主謂一致(高考復(fù)習(xí)完整版)

1、主謂一致一、概述：主謂一致的三個基本原則是：語法一致、意義一致和就近原則?！罢Z法一致”是指形式上的一致。即：主語為單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式?！耙饬x一致”是指有些主語形式上雖為單數(shù)，而意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；同樣有些主語形式上雖為復(fù)數(shù)，而意義上是單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。“就近原則”是指謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)與最靠近它的名詞或代詞保持一致。二、主謂一致的幾種情況：（一）并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語的情況：1、and連接并列成分作主語的情況：由and或bothand連接的并列成分作主語時，謂語動詞常用復(fù)數(shù)。如：He and I are teachers. Both he an

2、d I are teachers. and連接的兩部分表示同一個人、事物或概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。常見結(jié)構(gòu)有：a cart and house（一駕馬車），a cup and saucer（一套杯碟），a needle and thread（針線），a watch and chain, a coat and tie, truth and honesty, medical help and cure, my house and home（我的家），cause and effect（因果），supply and demand（供求關(guān)系），pen and ink（筆墨），whisky and sod

3、a（威士忌和蘇打，指一種酒），war and peace（戰(zhàn)爭與和平），a knife and fork（刀叉），fish and potato chips（魚和炸土豆條），the bread and butter（面包與黃油），early to bed and early to rise（早睡早起）。如：A knife and fork is on the table.由and連接兩個帶the（a或物主代詞）的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果只有前一個名詞帶the（a或物主代詞）時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：The teacher and the doctor are Chinese.

4、The teacher and doctor is a Chinese.這位教師兼醫(yī)生是中國人。and前后均有each，every，no，many a等修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，構(gòu)成并列成分作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。其中后一個限定詞可以省略。如：No sound and (no) voice is heard. Each man and (each) woman is here.Many a teacher and (many a) student has seen the film.由“and連接的前置并列修飾語+不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Good and bad meat in t

5、he market are sold out.“不可數(shù)名詞+and連接的后置并列修飾語”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：Beer from the USA and Germany is much better than that from Britain.由and連接的第二個名詞（短語）表示否定或帶有狀語時，謂語動詞與第一個名詞保持一致。如：The parents and not the son were missing. The teacher，and perhaps his students too，is likely to be present. what從句的并列式作主語時，并列完整式用

6、復(fù)數(shù)；并列縮略式用單數(shù)。如：What he says and what he thinks have nothing to do with me. What I say and do is my own affair. 注意這兩句根據(jù)的是意義一致的原則：What he says and does do not agree. 他言行不一致。What he says and does does not concern me. 他的言行與我無關(guān)。由and連接的兩個疑問代詞、不定式或動名詞作主語時，根據(jù)主語表達(dá)的意義，確定謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式（即意義一致原則）。如：Where and when to b

7、uild the house is not decided. When to have the meeting and who to hold the meeting are not decided yet. What caused the fire and how much the loss was are still unknown.2、“就近原則”：由并列連詞or，nor, not onlybut also，notbut，eitheror，neithernor，whetheror等連接并列成分作主語，以及在there/here be句型中有并列成分作主語時，謂語動詞應(yīng)根據(jù)“就近原則”（在

8、疑問句或倒裝句中也應(yīng)該根據(jù)“就近原則”確定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)）。如：Not only he but also I am a teacher. Not only I but also he is a teacher. Is not only he but also I a teacher？ One or two friends are coming this evening.3、“就前原則”：當(dāng)主語后面接with，together/along with（跟一起），as well as（以及），as much as（與一樣多），suchas, such as, besides/except/but（

9、除外），in addition to（除外），including（包括），like（如），rather than（而不是），without（沒有），no less than（不少于），more than（多于），combined with（加上），accompanied by（由陪同），no less than等構(gòu)成的短語修飾時，謂語動詞仍與前面的主語保持一致（即“就前原則”）。如：I as well as they am ready to help you. Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party. They ex

10、cept Jim are Chinese. （二）單一成分作主語的情況（一般情況下主語的人稱和數(shù)決定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式）。1、名詞作主語的情況：形復(fù)義單的名詞。這類名詞有news，means（方法），works（工廠），plastics（塑料），politics（政治），mathematics（數(shù)學(xué)），economics（經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)），mechanics（力學(xué)），athletics（運動），electronics（電學(xué)），classics（古典文學(xué)），linguistics（語言學(xué)），statistics（統(tǒng)計學(xué)）等作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；但當(dāng)這類學(xué)科名詞表示“具體的活動，學(xué)業(yè)，見解，原理，情

11、況”等時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Politics is my weak subject. What are his politics？他的政見如何？形復(fù)義復(fù)的名詞。這類名詞有g(shù)lasses，trousers/plants（褲子），shoes，socks，gloves，scissors，clothes，savings（儲蓄金），belongings（財產(chǎn)），goods（貨物），chopsticks，compasses（圓規(guī)）等作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；但當(dāng)這些名詞前帶上了單位詞pair，kind，type，sort，suit，series等時，謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與單位詞保持一致。如：His trous

12、ers are new. This pair of trousers is new.集合名詞作主語。有些集合名詞作主語，謂語動詞常常用復(fù)數(shù)。這類名詞有people（人們），police（警察），cattle（牲口），oxen（牛）, folk（人們），youth（青年人），militia（民兵），poultry（家禽），the Greens（格林一家）等。但注意如果以上一些名詞的意義發(fā)生變化時，其謂語動詞不一定用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Poultry are used as food.（家禽常常用來當(dāng)作食品） Poultry is a kind of meat.（禽肉是一種肉）某些集合名詞作主語，如果當(dāng)

13、作整體看待，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；如果強調(diào)其中的各個個體或成員，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。這類名詞有family，class，group（小組），grade，team，army（軍隊），club（俱樂部），audience（聽眾），crew（全體人員），committee（委員會），company（公司），government（政府），union（聯(lián)合會），enemy（敵人），majority（多數(shù)），population，staff（員工），public（公眾），crowd（人群），party（政黨），couple（夫婦），band（伙、團(tuán)、隊），cabinet（內(nèi)閣），nation（國民）等。如：His

14、family is poor. His family are all watching TV.單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語。根據(jù)上下文及具體意思決定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式（如果這些名詞前有a，such a，this，that修飾時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；如有all，such，these，those修飾時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。）如sheep，deer，fish（魚），means（方法），works（工廠），species（種類），series（系列），swine（豬），aircraft（飛機、飛艇），bellows（風(fēng)箱），crossroads（十字路口），headquarters（司令部、總部），Swiss（瑞

15、士人），Chinese，Japanese等。如： A sheep is（Several sheep are）over there. 專有名詞（如書刊名、報紙、國名、山脈、海峽等）作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：The United Nations was founded in 1945.名詞所有格表示“商店、工廠或住宅”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。但指“店鋪”時，一般當(dāng)集合名詞看待，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。這類名詞有the bakers（烤房，面包房），the barbers（理發(fā)店），the carpenters（木工房），the Greens（格林先生的家）等。如： The doctors is on

16、 the other side of the street. Smiths have a lot of things to sell.（史密斯的店鋪里有許多東西賣。）名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)“the+形容詞/過去分詞/動詞-ing”作主語時，謂語動詞常用復(fù)數(shù)；但如果指“一個人”或“抽象的一類事物概念或品質(zhì)”時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。這類詞有the old，the young，the wounded，the dying等。如：The blind study in special schools. The beautiful gives pleasure to all of us.（美給我們大家以快樂。）某些以-ch

17、，-ese，-sh結(jié)尾的表示國家、民族的形容詞與the連用表示“整個民族”，作主語時謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；但當(dāng)它們表示“某種語言”時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：The Chinese are great. Chinese is very difficult for foreigners to learn.表示量的名詞作主語，要根據(jù)其具體含義確定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。這類詞有half（一半），（a）part（一部分），plenty（大量），the rest（其余的人或物），the following（下面的人或物）等。如：I have drunk some of the water and the rest

18、 is for you. The first two of the four books are very easy，but the rest are very difficult.2、代詞作主語的情況：不定代詞each，one，much，either，neither，another，the other（+單數(shù)名詞），（a）little等作主語或修飾主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：Each of the students/Each student has a new book.注意當(dāng)each位于復(fù)數(shù)主語后面作同位語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The students each have a new b

19、ook.復(fù)合不定代詞someone，somebody，something，anyone，anybody，anything，everyone，everybody，everything，no one，nobody，nothing作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。注意：表示人的復(fù)合不定代詞作主語，變反意疑問句時常常用復(fù)數(shù)代詞；表示物的復(fù)合不定代詞作主語，變反意疑問句時常常用單數(shù)代詞。如：Someone wants to see you，dont they？ Everything is ready，isnt it？不定代詞many，（a）few，several，both等作主語或修飾主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如

20、：Both（of the books）are interesting.不定代詞all，none，any，some，more，most，a lot（of），lots of等作主語或修飾主語時，謂語動詞應(yīng)根據(jù)其指代或修飾的名詞的數(shù)確定單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：None of us has seen the film.（我們中沒有一個人看過這部電影。） None of us have seen the film.（我們所有的人都沒有看過這部電影。）疑問代詞who，whose，which，what等作主語時，謂語動詞應(yīng)根據(jù)說話人的意圖確定單復(fù)數(shù)。如：Who are todays topics？ Who live

21、s next door？Its Jim. 指示代詞such，the same，bellow，the following等作主語時，謂語動詞應(yīng)根據(jù)其內(nèi)容（表語）確定單復(fù)數(shù)。如：Such is life. Such are his words.關(guān)系代詞that，which，who等在定語從句中作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。注意：“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which”型定語從句，復(fù)數(shù)名詞是先行詞，故定語從句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；但是，如果one前有this，that，the，the very，the only等修飾時，one是先行詞，故定語從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：Th

22、ose who want to go please sign your name here. He was one of the boys who were praised. He was the only one of the boys who was praised.名詞性物主代詞作主語時，謂語動詞應(yīng)根據(jù)其指代的內(nèi)容確定單復(fù)數(shù)。如：Your Party is a great party，ours（Our Party）is also a great party. Your shoes are black，mine（my shoes）are white. 3、數(shù)詞作主語：“四則運算”的數(shù)詞作主

23、語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)（若是“加法”或“乘法”，謂語動詞也可以用復(fù)數(shù)）。如：Two and three is/are five. Twelve divided by three is four. 注意：當(dāng)提問加、減、乘、除時，如用how much，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)；如用how many，謂語動詞多用復(fù)數(shù)。如：How much is four times two？ How many are two times five？“分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)”構(gòu)成的短語作主語時，謂語動詞應(yīng)根據(jù)of后的名詞確定單復(fù)數(shù)。如：Only 20 percent/Two fifths of the books are worth

24、 reading.表示“時間、距離、價格、金額、長度、重量、量度、溫度”等的數(shù)詞作主語，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式；但側(cè)重于“若干單位”時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Twenty years isnt a long time. Two thousand pounds is a large sum. Twenty years have passed since he left.（他離開已經(jīng)二十個年頭了）當(dāng)主語被表示“單位、度量”的短語修飾時，謂語動詞由表示“度量”的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)確定。這類短語有a kind of，a sort of，a type of，a pair of，a ton of，a cup of

25、，a meter of，a bottle of，a handful of（一把），a glass of，a piece of，a box of，a form of，a quantity of等。如：Here is a pair of shoes. Three million tons of coal exported every year.當(dāng)主語被以下短語修飾時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由of后面的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。這類短語有plenty of，a lot of/lots of，half of，most of，the rest of，the remainder（剩余的，剩下的），some of，a h

26、eap of/heaps of（許多的、大量的）。如：Lots of money is needed. Lots of people are waiting outside.幾種特殊結(jié)構(gòu)：The number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)謂語 The number of the students in our class is 65. A number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+復(fù)數(shù)謂語 A number of the students are League members.Numbers of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+復(fù)數(shù)謂語 Numbers of the students are League members.Ma

27、ny a +單數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)謂語 Many a good friend of mine has been to Beijing. A good（great）many +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+復(fù)數(shù)謂語 A good many students are present at the meeting.A/An +單數(shù)名詞+or two +單數(shù)謂語 A day or two is enough. One or two +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+復(fù)數(shù)謂語 One or two persons arent enough.A/An +單數(shù)名詞+and a half +單數(shù)謂語 A year and a half has passed.

28、 One and a half +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+復(fù)數(shù)/單數(shù)謂語 One and a half years have/has passed.More than one +復(fù)數(shù)謂語 There are some boys there，more than one are Chinese.More than one +單數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)謂語 More than one person was absent. More +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one +復(fù)數(shù)謂語 More students than one have been there.More than two（three）+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+復(fù)數(shù)謂語 More th

29、an ten students have attended the concert.The amount of +不可數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)謂語 The amount of money is wasted. （Large）amounts of +不可數(shù)名詞+復(fù)數(shù)謂語 Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge. The quantity of +不可數(shù)名詞/復(fù)數(shù)名詞+單數(shù)謂語 The quantity of paper/books is needed.（Large quantities of +不可數(shù)名詞/復(fù)數(shù)名詞+復(fù)數(shù)謂語 Large quantit

30、ies of paper/books are needed.A variety of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)謂語 There was a variety of opinion.A variety of +單數(shù)名詞 + 單數(shù)謂語 A great variety of flowers were shown in the exhibition.The variety of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 單數(shù)謂 The variety of goods suggests that they are wealthy.Varieties of + 單數(shù)名詞/復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)謂語 There are varietie

31、s of flowers/water.This kind of book is worth reading.This kind of men is dangerous.An average of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)謂語 An average of 3 students are absent each day.The average of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 單數(shù)謂語 The average of the students age is 18.9.注意：由kind, form, type, sort, species, portion, series of等修飾主語時，謂語動詞常取決于這些詞的

32、單復(fù)數(shù)。如：This new type of buses is now on show. Some new forms of art were discussed at the meeting. All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.注意: men of this kind和these kind of men作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Men of this kind/These kind of men are dangerous. 4、其他情況：兩個主語，一個表肯定，一個表否定，謂語動詞與肯定主語一致。如：The parents，not

33、 his son，were missing.表示前后照應(yīng)的詞組，如the above，the below，the former，the latter，the following，such等，應(yīng)根據(jù)其所指對象（即表語）決定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如無上下文且無法根據(jù)表語判斷時，則可以當(dāng)作集合名詞看待。如：The above is（are）the most important fact（facts）.what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)。但從句中有含復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時，或“表語是復(fù)數(shù)名詞時，謂語動詞用單復(fù)數(shù)皆可。如：What we need is time. What we need are/

34、is books. What you say and think is/are no business of mine.單個的動名詞（短語）或不定式（短語）作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。兩個以上的動名詞（短語）或不定式（短語）作并列主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：To say something is one thing，to do it is another.Going fishing and going skating are her favorite sports. (5) 當(dāng)先行詞在定語從句中作主語時，應(yīng)注意定語從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)與前面的先行詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。尤其注意如下結(jié)構(gòu)：one of/not

35、 the only one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 關(guān)系代詞 + 復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞；the only one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 關(guān)系代詞 + 單數(shù)謂語動詞。如：He gave me five yuan that/which isnt enough for me. He gave me two apples that/which are enough for me.He is one of the students who/that have passed the examination.He is the only one of the students who/that has passed the examination.附：特殊名詞作主語時，謂語動詞的判定1、常常當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)名詞處理的有：vegetables，works（工廠），games，cards，peopl