養(yǎng)老外文翻譯

1、鄭州輕工業(yè)學院 本科畢業(yè)設計（論文）文獻翻譯 題 目： 鄭州市日間照料中心發(fā)展 現(xiàn)狀狀及存在問題研究 學生姓名： 張 飛 專業(yè)班級： 勞動與社會保障11級1班 學 號： 4 院 （系）: 政法學院 指導教師(職稱): 楊嵐（講師） 完成時間: 2015年 4月 1日 Assessing the needs of older people in AlbaniaBackgroundAccording to the information provided by the National Institute of Statistics (INSTAT), the proportion of the

2、population over 65 years of age in Albania has reached 12%in 2010.Furthermore, projections suggest that the proportion of older people in Albania will double over the next 35 years. Coupled with falling birth rates and increasing life expectancy, this will eventually lead to a substantial reduction

3、of the economically active proportion of the population. At the same time, high levels of chronic illness, a huge burden of avoidable disability, economic deprivation and a lack of social opportunities mean that most elderly people in Albania are in a struggle to survive rather than enjoying the per

4、sonal and social possibilities common in many other European countries. Consequently, the Albanian society as a whole is deprived of much of the contribution it could gain from the experience of its older citizens.Demographic trends mixed with a society in economic and political transition raise con

5、cerns about increasing needs for care and social inclusion of older people in Albania. Moreover, there is a low level of preparation of the Albanian society to cope with chronic diseases and long-term care. Complex policies and actions should be considered by a number of stake holders, including gov

6、ernment and civic society in Albania.Aim and Objectives of the research workThe aim of the current study was to obtain relevant information in order to respond to needs of older people as they see them. Specific objectives of the research work were as follows:To assess the quality of social services

7、 and health care services for elderly people from their perspective.To assess the difficulties and potential barriers of elderly people to access social services and health care services in Albania.To understand the determinants and the link between formal care, informal care and social services for

8、 elderly people in Albania.To assess and identify the appropriate strategies for involving older persons in taking decisions self empowerment.MethodologyParticipatory research: the approach of this study consisted of a close collaboration with and direct involvement of older people in all activities

9、 of the research work. This approach has the potential to address the needs of older persons as felt by the older persons themselves, in their own environment and during a long period of time. Qualitative research methodology was employed consisting of focus groups and in-depth inter views, as descr

10、ibed below:Focus group discussions were conducted in all prefectures of Albania involving old people aged 65+ years (there are 12 major administrative units in Albania referred to as prefectures).Overall, 12 focus groups were conducted one in each prefecture of Albania. The overall number of partici

11、pants in the focus groups was 107 (on average, there were 9 participants in each focus group).Detailed notes were taken from all focus group discussions for later analysis. It must be emphasized that all notes from the focus groupdiscussions were typed in an anonymous manner (i.e. all identifying in

12、formation including participants names was removed).Immediately after each focus group discussion, the facilitator and note taker met with each-other in order to review the main themes of thediscussion. The main patterns of responses were subsequently summarized. Responses from the discussions were

13、analyzed by arranging the min the general categories identified in the inter view guide. After arrangement of responses, the different positions or opinions were identified.The experts performing the qualitative data analysis summarized the various opinions, assessed the degree of consensus or diffe

14、rences expressed by the groups and synthesized the themes or patterns that emerged from the information collected in the focus-groups.In-depth interviews were also conducted with key informants working in senior leadership positions at local government and/or district social insurance institutes (wh

15、ich are branches of the Albanian Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare).The aim of in-depth inter views was to obtain additional and valuable information related to elderly peoples social and health needs, barriers to access services, and level of decision making and social participation in the Alban

16、ian society.Focus groups with old peopleThe main themes that emerged from focus-group discussions with old people are summarized below:Socioeconomic situation of old people: According to participants in the focus groups, the elderly people in Albania face many financial challenges and socioeconomic

17、problems which are worsened by the rapid transition from a centralized system towards a market-oriented economy which is associated with serious difficulties for this vulnerable segment of the population. Old people feel even more frustrated from the fact that both the local and central institutions

18、 (such as e.g. the National Institute of Statistics) claim that elderly people are not the most socioeconomic disadvantaged age-group of the population (according to these institutions, small children are the most disadvantaged population subgroup), which poses serious difficulties for the work carr

19、ied out by the institutions, agencies, civil society and non-governmental associations working with elderly people in Albania. Elderly people expressed similar concerns, problems and distress related to their poor socioeconomic conditions. The lack of money even for simple survival was one of the ke

20、y complaints in almost all of the focus group discussions. Thus, old people reported that after they pay the bills for electricity and running water, they are left with insufficient money for food and essential medications which they need for treatment of several chronic conditions such as high bloo

21、d pressure, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, gastrointestinal problems and many other diseases which they currently suffer from. The pretty low standard of living is quite obvious and is a daily source of economic and psychosocial distress for most of elderly people in Albania. Consistent with prio

22、r reports, the overall monthly income (including social pension and other sources of income available) reported by elderly people residing in urban areas was on average below100 ,whereas in rural areas it was below50 . Elderly people living in urban areas though have a somewhat better standard of li

23、ving compared with those who live in rural areas.Health status of old people: Similar concerns were expressed by elderly people with regard to the health status and health care services. Elderly people residing in urban areas have a better access to health care services, whereas those living in rura

24、l areas face serious difficulties to access health services. The lack of afford ability of medications is a serious concern expressed by almost all elderly persons. Thus, the vast majority of elderly people have no money to buy the prescribed drugs. Those who can afford have nevertheless to choose t

25、he cheapest drugs which are often ineffective to control such chronic conditions as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes. As a result, compatible with prior reports, chronic diseases are not kept under control and the health conditions of many elderly people tend to worsen due to ineff

26、ective treatment. This was felt by most of participants who attended the focus group discussions.Self-perceived image and social position of old people: According to perceptions of old people, historically, the elderly have been respected and well-recognized in the Albanian society. They have been a

27、ppreciated for their authoritative work, wisdom, dignity and experience accumulated during their lifetime. However, according to old peoples feelings and perceptions from focus group discussions, this is not the case in the new system (alias the transitional period from the former communist regime i

28、nto a market-oriented system)where old people feel that the society considers this segment of the population as a huge economic burden and a futile subgroup for the society on the whole. According to old people, this is especially the case for women who are often victims of negative stereotypes: ins

29、tead of being recognized for their values, skills, capability and contribution, old women in Albania are not appreciated and excluded from the society both at local and national levels. Furthermore, in old people s view, media is not playing its role in promoting old women values and their huge pote

30、ntial for contributing in decision making and participation in the Albanian society.Thus, regarding social contacts and social networks, elderly people tended to express family and community negligence. The lack of sufficient respect is the most frustrating issue according to the perceptions and fee

31、lings of elderly people. Most of the elderly people reported that they hardly get any chances to actively contribute and to be includedin different community activities and programs. Elderly people feel that their voice is totally neglected and nobody cares about their opinion. In conclusion, it was

32、 felt during the focus groups discussions that elderly people in Albania have no effective means of social participation.Violence and abuse against old people: According to old people in Albania, there is a lot of psychological abuse and even physical violence that they currently suffer. Nevertheles

33、s, in the context of the Albanian society it is difficult to identify and address the issues related to abuse and violence against elderly. This is mainly due to the old traditions and mentality according to which such problems related to violence and abuse should be confined within household bounda

34、ries. Yet, several old people stated that they are aware of some key findings and reports from different surveys, according to which it was shown that the violence against old people in Albania is not trivial. Thus, in a focus group it was mentioned that prior reports in Albania had demonstrated tha

35、t daughters in law were responsible for 25.5% of cases of elderly abuse, son in law were responsible for 18.8%, own children were responsible for 12.5% of the cases, nephews and nieces for 17.4% of the cases and the neighbors were responsible for the rest. The main type of violence suffered from old

36、 people consists of psychological abuse (43.8%), where physical violence comprises 6.3%. Such reports emerging from old people themselves raise serious concerns and deserve special attention. Some salient direct quotations from the focus group discussions with elderly people in Albania are presented

37、 below:評估老年人的需求，在阿爾巴尼亞一 、背景根據(jù)國家研究所提供的資料統(tǒng)計（INSTAT），在2010年阿爾巴尼65歲以上的人口比例已經(jīng)達到12，預測表明，在阿爾巴尼亞的老年人的比例將增加一倍，在未來35年,加上出生率下降和預期壽命延長，這將最終導致了經(jīng)濟活動的中人口比重的大幅減少。同時，嚴重的慢性疾病，經(jīng)濟貧困和缺乏的社會機會，成為阿爾巴尼亞的巨大負擔，大多數(shù)老人都無法享受到社會提供的的良好生存保障，而不是像其他許多歐洲國家那樣。因此，一個阿爾巴尼亞，它剝奪了社會的許多貢獻，它可能從老年公民那獲得經(jīng)驗。 阿爾巴尼亞的經(jīng)濟和政治混亂，在社會的人口發(fā)展趨勢下，有關老年人的保健和社會包容性

38、的需求日益增加，引起社會的關注。此外，阿爾巴尼亞社會應對慢性疾病和長期護理，準備水平還很低。復雜的政策和行動涉及到很多利益相關者，包括阿爾巴尼亞政府和公民社會。二、研究工作的目的和目標當前研究的目的是為了獲得相關信息，以應對老年人的需求，研究工作的具體目標如下： 社會服務和醫(yī)療保健服務的質(zhì)量評估，從他們的角度來看老人。 評估老人的困難和潛在障礙，訪問社會服務和醫(yī)療保健服務。理解的決定和正式照顧之間的聯(lián)系，對老年人非正式的保健和社會服務。評估和確定適當?shù)牟呗?，以決定自我權(quán)力來涉及老年人。三、研究的方法論本研究的方法包括一個關閉所有活動中的合作和直接參與老年人的研究工作。這種做法有可能解決老年人的

39、需求，由老年人自己覺得，在自己的環(huán)境，并在相當長的時間內(nèi)。定性研究方法，重點團體的意見，如下所述： 在阿爾巴尼亞的都道府縣進行了焦點小組討論涉及年齡在65歲以上的老人（有12個主要行政在阿爾巴尼亞的單位簡稱為縣）?？傮w而言，12個焦點小組進行，每個縣之一阿爾巴尼亞。在焦點團體的參與者總?cè)藬?shù)107（平均每個焦點小組的參與者有9）。詳細說明所有焦點小組討論，以供日后分析。必須強調(diào)的是，從焦點小組的所有音符討論了在一個匿名的方式輸入（即全部確定信息，包括參與者的名字被刪除）。每個重點小組討論，主持人，并注意后立即接受者會見了以審查的主要議題與每個其他討論。隨后總結(jié)反應的主要模式。從討論的答復進行了分

40、析，安排審核無誤在間認為的確定的一般類別的反應，不同的立場或意見的安排確定。進行定性數(shù)據(jù)分析,總結(jié)了各方面的意見，評估程度的共識，或表達的差異組和合成的主題或圖案，出現(xiàn)其外信息收集的重點群體。還進行了深入訪談與關鍵線人工作在當?shù)卣?或地區(qū)的高級領導職務社會保險機構(gòu)（這是阿爾巴尼亞部的分支機構(gòu)勞動和社會福利）。在深度訪談的目的是獲得額外的和有價值的有關老人人民的社會和健康的需求，障礙訪問服務，決策和社會參與程度在阿爾巴尼亞的社會。四、老人集中小組：從老人們的小組討論中出現(xiàn)的主要議題是總結(jié)如下：1、老人們的社會經(jīng)濟狀況： 根據(jù)小組的參與者，在阿爾巴尼亞的老人面臨著許多金融挑戰(zhàn)和社會經(jīng)濟問題惡化從一個集中的系統(tǒng)的快速過渡，走向以市場為導向的經(jīng)濟，這是人口這一弱勢群體的嚴重困難。老人們感到更加沮喪的事實，地方和中央機構(gòu)（如如國家統(tǒng)計局）聲稱，老人是最弱勢群體的社會經(jīng)濟人口的年齡組（根據(jù)這些機構(gòu)，小的孩子