不定式分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)用法之區(qū)別

1、 不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)用法之區(qū)別 總述： 分詞短語作定語時(shí),相當(dāng)一個(gè)定語從句;單個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語,常前置;單個(gè)過去分詞常后置,表一次具體動(dòng)作;而前置表通常狀況。非謂語的否定式是把not置于非謂語動(dòng)詞前。分詞短語作狀語時(shí),相當(dāng)于各種狀語從句,即各種狀語從句的主語與主句主語相同,去掉連詞和從句主語,把謂語動(dòng)詞改為非謂語形式;當(dāng)從句主語與主句主語不同時(shí),則主語不能去掉,即變成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu), 但不能作定語和補(bǔ)語。不定式表示(過去或?qū)?具體某一次動(dòng)作,強(qiáng)調(diào)全過程;或表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 不定式表示一般狀況與動(dòng)名詞用法相同。不定式還可做目的狀語和結(jié)果狀語。 單個(gè)動(dòng)名詞做主語,謂語用單數(shù);做

2、表語時(shí), 表示主語的性質(zhì)或具體內(nèi)容。 一、不定式 1、to+動(dòng)原, 叫做不定式,與動(dòng)名詞、分詞一起叫做非謂語形式。其復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也一樣;作使役、感觀v賓補(bǔ)時(shí), 不帶to;而當(dāng)這些動(dòng)詞變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)要加上to。省to :(1)help sb / sth (to)動(dòng)原、dont dare (to)+動(dòng)原、prefer to +動(dòng)原+rather than+(to)動(dòng)原、do sth but / except (to)+動(dòng)原, (2)what引導(dǎo)主語從句, everything / all / the best 所帶定語從句關(guān)系代詞作do的賓語,則作表語的不定式to可省; (3)and并列多個(gè)不定式,第

3、一個(gè)以后to可省。 too + adj / adv+ to 動(dòng)原； adj / adv + enough to +動(dòng)原； manage / fail to do appeal to sb/sth to do approveof sb/sth to do only to do 不表將要做某事 arrange for sb/sth to do demand of sb/sth to do 感觀動(dòng)詞+sb/sth doi saw her walk across the square and go into a lane. set a thief to catch a thief.she was se

4、en to walk across the square and go into a lane.she is too young to go to school. i often heard him sing in the next room. its a pleasure to manaage to get here.what / all i want to do is (to) help you with your study. he is old enough to join the army.would you be so kind as to help me with my engl

5、ish study? to see is to believe. or seeing is believing.its (of) no use regretting / to regret what has been done. its worthwhile writing/to write it all out again.to err is human, to forgive is divine.犯錯(cuò)是凡人,寬恕是圣人.simon had no choice but to work hard then.despite a heavy snow, the children are still

6、 looking forward to (not cancel) the outdoor activity at the weekend. my job is (water)all the flowers in the garden.im pleased to see you here.the best that you can do is (manage) the stress in the day to minimize its impact on your health.2、(un)important, dangerous, terrible, (un)fit, surprising,

7、(im)possible, easy, hard/ difficult, light / heavy, nice / beautiful, interesting, pleasant, expensive, weak等作表語時(shí),不定式作條件、結(jié)果狀語,用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng),表明說話人對不定式動(dòng)作看法或建議。why do people come to his lecture since it is hard to understand？the country of andorra (安道爾) is hard to find on the worlds map. the book is very int

8、eresting to read. (條件狀語) the place is too difficult to get to.（結(jié)果狀語）this type of music is good to dance to. (條件狀語) the supermarket is expensive to run.these goods are heavy to carry. (條件狀語) these goods are too heavy to carry. (結(jié)果狀語)the fire was (too big) hard (control) 3、不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)for / of sb (sth) to

9、do： 1)不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語,表語是(im)possible, (un)necessary, (un)easy, (un)likely, (un)usual, (un)important 等表示對不定式動(dòng)作的客觀陳述時(shí),用for;而表語是good, nice, kind, friendly, brave, (im)polite, (dis)honest, cruel,stupid/clever, foolish/wise, silly/bright, careless(ful), childish, lucky表說話人對不定式動(dòng)作及執(zhí)行者性格 特征、能力特征的主觀感受或評價(jià)(贊揚(yáng)、賞識或責(zé)

10、備,貶低)時(shí), 用of.2)作其它成份都用for .one suggested answer is for farmers to limit the numbers of their cattle.(sb2al34)this is for you to decide. he gave orders for the work to be done at once.its very kind of you to send me off. its important for us to arrive there on time. 4、1) only +不定式作結(jié)果狀語,表示出乎意料的結(jié)果;句子主語與

11、不定式動(dòng)作是主謂關(guān)系,不定式用主動(dòng)式; 若是動(dòng)賓語關(guān)系,用被動(dòng)式,表謂語動(dòng)作后發(fā)生的又一動(dòng)作,可改為and / but連接,與修飾的謂語動(dòng)作并列。to +動(dòng)原作結(jié)果狀語時(shí)，常與否定詞連用，表結(jié)果未產(chǎn)生。 2) only +v-ing作結(jié)果狀語,強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動(dòng)作所造成的結(jié)果,是順理成章的必然結(jié)果,謂語與分詞是因果關(guān)系,不能改成and或but連接,但可用and so連接;句子謂語動(dòng)詞多是終極結(jié)果的動(dòng)詞,leave, arrive, die, end,return, break up 等; v-ing表結(jié)果時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動(dòng)作引起該結(jié)果這個(gè)客觀事實(shí),但不是意料中必然結(jié)果。they lifted the ro

12、cks only (have) them drop on their own feet.i hurried to the station only (tell)the train had left already.he dropped the china plate on the cement ground, only (break) it into pieces.he went to the seaside only to be drowned. tom was late for class, (criticize)by the head teacher.lilys mobile phone

13、 was left in a taxi accidentally, never (find) again.it rained hard all day yesterday, only (cause)a big flood in this area, for there isnt no river at all.more highways have been built in china, (make)it much easier for people to travel from one place to another. (nmet11陜西.20)5、不定式動(dòng)詞是及物v,與被修飾的n、pro

14、n是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,且謂語動(dòng)詞是have, need, win等或with + n、pron, 不定式用主動(dòng)或被動(dòng), 含義不同。若句子主語是不定式動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者, 不定式多用主動(dòng)式; 當(dāng)不定式邏輯主語不是句子主語用被動(dòng)式.there be+n/pron +不定式(主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)),其余情況該用主動(dòng)式就用主動(dòng)式,該用被動(dòng)式就用被動(dòng)式。序數(shù)詞(the first, the second, the next, the last等)或形容詞最高級及其修飾之名詞被非謂語形式修飾時(shí), 用不定式。i have a lot of work (do) tonight. have you got something (eat

15、)?im going to tibet. do you have anything (take) to your son there ?he gave orders for the work (do).there are too many cakes (choose)from.one day the man took a pair of shoes (mend). he is always the first (come) and the last (leave).tu youyou became the first chinese scientist (win)the nobel prize

16、 in medicine.6、be to blame (for)與be to rent / let用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)意義。you are (blame) (should be blamed) for your fault in the job though it was small. who is (blame)(should be responsible) for the serious traffic accident?this house is (rent)(will be rented).7、1）do any / every / no +thing but / except / beside

17、s +(to)動(dòng)原,凡謂語不是do, but等后必帶 to +動(dòng)原。2）cannot help / choose but +動(dòng)原,“只好”。 3）cannot but +動(dòng)原,實(shí)質(zhì)上是2）的省略式。he can do nothing but tell lies. he can do everything but steal.what do you like besides to collect stamps ?in twelve years she almost never spoke to me except to say “good morning”.i want nothing from

18、 you but (get)your true feelings. i have no choice but / except (listen) to you .8、非謂語形式在特定句型中的運(yùn)用：1) what (ever) sb can + to動(dòng)原 (目的狀語) 謂語+ everything / all sb can + to動(dòng)原 (目的狀語) as much as sb can + to動(dòng)原 (目的狀語) 2) spend as much (time / money) as sb can/could + v-ing(賓語)the doctors did whatever they cou

19、ld (save) the injured boy.the government should do as much as they could (protect) the natural environment.the theory the man stuck to (prove) right.二、動(dòng)名詞 v-ing既具有動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn),可帶自己的賓語和狀語;又具有名詞的特點(diǎn),做句子的主語、賓語、定語、表語, 表一般性或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。動(dòng)名詞做定語時(shí),說明中心詞的類別或用途;做表語時(shí),說明主語的內(nèi)容或性質(zhì)。動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：ones doing做主語、賓語、定語、表語, 陳述事件內(nèi)容; 做賓語、表語時(shí)

20、, 名詞用普通格,代詞用賓格。his fathers (come) backsafely made the family very happy. teaching english is my job.my job is teaching english there is a (swim) pool at the back of the garden.the next thing he saw was smoke (rise)from behind the house. (nmet11新課標(biāo).27)1.只接v-ing做賓語的動(dòng)詞有: suggest, consider(考慮), practise

21、, finish, mind, enjoy, avoid, escape, delay, imagine, risk,admit,advise, tolerate(忍受), deny(否定,拒絕), miss(未做成), keep, resist(抵制), report, oppose, quit.she avoided answering such questions. he couldnt resist laughing.would you mind waiting a few more minutes? i finished reading this novel last night.i

22、t has stopped raining. she suggested bringing the meeting to an end. the squirrel was lucky that it narrowly escaped (catch).2. remember/forget; go on/stop; mean, regret, try, want等接動(dòng)名詞和接不定式，其含義不同。i posted the card, but i forgot (do) that.the light in the office is still on. oh, i forgot (turn) it o

23、ff .you should say sorry to your brother. yes, i regret (quarrel)with him.to buy the imb pc686 means (waste)a lot of money.really? i dont mean (waste) much money.i regret (tell)you that(遺憾地). 3. deserve, need, want, require加不定式被動(dòng)式或動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)式。 the door wants (repair). he felt that he didnt deserve (give)

24、 such a great honor.i need (go) there by bike, but something is wrong with it. it needs ( repair). 4.只接to do做賓語的動(dòng)詞有: hope, wish, expect, attempt, desire, claim, (dis) agree, promise, refuse, afford,undertake(同意),prepare, plan, decide, determine, offer, beg, pretend; manage, fail.三、分詞分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞.現(xiàn)在

25、分詞表主動(dòng)和正在進(jìn)行.過去分詞表被動(dòng)和已經(jīng)完成。分詞可作定語、賓補(bǔ); 作時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語時(shí)可保留原從句連詞; 作方式狀語要保留連詞;作原因、結(jié)果、目的狀語不保留連詞;還可作伴隨狀語。having (been) done通常不作后置定語、賓補(bǔ)和伴隨狀語(三不)。judging from; generally/strictly/frankly speaking; taking everything into consideration如全部考慮 everything taken into consideration /account; remaining作前置定語(不及物), 而left及物作

26、后置定語。一)定語：作定語相當(dāng)于定語從句。this is a distressingly grievous (慘痛的) lesson (pay) for with blood.the lecture, (start)at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with pleasure. (nmet12湖南.31)二)狀語: 作狀語相當(dāng)于狀語從句。1、時(shí)間狀語：相當(dāng)于before, after, since, until, when, while, as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。(when)hearing the

27、 good news, we were all excited.(when)released from the jail, he had been separated from his folks for nearly 20 years.children, when (accompany)by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium. (nmet14湖南.21)2、條件狀語：相當(dāng)于if, unless, once引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句；祈使句+and(肯定)/or (否定) sb will +動(dòng)原;有時(shí)可用n(短語)+and(肯定) /or

28、(否定) sb will +動(dòng)原。 given another chance, well do it much better. if were given another chance, well do it much better. working still harder, youll make greater progress. once (it is) lost, it will never be found again.one fulcrum (支點(diǎn)) to me, and i will lift up the whole earth. work hard, or you wont

29、succeed.more courage of love to me, and i will pay it back all my life. 給我愛的的勇氣, 我將一輩子償還于你。 time, (use)correctly, is money in the bank. (nmet12湖南.23) (base)an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later. (nmet12江蘇.31)3、讓步狀語：相當(dāng)于(al)though, even though(if),引導(dǎo)讓

30、步狀語從句。 (although) admitting what he has said is right, we still think hes dishonest. (though) seriously wounded, the soldier went on fighting.4、方式狀語：相當(dāng)as if, as though, than,引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句，連詞不省；當(dāng)從句中有it is (was) 或there is / was (were),也可省略。 the actor threw himself from the horse as if (shoot). he opened hi

31、s mouth as if (speak). in fact, the situation is much better than (it was) (expect).5、原因狀語：相當(dāng)于because, since, as 等引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。 not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. because we didnt know her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. (because he was) born and brought up in the rem

32、ote village, he knows nothing about the outside world.6、結(jié)果狀語：相當(dāng)and thus (hence) 并列謂語, 或so that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句或表順承關(guān)系, 即分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之后。 主謂+ so + adj(表)/adv(狀語)+ that 結(jié)果狀語從句such + adj + n(不/可數(shù)) + that + 結(jié)果狀語從句 主謂+ so + adj /adv + as to + 動(dòng)原 such + adj + n + as to + 動(dòng)原my car was caught in a traffic jam, thus ca

33、using the delay. my car was caught in a traffic jam, and thus caused the delay.he opened the door, greeting the guests. he opened the door and greeted the guests.(順承關(guān)系)he turned off the lamp, hence seeing nothing.he turned off the lamp, and hence saw nothing.he was late for class, thus criticized by

34、 his boss. he got up early so that he caught the first bus. he got up so early as to catch the first bus.he got up so early as to catch the first bus.he got up late and hurried to his office, (leave)the breakfast untouched. (nmet12天津.11)7、目的狀語:主謂+ so that +sb can / may / will +動(dòng)原 主謂+ (so as) to + 動(dòng)原

35、 in order that (in order) to + 動(dòng)原 he got up early so that he could catch the first bus. he got up early so as to catch the first bus. tom did such a bad thing that he could be paid more attention to. tom did such a bad thing as to be paid more attention to.the children talked so loudly at the dinner

36、 table that i had to struggle (hear).8、伴隨狀語：表示與句子謂語動(dòng)作伴隨的情況或狀態(tài), 非并列關(guān)系, 不可改為相應(yīng)狀語從句。the blind men stood by the roadside all day, begging. they returned home, thirsty and exhausted.the stranger asked me to hand the letter to the police, (say) it was very important.tom enjoyed himself, (listen) to wonder

37、ful light music, and felt relaxed in the open air. 注1、無須考慮分詞與句子主語邏輯關(guān)系：1)provided/providing(that)如果,假使; given, assuming, supposing(that)如果; considering (that)鑒于。 (suppose) (that) she doesnt come, what shall we do? (provide)(that) you finish the home-work first, you can go out for a play. (consider) e

38、verything into account, the thing is getting well along.2)judging by/fromjudging by his accent, he may be from the south.注2、現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ), 分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生, 且處于持續(xù)狀態(tài), 而過去分詞作賓補(bǔ), 賓語與分詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。以下動(dòng)詞, 變成被動(dòng)語態(tài), 賓補(bǔ)變成主補(bǔ)?，F(xiàn)在分詞和不定式主動(dòng)式作 賓補(bǔ), 說明賓語是非謂語動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。帶賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞：1）感觀v：see, watch, notice, observe, look at, catch; hear, l

39、isten to; feel. 其它感觀v：find, note.2）使役v：let, make, have; set, get, leave, force, order, allow, permit, forbid; 其它v：tell, inform, ask, beg.3）思維v：want, wish, expect, warn, like, advise, prefer, remind.a cook will be immediately fired if found (smoke)in the kitchen.(主補(bǔ)) “ so what ?”said jack with his ar

40、ms (cross), looking angrily at his boss.i caught a thief (steal) from a supermarket yesterday evening. the teacher doesnt wish such questions (discuss) in class.where did you watch the national flag (raise)at 8:08 august 8?believe it or not, i hear david herbert (clean) the street in a small town no

41、t far away from here.注3、surprised, worried, disappointed, embarrassed (尷尬), prepared , excited, pleased, astonished, delighted, satisfied, devoted (熱心的), discouraged, intended等心理v分詞以及drunk, lost, known, married, gone,separated作表語,已失去被動(dòng)意義,只表狀態(tài)。i found that i was lost. the damage is done. 木已成舟/生米做成熟飯。

42、he looked (embarrass)(尷尬) when questioned. those hard days are (go)forever.注4、現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ),強(qiáng)調(diào)與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生;過去分詞作賓補(bǔ), 強(qiáng)調(diào)與賓語的邏輯關(guān)系上為被動(dòng)(已發(fā)生或?qū)⒁l(fā)生)或完成;不定式作賓補(bǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作全過程或?qū)⒁l(fā)生。see sth done (已發(fā)生)/(將要發(fā)生 done)my uncle saw me grow up in the countryside. (全過程)i found myself completely (change).some children are still in the h

43、abit of leaving the tap water (run) after they use it.ill have it typed(被動(dòng)) and get someone (send) it to you tomorrow. the citizens expect to see the environment protection (strengthen) through the measures. 注5、分詞作狀語,可置句首,句中或句末;有時(shí)表解釋說明,均以逗號與句子主干分開;但伴隨狀語多置句末。followed by his assistants, the professor

44、walked out of the hall.the professor, followed by his assistants, walked out of the hall. “well done!” the teacher patted the shoulder of the student, satisfied (伴隨狀語) with a smile on his face.the rescue workers are working around the clock, sending the supplies to the area of earthquake.(解釋) 注6、現(xiàn)在分

45、詞和過去分詞相當(dāng)于狀語從句，主句中不再出現(xiàn)連詞；n套主謂，要用(n-1)個(gè)連詞;若是并列謂語v, 則強(qiáng)調(diào)各謂語動(dòng)作的先后順序; 若非并列謂語, 則強(qiáng)調(diào)同時(shí)進(jìn)行, 且表伴隨。though invited, but they didnt attend the dinner party. (though) invited, they didnt attend the dinner party. well known for his expert advice, so he was able to help many people with personal problems. well known

46、for his expert advice, he was able to help many people with personal problems . he opened the door, entered the room, and turned on the electric light.crusoe hurried home, (look) back constantly. (observe) carefully if any change occurs when doing experiments in lab. (nmet14北京.24)注7、be used to+ doin

47、g 習(xí)慣于做 be used to +do被用來做 used to +do過去常常做 注意前二者的非謂語形式和用法：used to+doing / used to +dothe old man used to (get) up early used to (like) to take a walk alone by the river early in the morning.注8、agree, refuse, love, like, hate, try, mean, hope, wish; would like, be able/glad /happy不定式動(dòng)詞與前面動(dòng)詞相同,為避免重復(fù),省

48、略不定式后動(dòng)詞,保留to;注意to (do),to be(done);to have(done),to have been(done)之別。you should have thanked her before you left. i meant (thank), but when i was leaving, i couldnt find her anywhere.some people suggested she reconsider the matter, but she (refuse) to.四、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格名詞或代詞(邏輯主語)加上一個(gè)分詞或不定式(含動(dòng)作意義), ad

49、j/adv或介詞短語（表狀態(tài)）。語法功能：相當(dāng)一個(gè)狀語從句,表示行為方式或伴隨情況,也可以表示時(shí)間、條件、讓步、原因、對比和順承關(guān)系等, 但不做定語。1、表時(shí)間spring coming, all trees will turn green.the meeting over, they left the meeting room.our work (do), we went home hurriedly.water changing into ice, we call it ice.the signal (give), the players ran as fast as possible.2

50、、表示條件time permitting, well visit the imperial palace. weather (be) fine, well start at 6 oclock.the party will be held in the garden, weather (permit). (nmet12全國卷i 28)winter (come), is spring far behind?3、表示讓步losses heavy(although losses were heavy), we recovered production soon with their help.it (

51、be) emergent for time, we must try our best to solve this problem.bad weather (cause) great damage to their crops, the output didnt fall.tom (work) hard all the time, the results of all his subjects arent satisfactory.4表示原因it being sunday, the library was closed. there being no buses, we had to walk home.the key (lose), she could not enter the room.such good cadres to carry out the partys policies, well be at ease(放心). sh