短暫性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)法講解

1、初中短暫性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)法講解根據(jù)有無(wú)含義，動(dòng)詞可分為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞；根據(jù)動(dòng)詞所表示的是動(dòng)作還是狀態(tài)，可以分為行為動(dòng)詞和狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞；根據(jù)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作能否延緩，分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞。 （一）持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞: 表示動(dòng)作通常是持續(xù)性的，如： live,run,stay,clean,play,hold,watch,teach,read,study,teach,eat,drink,write,dance, sing,smoke 常與段時(shí)間連用。例如：Mr Zhang has lived here for two years.張先生在這兒住了兩年了。He has taught there sin

2、ce 1987.自1987年來(lái)他一直在那兒教書。不與點(diǎn)時(shí)間連用(do, have, eat等除外)。例如：Mary has worked at eight. ()She walked at five yesterday. ()（二）瞬間性動(dòng)詞: 表示動(dòng)作開始即停止，如：open,stop,like,love,die,win,close,shot,begin,start enter,finish,arrive,borrow,buy,break,close,come,fall,go,leave,lend,mary,reach,receive , sell,等。 1，從“開始發(fā)生”到 “結(jié)束/終止”

3、： 幾乎同時(shí)或在極短的時(shí)間里（如幾秒鐘/幾分鐘內(nèi)）就完成了“開始結(jié)束”的過(guò)程，如 “Close the door”, “Open the door”2，有些瞬間動(dòng)詞的“開始結(jié)束的過(guò)程” 可能稍微長(zhǎng)一些，但也不會(huì)很長(zhǎng)的，如, “buy sth（買下）”：付了款、拿了發(fā)票即完成了。所以， “我買了這塊手表5年了”，在漢語(yǔ)中說(shuō)的通，但英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)就不能說(shuō)：I have bought the watch for five years.buy sth - have sth (擁有)-have/has + had sth for A: I have had the watch for 5 years. B:

4、 It is (has been) five years since I bought the watch. C: I bought it 5 years ago. 同理， “borrow sth” “借書”在辦理了相關(guān)的登記手續(xù)后就 結(jié)束了，不可能“借” 幾個(gè)星期 或好幾年的！ 漢語(yǔ)“這本書我已經(jīng)借用了2星期了?！?的意思是：“我兩周前 （borrowed it），（在歸還前）現(xiàn)在它還在我手里（I still have it or Im still reading it.） Right or Wrong? A: I have borrowed the book for two weeks.

5、. () B: I have had / kept it for two weeks. C: Its 2 weeks since I borrowed it. D: I borrowed it 2 weeks ago. 總結(jié)：終止性動(dòng)詞的肯定式是不能持續(xù)的，所以不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，而終止性的否定式就可以和表一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，因?yàn)榉穸ū旧砭褪强梢匝永m(xù)的。如：have a cold是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，表示“狀態(tài)”，可與表延續(xù)性的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，不定冠詞不能省略。 終止性動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，不可以用表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)（如：since 和for引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)）來(lái)修飾，終止性動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，只表

6、示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的因果關(guān)系，不能表示動(dòng)作的延續(xù)，因此不能用表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾。 如可以說(shuō)：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area. 但不可說(shuō)：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area for three days. 因?yàn)閟tart是終止性動(dòng)詞, 它所表示的動(dòng)作短促, 當(dāng)紅十字會(huì)出發(fā)時(shí)，start這個(gè)動(dòng)作便結(jié)束了, 不可能延續(xù)兩天。常與點(diǎn)時(shí)間連用。例如：She often goes to bed at ten.她

7、經(jīng)常十點(diǎn)鐘睡覺。不能與段時(shí)間連用。例如：He has joined the army for two years. ()She has come here for half an hour. ()此外，終止性動(dòng)詞與延緩性動(dòng)詞在翻譯上也不同，很易混淆。下面我再就終止性動(dòng)詞與延緩性動(dòng)詞的含義問(wèn)題做一歸納： 1. 在連詞since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中， 用終止性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)或用延緩性動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)，其含義是大不相同的。 A. since所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果句子謂語(yǔ)是終止性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)， 則從句表示的時(shí)間是從“那一時(shí)刻開始”。 eg. He has studied very hard since

8、he came to our school. 自從他來(lái)校以來(lái)，一貫努力學(xué)習(xí)。 B. 在since所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，其謂語(yǔ)是延緩性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)，那么從句所表示的時(shí)間是從延緩性動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作結(jié)束時(shí)算起。 eg. I havent heard any noise since I slept. 自從我醒后，沒(méi)聽見任何聲音。 2 介詞for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，在翻譯時(shí)有兩種不同的情況： A介詞for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和延緩性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式連用時(shí)，有兩種不同的含義。 He has not lived there for six months.他不住在那兒已六個(gè)月了（他住在那兒還不到六個(gè)月。） B

9、介詞for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和終止性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式連用，只有一種含義。 eg. Mary has not left here for six months. 瑪麗已六個(gè)月沒(méi)有離開過(guò)這兒了。 句中含有till 或until 引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的，也可以是終止性的，但要注意兩種情況： 1. 如果主句中動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，動(dòng)詞肯定或否定都可以，只是含義不同。 eg. He listened to the radio until his father came back. 他聽無(wú)線電一直到他父親回來(lái)為止。 eg. He didnt listen to the radi

10、o until his father came back. 直到他父親回來(lái)，他才聽無(wú)線電。 2. 如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是終止性動(dòng)詞，則只能用否定式。 eg. Mr. Smith didnt marry until he was forty- five. (right) 史密斯先生到四十五歲才結(jié)婚。 Mr. Smith married until he was forty-five. (wrong)1) 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié) 果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。He has completed the work.他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 (表結(jié)果)Ive kno

11、wn him since then. 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷)2)用于till / until從句的差異 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示做直到 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示到，才 He didnt come back until ten oclock. 他到10 點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。 He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。Ive had a cold since my arrival（到達(dá) n.）. I didnt go to school because I had had a bad cold for days. catch a cold是短暫性動(dòng)作，表“動(dòng)態(tài)”：它不

12、能和延續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，不定冠詞“a”可有可無(wú)，catch可用take,get代替。 Put on your coat,or youll catch/take/get a cold. Take care not to get cold. 但是，若cold前有形容詞修飾時(shí)，則不定冠詞不能省。 如：Brown has taken a slight cold. 注意下列句子： I have caught a cold for over a week.() I have had a cold for over a week.(對(duì)) 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞常不能和表示一個(gè)短暫具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用；這類動(dòng)詞如用于進(jìn)行時(shí)

13、態(tài)，則可以和表示一個(gè)短暫具體的時(shí)刻連用。 He worked at eight yesterday afternoon.() He was working at eight yesterday afternoon.(對(duì)) 瞬間動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，但不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如可說(shuō)“He has left.”但不能說(shuō)“He has left for three years.” 如果要表達(dá)“他已走了三年了”可用以下幾種表達(dá)法：一、用ago,使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 He left here three years ago.二、用“It is +一段時(shí)間since 一般過(guò)去時(shí)從句 ” It is t

14、hree years since he left here.三、用“ 一段時(shí)間have/ has passed + since + 一般過(guò)去時(shí)從句”Three years have passed since he left here.以上三種表示方法適用于所有瞬間動(dòng)詞。 另外，還可用其它表示方法，但只適用于部分瞬間動(dòng)詞。具體辦法是將瞬間動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為表延續(xù)的動(dòng)詞或者表狀態(tài)的be+名詞形容詞或副詞介詞短語(yǔ)等。I have bought this book for three months.1.直接轉(zhuǎn)化成延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞 buy catch (get) a cold borrow/lend come/go

15、/become 常見的瞬間動(dòng)詞變?yōu)檠永m(xù)性動(dòng)詞：borrow-keep die-be dead buy- have come back-be back go out-be outjoin/take part in-be in/ be a member of begin-be on leave- be away from become- be fall asleep-be asleep catch a cold-have a cold end/finish-be over 例句：1、他買了這本書兩年了。誤：He has bought the book for two years. 正：He bou

16、ght the book two years ago.2、他們認(rèn)識(shí)5年了。誤：They have got to know each other for five years. 正：They have known each other for five years.3、他父親死了五年了。誤：His father has died for two years.正：His father has been dead for two years.4、湯姆參軍4年了。誤：Tom has joined the army for four years.正：It is (has been) four years

17、 since Tom joined the army.arrivebe here begin(start)be on die be dead fall ill(sick,asleep)be ill(sick,asleep) get upbe up go out be out finish be over put on wear 或be on open be open join be in或 be a member of close be closed go to schoolbe a student borrow keep buy have catch(a cold) have(a cold)

18、 get to know know begin to studystudy come to workwork get upbe up等如：1.He has been a soldier for three years.他參軍三年了。 2.His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世二年了。 3.The film has been on for ten minutes.電影已開始十分鐘了。 4.We have studied English for three years. 我們（開始）學(xué)英語(yǔ)已三年了典型例題1. You dont need to de

19、scribe her. I _ her several times.A. had metB. have met C. metD. meet 答案B. 首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。2.-Im sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes.A. have been B. had been C. wasD. will be 答案A. 等待的動(dòng)作由過(guò)去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。1. When he

20、arrived at the bus stop, the bus _ for 20 minutes.A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away2. I _ the League for 5 years so far. A. joined B. have joined C. have been inD. have gone to3. The factory _ since the February of 1988. A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened4.

21、 Mary and Rose _friends since they met in 2000. A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become5. You mustnt _ until he comes back. A. be away B. leave C. be leftD. have left6. The meeting _ for a week now. A. has finished B. has ended C. has been overD. ended7. Miss Gao _ this school for nearly 5

22、years. A. has been in B. has come to C. has taughtD. taught8. Ben _ a teacher for 4 years . A. has been B. has become C. was D. became9. I _ home for a week. A. have returned B. have been back C. returnedD. am returned10. How long _ he _ ? A. died B. has, died C. has, been deadD. did, died11. He _ a

23、t eight yesterday afternoon.A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept12. He _ the car for a week. A. bought B. has bought C. has had D. buy13. -How long _ you _ ill? -Two weeks. A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, beenD. have, had14. Since 2000, he _ his hometown. A. has left B. has moved aw

24、ay C. has been away fromD. left15. Ill lend you the book , but you can only _ it for 2 days. A. borrow B. keep C. takeD. took16. The bus _ on the road for 2 hours so far. A. has stopped B. stopped C. has beenD. is17. Are you _ the jacket these days? A. wearing B. putting on C. dressing D. on18. He _

25、 for 2 hours. A. got up B. has got up C. has been upD. is up19. Tom is ill in hospital. He _ a cold for several days. A. is B. catches C. has caught D. has had20. - How long can I _ the book? - Two weeks.A. borrow B. lend C. get D. keep表示一段時(shí)間的for和since短語(yǔ)，兩者可相互轉(zhuǎn)換。與for, since短語(yǔ)連用的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。某些非

26、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子中，但如果有表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，這些動(dòng)詞必須用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞代替。如下，延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及其轉(zhuǎn)換 動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式、發(fā)生過(guò)程的長(zhǎng)短可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。 一.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作,如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以與表示時(shí)間段的狀語(yǔ)連用。 表示時(shí)間段的短語(yǔ)有:for+一段時(shí)間,for 2 years; since從句,since he came here; sin

27、ce+時(shí)間點(diǎn)名詞,since last year, since 5 days ago; how long; for a long time等。 例:He has lived here for 6 years. You can keep the book for 5 days. I stayed there for 2 weeks last year. How long did you stay there last year? 二.非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也稱終止性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞,表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作,這種動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。 如:open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy等。非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在肯定句中與表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)的狀語(yǔ)連用，如：two years ago; at 5 oclock;例:He di