural smoke exhaust,emergency lighting and evacuation indicating signs should be installed, especi

20、ally in the transfer passageway.-1.L =： 3F石-tt-+卄+:ScizjiiiFig. 4. Shared lobby of the staircase and fire lift.LobbyVse rlzs s 農(nóng) lire door re53 Other solutio ns(1) Lin kage measures should be take n to en sure that the fire lifts of upper and lower parts of the buildi ng can automatically desce nd t

21、o the lowest floor (the tran sfer floor for the fire lifts of the upper parts and the first floor for the lower parts) in case of fire;(2) The ducts in side the fire lift shafts should be fire stopped at each floor. Maintenance doors should be protected by Class C fire door.(3) Fire ext in guishers

22、should be in stalled in the lobby and each apartme nt, which can be used to put out early stage fires.Lin kage measures should be take n to en sure that the fire lifts of upper and lower parts of the building can automatically descend to the lowest floor (the transfer floor for the fire lifts of the

23、 upper parts and the first floor for the lower parts) in case of fire6. Feasibility analysisFeasibility and effective ness of the above soluti ons has bee n an alyzed through the following 3 aspects: to secure the safe evacuati on of occupa nts, to con trol the early stage fire and to con trol smoke

24、 from spread ing.(1) To secure the safe evacuation of occupants and fire fighting practice.In case of fire, smoke with high temperature and toxicity brings great danger to people s life. Therefore, the fiprreotection design of buildings shall consider how to prevent fire and smoke from spreading out

25、 of the fire origin. In this case, reliable fire separation shall be needed. For example, installation of fire door for each family can effectively prevent fire and smoke from spreading to the lobby.Two way evacuation transfer passageway shall be designed on the transfer floor. The transfer floor ca

26、n t be regarded asthe second exit, however, it does provide an alternative evacuation route, so that if there is something wrong with one staircase, occupants on the upper floors can evacuate through the other staircase. In this way, evacuation of the occupants and fire fighting practice can be guar

27、anteed.(2) Early stage fire control.This is a residential building and the area for each family is quite limited. The main fire load of the family is furniture. Except indoor fire hydrant system, fire extinguishers are also helpful and effective in putting out early stage furniture fires. Therefore,

28、 it is suggested that fire extinguishers shall be installed both in the lobby and the apartments.(3) Smoke control.In case of fire, smoke protected staircase is the only way for occupants to evacuate to a safe location while fire lift is very helpful in transporting fire fighting tools and equipment

29、. Therefore, reasonable and effective smoke control measures shall be taken to prevent smoke and heat from spreading to staircases and elevator shafts so as to ensure the safe evacuation of the people and the fine conditions for fire fighting and rescue.When the residents escape from the fire apartm

30、ent, smoke will certainly flow out. The pressurization facilities in the lobby can help to prevent smoke from spreading to the lobby.According to the above analysis, it can be proved that the fire safety design of this high-rise building is safe enough for occupant evacuation and fire fighting if it

31、 is designed according to the above suggested solutions.7. ConclusionsThe problems in fire safety design of a high-rise residential building have been analyzed. The fire safety objectives have been defined according to the design features and occupancy of the building. Based on these, feasible fire safety design countermeasures have been suggested and their feasibility has been analyzed and discussed. Hopefully, the improved design methods of the building can provide valuable reference for the fire safety design of the similar buildingsRefer