漢英翻譯基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)課堂

1、CHINESE-ENGLISH TRANSLATION,Chapter 2 Fundamental Knowledge,復(fù)習(xí),練習(xí),了解,文化,漢英翻譯與文化,中英思維方式對(duì)比,漢英語(yǔ)言對(duì)比,漢英翻譯基本知識(shí),漢英翻譯就是譯者將作者為漢語(yǔ)讀者所寫的,漢語(yǔ)文本轉(zhuǎn)換為功能相似、語(yǔ)義相符,供英文讀者閱讀的英語(yǔ)文本的活動(dòng),陳宏薇,國(guó)際翻譯界一般認(rèn)為,從外國(guó)語(yǔ)譯入本族語(yǔ),易，反之難,從本族語(yǔ)譯入外國(guó)語(yǔ)非,明智之舉,譯出翻譯的,最佳模式,是合作翻譯,該校有三千名學(xué)生,The school has three thousand students,苦盡甘來(lái),Sweet comes after bitterne

2、ss,凱文是幾兄弟中最熱心的,Kevin is the most warm-hearted of his brothers,日暮途窮,The day is falling and the road is coming to an end,正,There are three thousand students in the school,正,After rain comes the sunshine,Pain past is pleasure,正,Kevin is the most warm-hearted of all the sons in the family,Kevin is more

3、warm-hearted than any of his brothers,正,The night is falling and the road is coming to an end,注：“日暮”除譯作,The,night is falling,外，又可譯,成,the night is closing in,或,night is coming(on,或,it is getting dark,漢語(yǔ)的,途窮”，除如上照字面,譯出的以外，又可譯為,no,road ahead,或意譯為,straitened, in poor,circumstances,等,車來(lái)了。您先請(qǐng),Here comes t

4、he car. You go first, please,這個(gè)教授教得很爛,The professor teaches badly,周末許多人睡得很晚,Many people sleep late at weekends,這個(gè)任務(wù)很危險(xiǎn)，但總得有人去冒險(xiǎn),The task is really dangerous. But someone has to take the adventure,一輛白色轎車前來(lái)接新郎新娘去教堂,A white car turned up to take the groom and the bride to the church,正,Here comes the ca

5、r,After you,正,The professor is so,terrible,正,Many people,go to bed,very late at weekends,Many people,sleep late,at weekends.,周末許多人睡懶覺,正,The task is really dangerous. But someone has to,bell the cat,正,A white car turned up to take,the bride and the groom,to the church,注：漢英兩種語(yǔ)言均有各自固定的詞序，因此翻譯時(shí)要根據(jù)各自的語(yǔ)言習(xí)

6、慣進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整,之所以將新娘放在前面，也許是西方文化中“女士?jī)?yōu)先,吧！又如：“衣食住行”譯成英,語(yǔ)是,food, clothing, shelter and transportation,同樣，“左顧右盼”翻譯成,look right and left,文,化,語(yǔ),言,思,維,什么是文化,P,15,文化、語(yǔ)言與漢英翻譯的關(guān)系,P,16,中西思維方式有什么異同,P,18,清,翠十八子手串,清翠魚紋佩,Qing Dynasty Jadeite Rosary Bracelet of Eighteen Beads,Jadeite Pendant with Fish Design,Treasures

7、of the Palace Museum,Jewelries of Empress and Imperial Concubines,中英思維方式對(duì)比,中國(guó)人注重倫理,ethics,英美人注重認(rèn)知,congnition,中重整體,integrity,重綜合性,synthetic,思維,英重個(gè)體,individuality,重分析性,analytic,思維,中重直覺,intuition,重形象思維,figurative thinking,英重實(shí)證,evidence,重邏輯思維,logical thinking,Chinese Mode,Western Mode,Ethical,倫理型,Cognit

8、ive,認(rèn)知型,Synthetic,整體性,Analytical,分析性,Intentional,意向性,Objective,對(duì)象性,Intuitive,直覺性,Logical,邏輯性,Imagic,意象性,Positivistic,實(shí)證性,Fuzzy,模糊性,Accurate,精確性,Convergent,求同性,Divergent,求異性,Past-focused,后饋性,Future-focused,前瞻性,Inward,內(nèi)向性,Outward,外向性,Inductive,歸納型,Deductive,演繹型,連淑能,中國(guó)人的形象思維體現(xiàn)在用具體形象的詞語(yǔ)比喻抽象的事物，以,物表感、狀物言

9、志,明槍易躲，暗箭難防,It is easy to dodge a spear thrust in the open,but difficult to guard,against an arrow shot from hiding,腳踩兩只船,straddle two boats,have a foot in either camp,腳踏實(shí)地,have a down-to-earth manner,膽小如鼠,as timid as a mouse,chicken-hearted,居高臨下,occupy a commanding position,蒙在鼓里,be kept in the dark

10、,頂天立地,dauntless,of gigantic stature,of indomitable spirit,giant,蘿卜青菜，各有所愛,B,D,A,C,E,漢英語(yǔ)音對(duì)比,漢英句法對(duì)比,漢英文字對(duì)比,漢英詞義對(duì)比,漢英篇章對(duì)比,漢英語(yǔ)言對(duì)比,Type,漢語(yǔ)屬漢藏語(yǔ)系,Sino-Tibetan Family,英語(yǔ)屬印歐語(yǔ)系,Indo-European Family,漢語(yǔ)是世界上最古老語(yǔ)言之一,英語(yǔ)是世界上使用最廣的語(yǔ)言之一,漢語(yǔ)是分析型,analytic,語(yǔ)言，其典型特征是沒(méi)有屈折變化即漢語(yǔ)的名,詞不會(huì)改變自身的形式,form,變?yōu)?inflection,復(fù)數(shù)，動(dòng)詞也不用改變,自身的形

11、式表示過(guò)去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)；漢語(yǔ)的詞沒(méi)有陽(yáng)性和陰性,的變化，漢語(yǔ)中也沒(méi)有表陽(yáng)性和陰性的詞綴,漢語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)組合成句依靠詞序,word order,和虛詞,empty word,如,鳥兒飛出了籠子?！笔前凑Ｔ~序組成的正確句子，若顛倒“鳥兒,和“籠子”的位置成為“籠子飛出了鳥兒”，該句則成了病句；然,若加上“里”字，“籠子里飛出了鳥兒”，句子便又恢復(fù)正常，突出,了鳥兒是從籠子里飛出來(lái)的信息,漢語(yǔ)還被認(rèn)為是粘著型,agglutinative,語(yǔ)言，詞的組合依靠詞素,的粘著,如,光,明,光明,正大,光明正大,打,擊,打擊,犯罪,分子,打擊犯罪分子,英語(yǔ)是分析型和綜合型,synthetic,語(yǔ)言。其分析型

12、特征也體現(xiàn)在,詞序和助詞,auxiliary,的組句功能上,如,He works well,是正確句子，不能顛倒詞序?qū)⑵渥優(yōu)?Works he well,但可以改變?cè)~序變?yōu)?Well he works,以,突出,well,Does he work hard,一定得將,does,置于句首成為一般疑問(wèn)句,若改變?cè)~序使其為,He does work hard,則改變了該句的功,能，變?yōu)殛愂鼍洌瑥?qiáng)調(diào),work hard,英語(yǔ)又屬綜合型語(yǔ)言是因?yàn)樗胸S富的屈折變化形式,如,table,桌子,tables,幾張桌子,run,跑,ran,跑，過(guò)去時(shí),run,跑，過(guò)去分詞,the boys (s,表示所屬關(guān)系

13、,She sings(-s,表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)單數(shù)第三人稱,Linguistic System,文字,script,也稱書面語(yǔ)言,system of writing,是語(yǔ)言的有形記,錄，它的出現(xiàn)往往晚于所記錄的語(yǔ)言,人類歷史上有四種最古老的表意文字，它們是古埃及的圣體字,古蘇美爾人的楔形文字，中美洲瑪雅人的文字和古漢字。除,了漢字至今保持著旺盛的生命力，其余的三種文字都已湮沒(méi)在,歷史的長(zhǎng)河中,古漢字是一種用符號(hào)表示思想或概念的表意文字,ideographic script,因?yàn)樗饕窍笮巫?P32,隨著指事字、會(huì)意字和形聲字的出現(xiàn)，且數(shù)目不斷增多，漢字已不,能簡(jiǎn)單地視為表意文字，而應(yīng)該視為有表意傾向

14、的音節(jié)文字,ideographic-oriented syllabic script,漢字一字一音，一字既可代表,語(yǔ)素，又可代表音節(jié)。漢字是多功能的，它是字,character,即構(gòu),成文字的基本單位；有些漢字又是詞,word,如：句、書、打、走,等；有些漢字既可作詞單獨(dú)使用，也可略變寫法作偏旁部首,radical,使用，如金、木、日、米等；少數(shù)漢字只能作為語(yǔ)素,morpheme,與,其他漢字組合成詞語(yǔ)，如菩、乒、忐等,Development of Chinese characters,1,Inscription on bone or tortoise shells,甲骨文,the Shang

15、 Dynasty,2) Bronzeware script,金文,the Shang Dynasty the Zhou Dynasty,3) Seal character,篆書,the Zhou Dynasty the Qin Dynasty,4) Official script,隸書,the Warring State Dynasty the Han Dynasty,5) Regular script,楷書,the Han Dynasty the Tang Dynasty,6) Cursive script,草書,/ Running script,行書,the Han Dynasty the

16、 Southern and Northern Dynasties,1) Pictographs,象形字,are pictorial representation of the things or objects they originally represented,e.g,山,川,2) Indicatives,指事字,: Unlike pictographs, indicatives do not picture things, but “indicate” their,properties. e.g,上,下,3) Ideographs,會(huì)意字,are typically composed

17、of pictographs / indicatives arranged in a special way to,suggest something more abstract. e.g,明,休,4) Sound-shape compounds,形聲字,: Typically consist of two parts: one called “radical”,偏旁,indicating semantic area, and the rest is phonetic element,聲旁,indicating phonetic realization. e.g,媽,鉀,5) Changed-

18、annotation characters,轉(zhuǎn)注字,are characters which were originally the same character but,have become two different ones through orthographic drift. e.g,考,老,6) Fake-borrowed characters,假借字,are homophones which are borrowed for use when a spoken word,has no corresponding character. e.g,令,as in,命令,縣令,長(zhǎng),as

19、 in,長(zhǎng)者,長(zhǎng)官,英語(yǔ)是拼音文字,alphabetic Script,英語(yǔ)有,26,個(gè)字母，組合構(gòu)成,詞。所以，英文字母絕大多數(shù)都不能像漢字那樣可以單獨(dú)使用,英語(yǔ)沒(méi)有字，只有詞,Phonetic,system,漢語(yǔ)的音素,phoneme,分為韻母,final,和聲母,initial,兩大類,英語(yǔ)的音素分為元音,Vowel,和輔音,consonant,兩大類,漢語(yǔ)音節(jié)一般由一個(gè)韻母和一個(gè)聲母構(gòu)成,英語(yǔ)音節(jié)的構(gòu)成比漢語(yǔ)復(fù)雜得多，一個(gè)元音可與一個(gè)或兩個(gè)輔,音甚至三個(gè)或四個(gè)輔音,輔音連綴,構(gòu)成音節(jié),CCC)V(CCCC,漢語(yǔ)是聲調(diào)語(yǔ)言,tonal language,每個(gè)漢字都有四聲：陰、陽(yáng)、上、去。

20、聲調(diào)不僅是漢語(yǔ)的重要語(yǔ)音,表達(dá)手段，還能幫助辨義。漢語(yǔ)的單音節(jié)只有一個(gè)重讀音節(jié),stressed syllable,雙音節(jié)詞可能兩個(gè)音節(jié)都重讀，也司能只有一個(gè),音節(jié)重讀。重讀音節(jié)不同，意義也就不同,例如：“大意,若讀成,dayi,其意為“主要的意思,main idea,若讀成,da,yi,則表,示“疏忽，不注意,careless,當(dāng)然，在翻譯中，我們主要依靠上下文，依靠所譯詞與語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)外其,他詞的關(guān)系來(lái)確定詞義,英語(yǔ)是語(yǔ)調(diào)語(yǔ)言,intonation language,語(yǔ)調(diào)的單位一般是句群或,小句，調(diào)核一般在語(yǔ)句的末尾,語(yǔ)調(diào)既有語(yǔ)法作用，能分開陳述句、疑問(wèn)句或反意問(wèn)句，也有獨(dú)特,的表意作用，具有很

21、強(qiáng)的表情功能，不同的語(yǔ)調(diào)可以表示不同的態(tài),度、口氣和思想感情。此外，語(yǔ)調(diào)還賦予英語(yǔ)一種旋律美，難怪有,的語(yǔ)音學(xué)家形象地將語(yǔ)調(diào)比做“英語(yǔ)的靈魂,英語(yǔ)的單詞沒(méi)有聲調(diào)，但有重音，而且重音的排列有規(guī)律,英語(yǔ)的句子也有重音。一般情況下，實(shí)詞,content words,重讀，虛,詞,form words,不重讀,Tone,is the pitch of a word in a language to distinguish lexical meaning,Intonation,is the pattern of pitch across a stretch of utterance (such as a

22、 clause or,sentence) to convey syntactic information,Chinese is a typical tone language in that tone, like vowel and consonant, has a distinctive,value. By comparison, tone in English does not have a distinctive value,Generally, every Chinese syllable (i.e. character) consists of three components: t

23、he initial,consonant,聲母, the vowel,韻母,and the tone,聲調(diào),The four tones of Chinese are: (1) high and level tone,陰平,), (2) rising tone,陽(yáng)平,3) falling-rising tone,上聲, and (4) falling tone,去聲,Intonation language,is a language in which the meaning of a sentence largely depends on its,intonation contour. Eng

24、lish is an intonation language in that intonation plays a very important,part in conveying the speakers attitude, emphasis, emotion and other shades of meaning,English has a very complex intonation system, which is generally recognized to have 11,intonation patterns, among which the following 6 are

25、most common,1) Falling intonation (): expressing assertion, definiteness, command, etc,2) Rising intonation (): showing uncertainty, request, reservation, etc,3) Level intonation,indicating indifference, neutrality, suspension, etc,4) Falling,rising intonation (): denoting doubt, hesitation, reserva

26、tion, impatience, etc,5) Rising-falling intonation,conveying deep impression, complacence, joking,sarcasm, reproach,6) Rising-falling-rising intonation (): showing contrast, encouragement, cheerfulness, etc,Semantic,system,意義的分類,Leech,外延意義,denotative meaning,內(nèi)涵意義,connotative meaning,風(fēng)格意義,stylistic m

27、eaning,情感意義,affective meaning,聯(lián)想意義,reflective meaning,搭配意義,collocative meaning,主題意義,thematic meaning,詞是具備形、音、義，可以獨(dú)立運(yùn)用的最小語(yǔ)言單位，也是最小,的語(yǔ)法單位。詞具有指稱意義和蘊(yùn)涵意義，因而難譯,英漢詞匯意義的對(duì)應(yīng)大致有以下三種情況,1,詞義相符,semantic correspondence,學(xué)生,student,環(huán)境保護(hù),environmental protection,學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí),to learn knowledge (to acquire knowledge,詞義部分相符,山,

28、hill, mountain,雞,hen, chick, rooster,2,詞義相異,semantic non-correspondence,A,指稱意義相符,蘊(yùn)涵意義相異,松、梅、竹（歲寒三友，蘊(yùn)含不畏唁函，傲然風(fēng)雪的品德）然而，英語(yǔ),中,pine trees, plum blossoms, bamboo,不具備上述蘊(yùn)含意義,B,指稱意義和蘊(yùn)涵意義相異,龍鳳呈祥,Dragon and Phoenix Bringing Prosperity,3,詞義空缺,semantic zero,見書,265,面節(jié)氣,Chinese compound words involve the following

29、 5 structures,1,Subject-verb construction,主謂結(jié)構(gòu),地震，脈搏，年輕，目睹，神往，胃下垂,2) Verb-object construction,動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu),唱票，管家，吃驚，用功，拼命，跑龍?zhí)?3) Verb-complete construction,動(dòng)補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),提高，建成，長(zhǎng)大，煮熟，殺死,4,Coordinate construction,并列結(jié)構(gòu),國(guó)家，尺寸，美好，口舌，強(qiáng)迫，吞云吐霧,5) Subordinate construction,限定結(jié)構(gòu),雪白，萬(wàn)分，閑談,forming through,reduplicated words,1) A

30、A,星星，姐姐，剛剛，常常,2) AAB,眨眨眼，刷刷牙,3) ABB,紅通通，亂哄哄，亮晶晶,4) BAA,眼巴巴，亂蓬蓬,5) AABC,脈脈不語(yǔ)，楚楚動(dòng)人,6) BCAA,衣冠楚楚，風(fēng)雪茫茫,7) AABB,叮叮當(dāng)當(dāng)，磨磨蹭蹭，說(shuō)說(shuō)笑笑,8) ABAB,休息休息，活動(dòng)活動(dòng)，研究研究，清醒清醒,9) A,里,AB,流里流氣，羅里羅嗦，糊里糊涂，傻里傻氣,10) A,一,呀,啊,A,試一,呀,啊試，看一,呀,啊看，聽一,呀,啊聽，想一,呀,啊想,外延意義不對(duì)應(yīng),紅茶,black tea,稅,tax duty tariff bond,白酒,spirits/liquor,不是,white win

31、e,白葡萄酒,紅眼,pink eye (to be green-eyed,Red eye,廉價(jià)的威士忌酒,詞義相異,內(nèi)涵意義不對(duì)應(yīng),只要我們堅(jiān)持改革開放政策，就一定能把我國(guó)建設(shè)成為強(qiáng)大的社會(huì),主義國(guó)家,譯文,So long as we stick to the reform and opening-up policy,we will,be able to turn,transform China into a powerful Socialist country,分析,初學(xué)翻譯的人很可能把“一定能,譯成,will surely be able,to,這就是中式英語(yǔ)，問(wèn)題出在,surely,身上

32、，此詞用在這里表,示自己就沒(méi)有什么把握，與原文意思相反?！鞍盐覈?guó)建設(shè)成為,如譯成,to build China into,又違背了英語(yǔ)慣用法,搭配意義不對(duì)應(yīng),當(dāng)前最重要的任務(wù)是發(fā)展國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)，提高人民生活水平,譯文,Our primary task at present is to develop national economy and,improve the standards of living,分析,提高人民生活水平”譯為,to improve (better) the lives of the,people,to improve (uplift) the quality of the

33、lives of the people,to,improve the texture of the lives of the people,to improve (raise,standards of living,都是符合英語(yǔ)慣用法的。如譯成,to raise the level,of the lives of the people,則成了中國(guó)式英語(yǔ),聯(lián)想意義不對(duì)應(yīng),有一次，譯員用英語(yǔ)通知一位外國(guó)專家參加一個(gè)會(huì)議，其中有,一句話是,You had better attend the meeting on time,您最,好及時(shí)參加這個(gè)會(huì),英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法是毫無(wú)問(wèn)題的。但外國(guó)專家聽,后十分不悅，原來(lái)

34、,had better do sth,只能用于上級(jí)對(duì)下級(jí),老師對(duì)學(xué)生，老一輩對(duì)下輩，同等地位或年齡的人之間,同時(shí)，市場(chǎng)自身的弱點(diǎn)和消極方面也會(huì)反映到人們的精神生活,中來(lái),譯文,Meanwhile,the weak points and negative factors involved,in market operation will find expression in peoples cultral life,分析,精神生活”在這里譯為,cultural life,是符合英語(yǔ)慣用法,的。如譯文,spiritual life,很可能有宗教的因素,情感意義不對(duì)應(yīng),過(guò)去我們?cè)趯?duì)外宣傳中，一直把“

35、宣傳”譯為,propaganda”,貶,義的成分為多，使人易與吹牛、說(shuō)謊、懷有政治目的等負(fù)面含,義聯(lián)系起來(lái),現(xiàn)在多使用,publicity,等中性詞；“精神文明,被譯,ritual civilization,在外國(guó)人的心目中含有宗教色彩，現(xiàn)在改,ethical and cultural progress,以及其他譯法,語(yǔ)篇意義,語(yǔ)用意義,語(yǔ)體文本意義,指稱意義,Discussion,1,館,博物館、圖書館、旅館、賓館、大使館、領(lǐng)事館、茶館、飯館、理,發(fā)館、體育館、展覽館、文化館、美術(shù)館、科技館、天文館、照相,館,1,museum,library,hotel,guest house,embass

36、y,consulate,tea,house,restaurant,barbers shop,gymnasium,exhibition hall,cultural center,art gallery,science and technology center,planetarium,photo studio,2,酒,葡萄酒、白酒、烈酒、啤酒、香檳酒、雞尾酒、白蘭地酒、威,士忌酒、杜松子酒,2,wine,alcohol,spirits,beer,champagne,cock,tail,brandy,whisky,gin,3,筆,鋼筆、鉛筆、圓珠筆、蠟筆、粉筆、毛筆、畫筆、電筆,3. founta

37、in pen,pencil,ballpoint pen,wax crayon,chalk,writing brush,painting brush,electroprobe,4,好,a,他是祖國(guó)的好兒子,b,莊稼長(zhǎng)得真好,c,他們對(duì)我真好,d,樓的質(zhì)量不好,e,這個(gè)問(wèn)題很好回答,f,啊，好票,4,a,He is a worthy son of our motherland,b,The crops are doing well,c,They are really kind to me,d,The building is not well built,e,This question is easy

38、 to answer,f,Oh,a good seat,5,學(xué)習(xí),a,學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí),b,學(xué)習(xí)技術(shù),c,學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ),d,學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī),e,學(xué)習(xí)別人的長(zhǎng)處,f,互相學(xué)習(xí),g,以雷鋒為學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣,5,a,acquire knowledge,b,master a skill,c,study a foreign language,d,academic records,e,emulate others strong points,f,1earn from each other,g,follow the example of Lei Feng,English and Chinese share a lot in co

39、mmon in their syntactic structures,SV: The bell rang.,鈴響了,SVC: He is a teacher.,他是老師,You look young.,你看上去很年輕,SVO: He dug a hole.,他挖了個(gè)洞,SV,oO: He gave me a pen.,他給了我支筆,SVOC: She wished her son safe and sound.,她希望兒子平平安安的,SV,A: She smiles prettily,SVOA: She completes the program smoothly,compare,Hypota

40、xis,means,the arranging of clauses and sentences with connectives showing the,relations between them, in other words, the different parts of the text are organized and,developed by connectives (i.e. conjunctions, relative pronouns, relative adverbs, present,past participles, etc,Parataxis,means,the

41、arranging of clauses and sentences without connectives showing,the relations between them. Therefore different sentences are juxtaposed to form,sentence groups or text by underlying semantic / logic relations (rather than,connectives,English is a hypotactic language,which relies heavily on formal li

42、nks such as,connectives,Chinese is a paratactic language,which depends largely on underlying,semantic/logical relations rather than formal links,人不可貌相，海水不可斗量,A person can not be judged by his appearance,just as,the ocean can not be measured,by pints,聰明難，糊涂更難,It,s difficult to be wise,but,it,s even m

43、ore difficult to play the fool,想要什么吃的、什么玩的，只管告訴我；丫頭老婆們不好了，也只管告訴我,曹雪芹紅樓夢(mèng),Just tell me,if,you have a fancy for anything special to eat or pass the time with,When,a housemaid or an old nurse becomes nasty, also let me know,1,天氣寒冷，河水都結(jié)冰了,It was,so,cold,that,the river froze,2,早知今日，何必當(dāng)初,If,I had known it

44、would come to this, I would have acted differently,If,you had known it would come to this, why should you have acted that way,3,江山易改，本性難移,It is easy to change rivers and mountains,but,hard to change a persons nature,A person can hardly change his nature as) a leopard can hardly change its spots,Engl

45、ish language is a subject-prominent,language,Chinese is a topic-prominent,language,A subject-prominent language is a language in which the,grammatical units of subject,and predicate are basic,to the structure of sentences and in which sentences usually,have subject-predicate structure,A topic-promin

46、ent language is one in which the information units of topic and comment,are basic to the structure of sentences, and,subject-predicate structure is not always,obligatory,1,魚,我所欲也。熊掌，亦我所欲也。兩者不可兼得，舍魚而取熊掌也,Fish,is what I desire, and bears paw is also what I desire; if I can not have both, I,will give u

47、p fish and take bears paw,2,開車,他沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗(yàn),He is inexperienced,in driving,3,一路上,吃了半斤炒栗子，睡了一會(huì)兒覺，就到了北京,We,ate half a jin of roast chestnuts, had a nap and soon arrived in Beijing,東邊閃電出日頭，西邊閃電必有雨，南邊閃電天氣熱，北邊閃電有,雷雨,If,it lightens in the east, it will be sunny,if,it lightens in the west, it will,be rainy,if,it

48、lightens in the south, it will be sultry,if,it lightens in the,north, it will be stormy,這種,力，是一般人看不見的生命力，只要生命存在，這種力就要顯,現(xiàn),It,is an invisible force of life. So long as there is life,the force,will show,itself,良藥苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行,Just as bitter medicine cures sickness, (so) unpalatable advice benefits,cond

49、uct,一個(gè)穩(wěn)定、強(qiáng)大的中國(guó)符合美國(guó)的利益；一個(gè)強(qiáng)大、自信和參與全,球事務(wù)的美國(guó)符合中國(guó)的利益,A secure and strong China is in Americas interest. And a powerful,confident, and globally engaged U.S. is in Chinas interest,燕子去了，有再來(lái)的時(shí)候；楊柳枯了，有再青的時(shí)候；桃花謝了，有,再開的時(shí)候。但是，聰明的，你告訴我，我們的日子為什么一去不復(fù),返呢,Swallows fly away, yet return; willows wither, yet burgeon aga

50、in; peach,blossom fades, yet blooms afresh. But tell me, you who are wise, why do,our days depart never to return,帶織入狗中，狗織入白云中。白云織入村女中,The belts interwove with the dogs, the dogs with the white clouds, and the,white clouds with the country girls,P 47-48,山谷頂端，殘留著一座道教建筑，名叫“黃龍古寺”。寺前有一溶洞，深邃莫測(cè),寺后有一石碑，除碑檐

51、外，幾乎全被碳酸鈣沉積淹沒(méi)，碑文已不可辨認(rèn),原譯,On the hill top stands the Yellow Dragon Monastery, a Taoist retreat built in the,Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). A karst cave lies before it, and a stone tablet was erected,behind it. All but the top of the tablet has been eroded by calcium carbonate, and the,inscriptions have be

52、come unreadable,改譯,On top of the hill stands the Yellow Dragon Monastery, a Ming Dynasty (1368,1644) structure for a Taoist retreat. In front of the monastery is a karst cave of infinite,depth, and behind it stands a stone tablet, all but the top of the tablet having been eroded,by calcium carbonate

53、 and the inscriptions on the tablet hardly distinguishable,京劇）臉譜主要是用在,凈,丑,這兩種角色的臉上,凈,又稱,花臉,丑,就,是,丑角,臉譜有兩種用意，一種是,表示,劇中人的身份和性格。如,紅臉,表示,這個(gè),人忠勇,黑臉,表示,這個(gè)人粗豪,白臉,表示,這個(gè)人奸惡。再一種用意是體現(xiàn)人們,對(duì)這個(gè)角色的道德評(píng)價(jià)和審美評(píng)價(jià)。如可敬的，可恨的，崇高的，可笑的，等等,Masks, applied to the two roles of the jing or male character and the chou or,clown, serv

54、e two purposes. One is to,indicate,the identity and character of the role,For example, a ed face,means,the person is loyal and brave; a lack face,signifies,the person is straightforward; and a white face,identifies,the person as crafty and evil,The other purpose is to express peoples appraisal of th

55、e roles from a moral and aesthetic,point of view, such as respectable, hateful, noble, or ridiculous,臉譜的含義,臉譜是指中國(guó)戲曲（尤其是京劇,演員臉上的化妝圖案，因?yàn)檫@,些圖案均有特定的規(guī)格，所以被,稱為臉譜。臉譜的作用是運(yùn)用不,同的色彩和線條構(gòu)成各種圖案,以象征劇中人物的性格和各種特,質(zhì)，例如忠奸善惡等等,臉譜的分類介紹,紅色臉,象征忠義、耿直、有血性，如：“三國(guó)戲”里的,關(guān)羽,斬經(jīng)堂里,的吳漢,其他：有諷刺意義，表示假好人,黑色臉,既表現(xiàn)性格嚴(yán)肅，不茍言笑，為中性，代表猛智,如“包公戲”里

56、的,包拯,又象征威武有力、粗魯豪爽，如：“三國(guó)戲,里的張飛，“水滸戲”里的,李逵,楊排風(fēng),中的焦贊,白色臉,表現(xiàn)奸詐多疑，含貶義，代表兇詐，如：“三國(guó)戲”里的曹操、打,嚴(yán)嵩,中的,嚴(yán)嵩,藍(lán)色臉,表現(xiàn)性格剛直，桀驁不馴,如：上天臺(tái)中的馬武，連環(huán)套里的竇爾墩,紫色臉,表現(xiàn)肅穆、穩(wěn)重，富有正義感,如：二進(jìn)宮中的徐延昭，魚腸劍中的專諸,金色臉,象征威武莊嚴(yán)，表現(xiàn)神仙一類角色,如：鬧天宮里的如來(lái)佛、二郎神,綠色臉,勇猛，莽撞，沖動(dòng),如：白水灘里的徐世英,主要角色：生、旦、凈、末、丑,中國(guó)戲曲中人物角色的行當(dāng)分類，按傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣，有,生、旦、凈、丑,和,生、旦、凈、末、丑,兩,種分行方法，近代以來(lái)，由于不少劇

57、種的“末”行,已逐漸歸入“生”行，通常把,生、旦、凈、丑,作為行當(dāng)?shù)乃姆N基本類型。每個(gè)行當(dāng)又有若干分支,各有其基本固定的扮演人物和表演特色。其中,旦,是女角色的統(tǒng)稱,生”,凈”,兩行是,男角色,丑,行中除有時(shí)兼扮丑旦和老旦外，大,都是男角色,一,京?。┠樧V主要是用在“凈”、“丑”這兩種角色的臉上,凈”又稱“花臉”，“丑”，就是“丑角,Masks ,applied to the two roles of the,Jing,or,male character,and the,Chou,or,clown,serve two purposes,京劇是中國(guó)的國(guó)粹，“凈”和“丑”是京劇角色，在英語(yǔ)中是沒(méi)有對(duì)應(yīng)詞的,譯者采用音譯，用斜體注明?！盎槨焙汀俺蠼恰笔恰皟簟焙汀俺蟆钡膭e稱,也是他們的同義詞,male character,突出了,凈,的角色，這樣更能使人了解,到京劇的特殊元素，而且,clown,是西方馬戲雜技舞臺(tái)上不可或缺的滑稽人物,該角色面部化妝夸